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Linares R, Gutiérrez A, Márquez-Galera Á, Caparrós E, Aparicio JR, Madero L, Payá A, López-Atalaya JP, Francés R. Transcriptional regulation of chemokine network by biologic monotherapy in ileum of patients with Crohn’s disease. Pharmacotherapy 2022; 147:112653. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Chinnappa K, Cárdenas A, Prieto-Colomina A, Villalba A, Márquez-Galera Á, Soler R, Nomura Y, Llorens E, Tomasello U, López-Atalaya JP, Borrell V. Secondary loss of miR-3607 reduced cortical progenitor amplification during rodent evolution. Sci Adv 2022; 8:eabj4010. [PMID: 35020425 PMCID: PMC8754304 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion and folding of the mammalian cerebral cortex resulted from amplification of progenitor cells during embryonic development. This process was reversed in the rodent lineage after splitting from primates, leading to smaller and smooth brains. Genetic mechanisms underlying this secondary loss in rodent evolution remain unknown. We show that microRNA miR-3607 is expressed embryonically in the large cortex of primates and ferret, distant from the primate-rodent lineage, but not in mouse. Experimental expression of miR-3607 in embryonic mouse cortex led to increased Wnt/β-catenin signaling, amplification of radial glia cells (RGCs), and expansion of the ventricular zone (VZ), via blocking the β-catenin inhibitor APC (adenomatous polyposis coli). Accordingly, loss of endogenous miR-3607 in ferret reduced RGC proliferation, while overexpression in human cerebral organoids promoted VZ expansion. Our results identify a gene selected for secondary loss during mammalian evolution to limit RGC amplification and, potentially, cortex size in rodents.
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Herrero-Navarro Á, Puche-Aroca L, Moreno-Juan V, Sempere-Ferràndez A, Espinosa A, Susín R, Torres-Masjoan L, Leyva-Díaz E, Karow M, Figueres-Oñate M, López-Mascaraque L, López-Atalaya JP, Berninger B, López-Bendito G. Astrocytes and neurons share region-specific transcriptional signatures that confer regional identity to neuronal reprogramming. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/15/eabe8978. [PMID: 33827819 PMCID: PMC8026135 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe8978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Neural cell diversity is essential to endow distinct brain regions with specific functions. During development, progenitors within these regions are characterized by specific gene expression programs, contributing to the generation of diversity in postmitotic neurons and astrocytes. While the region-specific molecular diversity of neurons and astrocytes is increasingly understood, whether these cells share region-specific programs remains unknown. Here, we show that in the neocortex and thalamus, neurons and astrocytes express shared region-specific transcriptional and epigenetic signatures. These signatures not only distinguish cells across these two brain regions but are also detected across substructures within regions, such as distinct thalamic nuclei, where clonal analysis reveals the existence of common nucleus-specific progenitors for neurons and astrocytes. Consistent with their shared molecular signature, regional specificity is maintained following astrocyte-to-neuron reprogramming. A detailed understanding of these regional-specific signatures may thus inform strategies for future cell-based brain repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Herrero-Navarro
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Puche-Aroca
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Verónica Moreno-Juan
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Alejandro Sempere-Ferràndez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Ana Espinosa
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rafael Susín
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Laia Torres-Masjoan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
| | - Eduardo Leyva-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Marisa Karow
- Institute of Biochemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 82152 Planegg/Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - José P López-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Benedikt Berninger
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, and MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, SE1 1UL London, UK
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Guillermina López-Bendito
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (UMH-CSIC), Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain.
