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Escudero D, Otero J, Perez-Basterrechea M, Vega JA, Murias E, Martin L, Forcelledo L, Lopez-Amor L, Gonzalo JA, del Busto C, Vega P. Hyperthermia in brain dead patients. Anaesth Intensive Care 2015; 43:269-270. [PMID: 25735695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
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2
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Gonzalo JA, Qiu Y, Lora JM, Al-Garawi A, Villeval JL, Boyce JA, Martinez-A C, Marquez G, Goya I, Hamid Q, Fraser CC, Picarella D, Cote-Sierra J, Hodge MR, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Kolbeck R, Coyle AJ. Coordinated involvement of mast cells and T cells in allergic mucosal inflammation: critical role of the CC chemokine ligand 1:CCR8 axis. J Immunol 2007; 179:1740-50. [PMID: 17641040 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.3.1740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
CCL1 is the predominant chemokine secreted from IgE-activated human and mouse mast cells in vitro, colocalizes to mast cells in lung biopsies, and is elevated in asthmatic airways. CCR8, the receptor for CCL1, is expressed by approximately 70% of CD4(+) T lymphocytes recruited to the asthmatic airways, and the number of CCR8-expressing cells is increased 3-fold in the airways of asthmatic subjects compared with normal volunteers. In vivo, CCL1 expression in the lung is reduced in mast cell-deficient mice after aeroallergen provocation. Neutralization of CCL1 or CCR8 deficiency results in reduced mucosal lung inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and mucus hypersecretion to a similar degree as detected in mast cell-deficient mice. Adenoviral delivery of CCL1 to the lungs of mast cell-deficient mice restores airway hyperresponsiveness, lung inflammation, and mucus hypersecretion to the degree observed in wild-type mice. The consequences of CCR8 deficiency, including a marked reduction in Th2 cytokine levels, are comparable with those observed by depletion of CD4(+) T lymphocytes. Thus, mast cell-derived CCL1- and CCR8-expressing CD4(+) effector T lymphocytes play an essential role in orchestrating lung mucosal inflammatory responses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Asthma/pathology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/genetics
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/immunology
- Bronchial Hyperreactivity/pathology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Chemokine CCL1
- Chemokines, CC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CC/genetics
- Chemokines, CC/physiology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/genetics
- Female
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/genetics
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Hypersensitivity/pathology
- Immunoglobulin E/pharmacology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Lung/immunology
- Lung/metabolism
- Lung/pathology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Chemokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Receptors, Chemokine/physiology
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Respiratory Mucosa/metabolism
- Respiratory Mucosa/pathology
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Angel Gonzalo
- Department of Mucosal Immunology and Pharmacology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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3
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Escudero D, Otero J, Vega P, Gil A, Roger RL, Gonzalo JA, Muñiz G, Taboada F. Diagnóstico de muerte encefálica mediante tomografía computarizada multicorte: angio-TC y perfusión cerebral. Med Intensiva 2007; 31:335-41. [PMID: 17663960 DOI: 10.1016/s0210-5691(07)74833-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BD was diagnosed by clinical examination, electroencephalogram (EEG), Transcranial Doppler (TCD) and multislice CT of 64 detectors. Initially, a brain perfusion study was performed. This was followed by supra-aortic trunk and brain artery angiography with acquisition of images using 0.5 mm slices, from the origin of the aortic root to the vertex. In all the patients, BD diagnosis was verified by clinical examination, EEG and TCD. Brain perfusion never detected brain blood flow. The angioCT through internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries demonstrated complete absence of intracranial circulation, observing circulation of the external carotid artery branches. Sensitivity and specificity of the method compared with clinical examination was 100%. These findings demonstrate that the study of brain perfusion and brain angiography by multislice CT scan is a rapid and minimally invasive technique, that is easily available and that shows the absence of brain blood flow through the four vascular trunks. This technique makes it possible to made the diagnosis of BD with high diagnostic safety. Its use has special interest in patients with clinical diagnostic difficulty due to treatment with sedative drugs and serious metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Escudero
- Servicio de Medicina Intensiva, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, C/Celestino Villamil s/n, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
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4
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Burdi DF, Chi S, Mattia K, Harrington C, Shi Z, Chen S, Jacutin-Porte S, Bennett R, Carson K, Yin W, Kansra V, Gonzalo JA, Coyle A, Jaffee B, Ocain T, Hodge M, LaRosa G, Harriman G. Small molecule antagonists of the CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:3141-5. [PMID: 17395464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2007] [Revised: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The identification, optimization, and structure-activity relationship (SAR) of small-molecule CCR4 antagonists is described. An initial screening hit with micromolar potency was identified that was optimized to sub-micromolar binding potency by enantiomer resolution, halogenation of the naphthalene ring, and extension of the alkyl chain linker between the central piperidine ring and the terminal aryl group. An antagonist was identified that showed good cross-reactivity against the mouse receptor and inhibited CCR4-based cell recruitment in dose-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas F Burdi
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, 40 Landsdowne Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Escudero D, Otero J, Muñiz G, Gonzalo JA, Calleja C, González A, Martínez A, Parra D, Yano R, Taboada F. The Bispectral Index Scale: Its Use in the Detection of Brain Death. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:3661-3. [PMID: 16386497 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the Bispectral Index Scale (BIS) monitor as a method of brain death (BD) detection. PATIENTS AND METHODS We performed an observational prospective study in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital of 19 patients hospitalized nonconsecutively in the ICU with serious neurologic pathology and evolution toward BD. A BIS monitor, XP model, and the sensor "BIS Quatro" were used to continuously record values: suppression ratio (SR), quality of the signal index, and electromyographic (EMG) activity. RESULTS The BD diagnosis was made through neurological clinical exploration and electroencephalogram (EEG) in all the cases. Additionally, transcranial Doppler was used in 13 patients. Coincident with clinical worsening, it was observed that there was a gradual decrease of the BIS value, together with a rise in the SR. In all the patients in which the BD diagnosis was confirmed, the BIS showed values of 0 and suppression rates of 100. Only one patient showed interferences, due to EMG activity, the same problem was detected when a conventional EEG was performing. After using a neuromuscular blocker, the values of BIS and SR were 0 and 100, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The BIS is a noninvasive, simple, and easy to interpret method. All the patients with BD diagnosis except for one had a BIS value of 0 and TS of 100, showing a perfect correlation with the other diagnostic methods. The BIS cannot be used on its own for the confirmation of the BD, but it is a useful tool to detect the beginning of brain herniation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Escudero
- Intensive Care Unit, Central University Hospital of Asturias, Spain.
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6
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Suratt BT, Petty JM, Young SK, Malcolm KC, Lieber JG, Nick JA, Gonzalo JA, Henson PM, Worthen GS. Role of the CXCR4/SDF-1 chemokine axis in circulating neutrophil homeostasis. Blood 2004; 104:565-71. [PMID: 15054039 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-10-3638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The bone marrow is the primary site for neutrophil production and release into the circulation. Because the CXC chemokine receptor-4/stromal derived factor-1 (CXCR4/SDF-1) axis plays a central role in the interactions of hematopoietic stem cells, lymphocytes, and developing neutrophils in the marrow, we investigated whether reciprocal CXCR4-dependent mechanisms might be involved in neutrophil release and subsequent return to the marrow following circulation. Neutralizing antibody to CXCR4 reduced marrow retention of infused neutrophils (45.7% +/- 0.5% to 6.9% +/- 0.5%) and was found to mobilize neutrophils from marrow (34.4% +/- 4.4%). Neutrophil CXCR4 expression and SDF-1-induced calcium flux decreased with maturation and activation of the cells, corresponding to the decreased marrow homing associated