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Morenilla-Palao C, López-Cascales MT, López-Atalaya JP, Baeza D, Calvo-Díaz L, Barco A, Herrera E. A Zic2-regulated switch in a noncanonical Wnt/βcatenin pathway is essential for the formation of bilateral circuits. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/46/eaaz8797. [PMID: 33188033 PMCID: PMC7673756 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz8797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in a wide array of biological processes during development and is deregulated in many pathological scenarios. In neurons, Wnt proteins promote both axon extension and repulsion, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these opposing axonal responses are unknown. Here, we show that Wnt5a is expressed at the optic chiasm midline and promotes the crossing of retinal axons by triggering an alternative Wnt pathway that depends on the accumulation of βcatenin but does not activate the canonical pathway. In ipsilateral neurons, the transcription factor Zic2 switches this alternative Wnt pathway by regulating the expression of a set of Wnt receptors and intracellular proteins. In combination with this alternative Wnt pathway, the asymmetric activation of EphB1 receptors at the midline phosphorylates βcatenin and elicits a repulsive response. This alternative Wnt pathway and its Zic2-triggered switch may operate in other contexts that require a two-way response to Wnt ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cruz Morenilla-Palao
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - María Teresa López-Cascales
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - José P López-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Diana Baeza
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Luís Calvo-Díaz
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Angel Barco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain
| | - Eloísa Herrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Miguel Hernández (CSIC-UMH), Campus San Juan, Av. Ramón y Cajal s/n, Alicante 03550, Spain.
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Fernández V, Martínez-Martínez MÁ, Prieto-Colomina A, Cárdenas A, Soler R, Dori M, Tomasello U, Nomura Y, López-Atalaya JP, Calegari F, Borrell V. Repression of Irs2 by let-7 miRNAs is essential for homeostasis of the telencephalic neuroepithelium. EMBO J 2020; 39:e105479. [PMID: 32985705 PMCID: PMC7604626 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020105479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural integrity and cellular homeostasis of the embryonic stem cell niche are critical for normal tissue development. In the telencephalic neuroepithelium, this is controlled in part by cell adhesion molecules and regulators of progenitor cell lineage, but the specific orchestration of these processes remains unknown. Here, we studied the role of microRNAs in the embryonic telencephalon as key regulators of gene expression. By using the early recombiner Rx-Cre mouse, we identify novel and critical roles of miRNAs in early brain development, demonstrating they are essential to preserve the cellular homeostasis and structural integrity of the telencephalic neuroepithelium. We show that Rx-Cre;DicerF/F mouse embryos have a severe disruption of the telencephalic apical junction belt, followed by invagination of the ventricular surface and formation of hyperproliferative rosettes. Transcriptome analyses and functional experiments in vivo show that these defects result from upregulation of Irs2 upon loss of let-7 miRNAs in an apoptosis-independent manner. Our results reveal an unprecedented relevance of miRNAs in early forebrain development, with potential mechanistic implications in pediatric brain cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Fernández
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Martínez-Martínez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Anna Prieto-Colomina
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Adrián Cárdenas
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Rafael Soler
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Martina Dori
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ugo Tomasello
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Yuki Nomura
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - José P López-Atalaya
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Federico Calegari
- CRTD-Center for Regenerative Therapies, School of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
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López-Atalaya JP, Roussel BD, Ali C, Maubert E, Petersen KU, Berezowski V, Cecchelli R, Orset C, Vivien D. Recombinant Desmodus rotundus salivary plasminogen activator crosses the blood-brain barrier through a low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-dependent mechanism without exerting neurotoxic effects. Stroke 2007; 38:1036-43. [PMID: 17325305 DOI: 10.1161/01.str.0000258100.04923.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Desmoteplase, a recombinant form of the plasminogen activator DSPAalpha1 from Desmodus rotundus, may offer improved clinical benefits for acute ischemic stroke treatment over the current therapy, recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rtPA). Accumulating evidence suggests that clinical use of rtPA could be limited by unfavorable properties, including its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), thus potentially adding to the pro-excitotoxic effect of endogenous tPA in cerebral parenchyma. Here, to investigate whether desmoteplase may display a safer profile than the structurally-related tPA, both agents were compared for their ability to cross the BBB and promote neurotoxicity. METHODS First, the passage of vascular DSPA and rtPA was investigated in vitro in a model of BBB, subjected or not to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Second, we studied DSPA- and rtPA-mediated effects in an in vivo paradigm of excitotoxic necrosis. RESULTS The rtPA and desmoteplase cross the intact BBB by LRP-mediated transcytosis. Under conditions of oxygen and glucose deprivation, translocation rates of both compounds increased; however, unlike rtPA, desmoteplase transport remained LRP-dependent. Additionally, neither intracerebral nor intravenous desmoteplase administration enhanced NMDA-induced excitotoxic striatal damage in vivo. Interestingly, intravenous but not intrastriatal coadministration of desmoteplase and rtPA reduced the pro-excitotoxic effect of rtPA. CONCLUSIONS We show that desmoteplase crosses the BBB but does not promote neuronal death. Moreover, intravenous administration of desmoteplase antagonizes the neurotoxicity induced by vascular rtPA. This action may be caused by competition of desmoteplase with rtPA for LRP binding at the BBB, thus effectively blocking rtPA access to the brain parenchyma.