with these characteristics in vivo. Infusion of the inflammatory mediator and CXCR2 ligand KC led to mobilization of neutrophils from marrow by itself and was augmented 3-fold by low doses of CXCR4-blocking antibody that otherwise had no mobilizing effect. Examination of KC and SDF-1 calcium signaling demonstrated that the effect of KC may, in part, be due to heterologous desensitization to SDF-1. These results suggest that the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is critical in circulating neutrophil homeostasis and that it may participate in the rapid release of neutrophils from the marrow during inflammation through a novel interaction with inflammatory CXC chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin T Suratt
- University of Vermont College of Medicine, 149 Beaumont Ave, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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7
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Nolan KF, Strong V, Soler D, Fairchild PJ, Cobbold SP, Croxton R, Gonzalo JA, Rubio A, Wells M, Waldmann H. IL-10-Conditioned Dendritic Cells, Decommissioned for Recruitment of Adaptive Immunity, Elicit Innate Inflammatory Gene Products in Response to Danger Signals. J Immunol 2004; 172:2201-9. [PMID: 14764687 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.4.2201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the professional APCs of the immune system, enabling T cells to perceive and respond appropriately to potentially dangerous microbes, while also being able to maintain T cell tolerance toward self. In part, such tolerance can be determined by IL-10 released from certain types of regulatory T cells. IL-10 has previously been shown to render DCs unable to activate T cells and it has been assumed that this process represents a general block in maturation. Using serial analysis of gene expression, we show that IL-10 pretreatment of murine bone marrow-derived DCs alone causes significant changes in gene expression. Furthermore, these cells retain the ability to respond to Toll-like receptor agonists, but in a manner skewed toward the selective induction of mediators known to enhance local inflammation and innate immunity, among which we highlight a novel CXCR2 ligand, DC inflammatory protein-1. These data suggest that, while the presence of a protolerogenic and purportedly anti-inflammatory agent such as IL-10 precludes DCs from acquiring their potential as initiators of adaptive immunity, their ability to act as initiators of innate immunity in response to Toll-like receptor signaling is enhanced.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines, CXC/antagonists & inhibitors
- Chemokines, CXC/biosynthesis
- Chemokines, CXC/genetics
- Chemokines, CXC/physiology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/cytology
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Library
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interleukin-10/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Monomeric GTP-Binding Proteins/physiology
- Neutrophil Infiltration/immunology
- Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interleukin-8B/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen F Nolan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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8
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Lippert E, Yowe DL, Gonzalo JA, Justice JP, Webster JM, Fedyk ER, Hodge M, Miller C, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Borrego F, Keane-Myers A, Druey KM. Role of regulator of G protein signaling 16 in inflammation-induced T lymphocyte migration and activation. J Immunol 2003; 171:1542-55. [PMID: 12874248 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.3.1542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemokine-induced T lymphocyte recruitment to the lung is critical for allergic inflammation, but chemokine signaling pathways are incompletely understood. Regulator of G protein signaling (RGS)16, a GTPase accelerator (GTPase-activating protein) for Galpha subunits, attenuates signaling by chemokine receptors in T lymphocytes, suggesting a role in the regulation of lymphocyte trafficking. To explore the role of RGS16 in T lymphocyte-dependent immune responses in a whole-organism model, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing RGS16 in CD4(+) and CD8(+) cells. rgs16 Tg T lymphocytes migrated to CC chemokine ligand 21 or CC chemokine ligand 12 injection sites in the peritoneum, but not to CXC chemokine ligand 12. In a Th2-dependent model of allergic pulmonary inflammation, CD4(+) lymphocytes bearing CCR3, CCR5, and CXCR4 trafficked in reduced numbers to the lung after acute inhalation challenge with allergen (OVA). In contrast, spleens of sensitized and challenged Tg mice contained increased numbers of CD4(+)CCR3(+) cells producing more Th2-type cytokines (IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13), which were associated with increased airway hyperreactivity. Migration of Tg lymphocytes to the lung parenchyma after adoptive transfer was significantly reduced compared with wild-type lymphocytes. Naive lymphocytes displayed normal CCR3 and CXCR4 expression and cytokine responses, and compartmentation in secondary lymphoid organs was normal without allergen challenge. These results suggest that RGS16 may regulate T lymphocyte activation in response to inflammatory stimuli and migration induced by CXCR4, CCR3, and CCR5, but not CCR2 or CCR7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lippert
- Molecular Signal Transduction Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Biomedical Sciences Division, Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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10
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Gonzalo JA, Tian J, Delaney T, Corcoran J, Rottman JB, Lora J, Al-garawi A, Kroczek R, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Coyle AJ. ICOS is critical for T helper cell-mediated lung mucosal inflammatory responses. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:597-604. [PMID: 11429543 DOI: 10.1038/89739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We examined the requirement for and cooperation between CD28 and inducible costimulator (ICOS) in effective T helper (TH) cell responses in vivo. We found that both CD28 and ICOS were critical in determining the outcome of an immune response; cytolytic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA-4-Ig), ICOS-Ig and/or a neutralizing ICOS monoclonal antibody attenuated T cell expansion, TH2 cytokine production and eosinophilic inflammation. CD28-dependent signaling was essential during priming, whereas ICOS-B7RP-1 regulated TH effector responses, and the up-regulation of chemokine receptors that determine T cell migration. Our data suggests a scenario whereby both molecules regulate the outcome of the immune response but play separate key roles: CD28 primes T cells and ICOS regulates effector responses.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- CD28 Antigens/genetics
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Gene Expression
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunoglobulin E/biosynthesis
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Lung/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neutralization Tests
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred WKY
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, CCR4
- Receptors, CCR8
- Receptors, Chemokine/genetics
- Respiratory Mucosa/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Department of Biology, Inflammation Division, Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., 45-75 Sidney St., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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11
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Marqués MI, Gonzalo JA. Dynamic scaling in diluted systems: deactivation through thermal dilution. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2001; 63:056114. [PMID: 11414968 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.63.056114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Activated scaling is confirmed to hold in transverse field-induced phase transitions of randomly diluted Ising systems. Quantum Monte Carlo calculations have been made not just at the percolation threshold (pc) but also well below and above it. We follow the evolution of the activated scaling at zero temperature in the phase transition from ferromagnetic to quantum Griffiths phase (p>pc) at the phase boundary (p=pc) and for transitions inside the nonferromagnetic quantum Griffiths phase (p<pc). A novel deactivation phenomenon inside the nonferromagnetic Griffiths-McCoy phase (p<pc) is observed using a thermal (in contrast to random) dilution of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Marqués
- Departamento de Física de Materiales C-IV, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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12