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Liot G, Roussel BD, Lebeurrier N, Benchenane K, López-Atalaya JP, Vivien D, Ali C. Tissue-type plasminogen activator rescues neurones from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis through a mechanism independent of its proteolytic activity. J Neurochem 2006; 98:1458-64. [PMID: 16800849 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Although the mechanism of action of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in excitotoxic necrosis is well documented, whether this serine protease can influence the apoptotic cascade remains a subject of debate. Here, we report that tPA protects cultured cortical neurones against apoptotic cell death induced by serum deprivation, an effect associated with a reduction of caspase-3 activation. Interestingly, blocking tPA proteolytic activity by either tPA stop or neuroserpin did not prevent this neuroprotection. Similarly, prevention of the interaction between tPA and its receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) could not alter tPA anti-apoptotic activity. Interestingly, the survival-promoting effect of tPA was blocked by the phosphatidylinositol-3 (PI-3) kinase inhibitor, LY294002, but not by the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase inhibitor, U0126. In conclusion, the present demonstration of an anti-apoptotic effect of tPA, independent of its enzymatic activity, reveals an additional level of complexity in our understanding of this critical mediator of brain physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Géraldine Liot
- INSERM, INSERM-Avenir tPA in the working brain, Caen, France Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, Caen, France GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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Benchenane K, Berezowski V, Ali C, Fernández-Monreal M, López-Atalaya JP, Brillault J, Chuquet J, Nouvelot A, MacKenzie ET, Bu G, Cecchelli R, Touzani O, Vivien D. Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Crosses the Intact Blood-Brain Barrier by Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor–Related Protein-Mediated Transcytosis. Circulation 2005; 111:2241-9. [PMID: 15851587 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000163542.48611.a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Accumulating evidence demonstrates a critical involvement of tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) in pathological and physiological brain conditions. Determining whether and how vascular tPA can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to enter the brain is thus important, not only during stroke but also in physiological conditions.
Methods and Results—
In the present work, we provide evidence in vivo that intravenous injection of tPA increases NMDA-induced striatal lesion in the absence of BBB leakage. Accordingly, we show that tPA crosses the BBB both after excitotoxic lesion and in control conditions. Indeed, vascular injected tPA can be detected within the brain parenchyma and in the cerebrospinal fluid. By using an in vitro model of BBB, we have confirmed that tPA can cross the intact BBB. Its passage was blocked at 4°C, was saturable, and was independent of its proteolytic activity. We have shown that tPA crosses the BBB by transcytosis, mediated by a member of the LDL receptor–related protein family.
Conclusions—
We demonstrate that blood-derived tPA can reach the brain parenchyma without alteration of the BBB. The molecular mechanism of the passage of tPA from blood to brain described here could represent an interesting target to improve thrombolysis in stroke
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benchenane
- INSERM-Avenir tPA in the working brain, Université de Caen, GIP Cyceron, Caen, France
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Liot G, Benchenane K, Léveillé F, López-Atalaya JP, Fernández-Monreal M, Ruocco A, Mackenzie ET, Buisson A, Ali C, Vivien D. 2,7-Bis-(4-amidinobenzylidene)-cycloheptan-1-one dihydrochloride, tPA stop, prevents tPA-enhanced excitotoxicity both in vitro and in vivo. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:1153-9. [PMID: 15529015 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000134476.93809.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is available for the treatment of thromboembolic stroke in humans. However, adverse effects of tPA have been observed in animal models of ischemic brain injuries. In the present study, we have used a synthetic tPA inhibitor, named 2,7-bis-(4-amidino-benzylidene)-cycloheptan-1-one dihydrochloride (tPA stop), to investigate the role of endogenous tPA in the cerebral parenchyma. In mouse cortical cell cultures, we observed that although tPA stop reduced N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-mediated excitotoxic neuronal death, it failed to modulate alpha-amino-2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-oxo-4-isoxazole propanoic acid or kainate-mediated necrosis. In addition, we found that tPA stop could prevent the deleterious effects of both endogenous and exogenous tPA during NMDA exposure. At the functional level, tPA stop was found to prevent tPA-dependent potentiation of NMDA receptor-evoked calcium influx. The relevance of those findings was strengthened by the observation of a massive reduction of NMDA-induced excitotoxic lesion in rats when tPA stop was co-injected. Altogether, these data demonstrate that the blockade of the endogenous proteolytic activity of tPA in the cerebral parenchyma could be a powerful neuroprotective strategy raised against brain pathologies associated with excitotoxicity.
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Fernández-Monreal M, López-Atalaya JP, Benchenane K, Cacquevel M, Dulin F, Le Caer JP, Rossier J, Jarrige AC, Mackenzie ET, Colloc'h N, Ali C, Vivien D. Arginine 260 of the amino-terminal domain of NR1 subunit is critical for tissue-type plasminogen activator-mediated enhancement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor signaling. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:50850-6. [PMID: 15448144 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m407069200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) has been involved in both physiological and pathological glutamatergic-dependent processes, such as synaptic plasticity, seizure, trauma, and stroke. In a previous study, we have shown that the proteolytic activity of tPA enhances the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated signaling in neurons (Nicole, O., Docagne, F., Ali, C., Margaill, I., Carmeliet, P., MacKenzie, E. T., Vivien, D., and Buisson, A. (2001) Nat. Med. 7, 59-64). Here, we show that tPA forms a direct complex with the amino-terminal domain (ATD) of the NR1 subunit of the NMDA receptor and cleaves this subunit at the arginine 260. Furthermore, point mutation analyses show that arginine 260 is necessary for both tPA-induced cleavage of the ATD of NR1 and tPA-induced potentiation of NMDA receptor signaling. Thus, tPA is the first binding protein described so far to interact with the ATD of NR1 and to modulate the NMDA receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Fernández-Monreal
- CNRS UMR 6185, University of Caen, Centre Cyceron, Bd. Henri Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074, Caen, France
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Benchenane K, López-Atalaya JP, Fernández-Monreal M, Touzani O, Vivien D. Equivocal roles of tissue-type plasminogen activator in stroke-induced injury. Trends Neurosci 2004; 27:155-60. [PMID: 15036881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2003.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Stroke represents a major health problem in the ever-ageing population of industrialized nations. Each year, over three million people in the USA alone suffer from this affliction. Stroke, which results from the obstruction of an intra- or extra-cerebral artery, induces irreversible neuronal damage. The clot-busting drug tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA) is the only FDA-approved therapy for acute stroke. Although tPA has been successfully used to treat myocardial infarction due to clot formation, its use in the treatment of occlusive cerebrovascular diseases remains controversial. Indeed, tPA is clearly beneficial as a thrombolytic agent. However, increasing evidence suggests that tPA could have direct and deleterious effects on neurons and glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Benchenane
- Université de Caen, CNRS UMR 6551, Centre Cyceron, IFR 47, Boulevard H. Becquerel, BP 5229, 14074 CAEN Cedex, France
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Fernández-Monreal M, López-Atalaya JP, Benchenane K, Léveillé F, Cacquevel M, Plawinski L, MacKenzie ET, Bu G, Buisson A, Vivien D. Is tissue-type plasminogen activator a neuromodulator? Mol Cell Neurosci 2004; 25:594-601. [PMID: 15080889 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2003.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2003] [Revised: 10/24/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, it has been evidenced that serine proteases play key roles in the mammalian brain, both in physiological and pathological conditions. It has been well established that among these serine proteases, the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) is critically involved in development, plasticity, and pathology of the nervous system. However, its mechanism of action remains to be further investigated. By using pharmacological and immunological approaches, we have evidenced in the present work that t-PA should be considered as a neuromodulator. Indeed, we have observed that: (i). neuronal depolarization induces a release of t-PA; (ii). this release of t-PA is sensitive to exocytosis inhibition and calcium chelation; (iii). released t-PA modulates NMDA receptor signaling and (iv). astrocytes are able to recapture extracellular t-PA through a low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein (LRP)-dependent mechanism.
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