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Lloyd CM, Gonzalo JA, Nguyen T, Delaney T, Tian J, Oettgen H, Coyle AJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Resolution of bronchial hyperresponsiveness and pulmonary inflammation is associated with IL-3 and tissue leukocyte apoptosis. J Immunol 2001; 166:2033-40. [PMID: 11160253 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.3.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have used two models of murine pulmonary inflammation to investigate the signals responsible for the resolution of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR). Both protocols involved two sensitizations with OVA followed by serial aerosolized challenge with OVA. We determined that administration of the second sensitization by aerosol (model A) was associated with a transient response, whereas administration by the i.p. route (model B) induced a sustained response, in the form of BHR and eosinophilia. This difference in kinetics was due solely to the route of the second Ag administration and was not associated with Ag dose or adjuvant. Differences in kinetics of lung eosinophilia/BHR were shown to be independent of IgE levels and IL-4 or IL-5. However, IL-3 levels in model A closely correlated with the rate of leukocyte clearance by apoptosis and were observed concomitant with a decline in BHR. Blockage of IL-3 in model B increased leukocyte apoptosis but reduced tissue eosinophilia and BHR. The use of mouse models in which a single different administration of allergen is associated with a failure/success to resolve inflammation and BHR by 72 h postchallenge indicates a link between IL-3 production, leukocyte apoptosis, and BHR responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge MA 02139. Division of Immunology, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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13
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Gonzalo JA, Delaney T, Corcoran J, Goodearl A, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Coyle AJ. Cutting edge: the related molecules CD28 and inducible costimulator deliver both unique and complementary signals required for optimal T cell activation. J Immunol 2001; 166:1-5. [PMID: 11123268 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Optimal T cell activation requires engagement of CD28 with its counterligands B7-1 and B7-2. Inducible costimulator (ICOS) is the third member of the CD28/CTLA4 family that binds a B7-like protein, B7RP-1. Administration of ICOS-Ig attenuates T cell expansion following superantigen (SAg) administration, but fails to regulate either peripheral deletion or anergy induction. ICOS-Ig, but not CTLA4-Ig, uniquely regulates SAg-induced TNF-alpha production, whereas IL-2 secretion is modulated by CTLA4-Ig, but not ICOS-Ig. In contrast, both ICOS and CD28 are required for complete attenuation of IL-4 production. Our data suggest that ICOS and CD28 regulate T cell expansion and that ligation of either CD28 or ICOS can either uniquely regulate cytokine production (IL-2/TNF-alpha) or synergize for optimal cytokine production (IL-4) after SAg administration.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/physiology
- CD28 Antigens/physiology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Enterotoxins/administration & dosage
- Enterotoxins/pharmacology
- Immunoconjugates
- Inducible T-Cell Co-Stimulator Protein
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Department of Biology, Inflammation Division, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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15
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Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Lloyd C, Kapsenberg ML, Gonzalo JA, Coyle AJ. Non-redundant functional groups of chemokines operate in a coordinate manner during the inflammatory response in the lung. Immunol Rev 2000; 177:31-42. [PMID: 11138782 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2000.17713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the relative contribution of particular chemokines to the selective accumulation of leukocyte subsets to an organ site during an inflammatory response is made difficult by the simultaneous presence of multiple chemokines with partially overlapping functions at the inflammatory site. The study of several chemokine pathways (expression and function) during the development of a mouse model of allergic airway disease (AAD) has revealed differential expression regulation with distinct cellular sources for individual chemokines with functional bias for the recruitment/localization of regulatory and/or effector leukocyte subsets. In the present review, we propose that distinct functional groups of chemokines co-operate to generate the complete inflammatory response in the lung during AAD. We will also extend these concepts to the specific recruitment of a key cellular subset such as T helper type 2 (Th2) lymphocytes. We propose that the long term recruitment of antigen-specific Th2 cells to target organs, such as airways during chronic lung inflammation, is the result the sequential involvement of several chemotactic axes. Specifically, the CCR3/eotaxin and the CCR4/MDC pathway act in a coordinated co-operative manner, with the CCR3/eotaxin pathway being critical in the acute/early stages of a response, followed by the CCR4/MDC pathway, which ultimately dominates in the recruitment of antigen-specific Th2 cells. Other chemokines/receptors participate in this process possibly by amplifying/priming the Th2 recruitment response.
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16
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Coyle AJ, Lehar S, Lloyd C, Tian J, Delaney T, Manning S, Nguyen T, Burwell T, Schneider H, Gonzalo JA, Gosselin M, Owen LR, Rudd CE, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. The CD28-related molecule ICOS is required for effective T cell-dependent immune responses. Immunity 2000; 13:95-105. [PMID: 10933398 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)00011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
While CD28 is critical for expansion of naive T cells, recent evidence suggests that the activation of effector T cells is largely independent of CD28/B7. We suggest that ICOS, the third member of the CD28/CTLA-4 family, plays an important role in production of IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, and IFNgamma from recently activated T cells and contributes to T cell-dependent B help in vivo. Inhibition of ICOS attenuates lung mucosal inflammation induced by Th2 but not Th1 effector populations. Our data indicate a critical function for the third member of the CD28 family in T cell-dependent immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Coyle
- Department of Biology, Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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17
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Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Peled A, Delaney T, Coyle AJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Critical involvement of the chemotactic axis CXCR4/stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha in the inflammatory component of allergic airway disease. J Immunol 2000; 165:499-508. [PMID: 10861089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.1.499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha/beta (SDF-1alpha/beta) is phylogenetically a primitive chemokine widely expressed in a variety of tissues and cell types. This expression is detectable in the absence of stimuli provided by bacterial or viral infections and allergic or autoimmune disorders. Based on these and other findings, SDF-1alpha has not been considered an inflammatory chemokine, but, rather, has been believed to be involved in certain homeostatic processes, such as leukocyte recirculation. SDF-1alpha is a potent chemoattractant for lymphocytes and monocytes that mediates its activity via the chemokine receptor CXCR4. Study of the role of SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 in vivo during inflammation has been limited by the fact that transgenic mice that have been made deficient in either molecule die early in life due to developmental defects. The present study was aimed at evaluating the functional relevance of the SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 axis during an inflammatory process. Neutralizing Abs to CXCR4 reduced lung eosinophilia (bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and interstitium) by half, indicating that CXCR4-mediated signals contribute to lung inflammation in a mouse model of allergic airway disease (AAD). This reduction in inflammation was accompanied by a significant decrease in airway hyper-responsiveness. SDF-1alpha neutralization resulted in similar reduction in both lung allergic inflammation and airway hyper-responsiveness. Retroviral delivery of a CXCR4 cDNA to leukocytes resulted in greater inflammation when transduced mice were subjected to a mouse model of AAD. These results highlight that, although considered a noninflammatory axis, the involvement of CXCR4 and SDF-1alpha is critical during AAD, and this receptor and its ligand are potentially relevant in other inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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18
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Marques MI, Gonzalo JA, Iniguez J. Universality class of thermally diluted ising systems at criticality. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 2000; 62:191-196. [PMID: 11088451 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.62.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2000] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The universality class of thermally diluted Ising systems, in which the realization of the disposition of magnetic atoms and vacancies is taken from the local distribution of spins in the pure original Ising model at criticality, is investigated by finite size scaling techniques using the Monte Carlo method. We find that the critical temperature, the critical exponents, and therefore the universality class of these thermally diluted Ising systems depart markedly from the ones of short-range correlated disordered systems. Our results agree fairly well with theoretical predictions previously made by Weinrib and Halperin for systems with long-range correlated disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- MI Marques
- Departamento de Fisica de Materiales C-IV, Universidad Atonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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19
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Marqués MI, Gonzalo JA. Self-averaging of random and thermally disordered diluted Ising systems. Phys Rev E Stat Phys Plasmas Fluids Relat Interdiscip Topics 1999; 60:2394-7. [PMID: 11970037 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.60.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/1999] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-averaging of singular thermodynamic quantities at criticality for randomly and thermally diluted three-dimensional Ising systems has been studied by the Monte Carlo approach. Substantially improved self-averaging is obtained for critically clustered (critically thermally diluted) vacancy distributions in comparison with the observed self-averaging for purely random diluted distributions. Critically thermal dilution, leading to maximum relative self-averaging, corresponds to the case when the characteristic vacancy ordering temperature (theta) is made equal to the magnetic critical temperature for the pure three-dimensional (3D) Ising systems (T(3D)(c)). For the case of a high ordering temperature (theta>>T(3D)(c)), the self-averaging obtained is comparable to that in a randomly diluted system.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Marqués
- Departamento de Física de Materiales, C-IV, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Gonzalo JA, Pan Y, Lloyd CM, Jia GQ, Yu G, Dussault B, Powers CA, Proudfoot AE, Coyle AJ, Gearing D, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Mouse monocyte-derived chemokine is involved in airway hyperreactivity and lung inflammation. J Immunol 1999; 163:403-11. [PMID: 10384142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
The cloning, expression, and function of the murine (m) homologue of human (h) monocyte-derived chemokine (MDC) is reported here. Like hMDC, mMDC is able to elicit the chemotactic migration in vitro of activated lymphocytes and monocytes. Among activated lymphocytes, Th2 cells were induced to migrate most efficiently. mMDC mRNA and protein expression is modulated during the course of an allergic reaction in the lung. Neutralization of mMDC with specific Abs in a model of lung inflammation resulted in prevention of airway hyperreactivity and significant reduction of eosinophils in the lung interstitium but not in the airway lumen. These data suggest that mMDC is essential in the transit/retention of leukocytes in the lung tissue rather than in their extravasation from the blood vessel or during their transepithelial migration into the airways. These results also highlight the relevance of factors, such as mMDC, that regulate the migration and accumulation of leukocytes within the tissue during the development of the key physiological endpoint of asthma, airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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22
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Gonzalo JA, Pan Y, Lloyd CM, Jia GQ, Yu G, Dussault B, Powers CA, Proudfoot AEI, Coyle AJ, Gearing D, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Mouse Monocyte-Derived Chemokine Is Involved in Airway Hyperreactivity and Lung Inflammation. The Journal of Immunology 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The cloning, expression, and function of the murine (m) homologue of human (h) monocyte-derived chemokine (MDC) is reported here. Like hMDC, mMDC is able to elicit the chemotactic migration in vitro of activated lymphocytes and monocytes. Among activated lymphocytes, Th2 cells were induced to migrate most efficiently. mMDC mRNA and protein expression is modulated during the course of an allergic reaction in the lung. Neutralization of mMDC with specific Abs in a model of lung inflammation resulted in prevention of airway hyperreactivity and significant reduction of eosinophils in the lung interstitium but not in the airway lumen. These data suggest that mMDC is essential in the transit/retention of leukocytes in the lung tissue rather than in their extravasation from the blood vessel or during their transepithelial migration into the airways. These results also highlight the relevance of factors, such as mMDC, that regulate the migration and accumulation of leukocytes within the tissue during the development of the key physiological endpoint of asthma, airway hyperreactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Pan
- †Millennium Biotherapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | | | | | - Gary Yu
- †Millennium Biotherapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139; and
| | | | - Christine A. Powers
- ‡Serono Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Plan-les-Ouates, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - David Gearing
- †Millennium Biotherapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139; and
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Jia GQ, Gonzalo JA, Hidalgo A, Wagner D, Cybulsky M, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Selective eosinophil transendothelial migration triggered by eotaxin via modulation of Mac-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4/VCAM-1 interactions. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1-10. [PMID: 10050668 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have recently cloned eotaxin, a highly efficacious eosinophilic chemokine involved in the development of lung eosinophilia during allergic inflammatory reactions. To understand more precisely how eotaxin facilitates the specific migration of eosinophils, we have studied which adhesion receptors are essential for eotaxin action both in vivo and in vitro. Experiments using mice genetically deficient in adhesion receptors demonstrated that molecules previously reported to be involved in both leukocyte tethering/rolling (P-selectin and E-selectin) and in sticking/ transmigration (ICAM-1 and VCAM-1) are required for eotaxin action in vivo. To further elucidate the mechanism(s) involved in this process, we have used an in vitro transendothelial chemotaxis model. mAb neutralization studies performed in this system suggest that the integrins Mac-1 (CD11b/18), VLA-4 (alpha4beta1) and LFA-1 (CD11a/18) are involved in the transendothelial chemotaxis of eosinophils to eotaxin. Accordingly, the expression of these integrins on eosinophils is elevated by direct action of this chemokine in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, our results suggest that eotaxin-induced eosinophil transendothelial migration in vivo and in vitro relies on Mac-1/ICAM-1 and VLA-4NCAM-1 interactions, the latter ones becoming more relevant at later time points of the eotaxin-induced recruitment process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Jia
- The Center for Blood Research, Inc, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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24
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Gerwin N, Gonzalo JA, Lloyd C, Coyle AJ, Reiss Y, Banu N, Wang B, Xu H, Avraham H, Engelhardt B, Springer TA, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Prolonged eosinophil accumulation in allergic lung interstitium of ICAM-2 deficient mice results in extended hyperresponsiveness. Immunity 1999; 10:9-19. [PMID: 10023766 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80002-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
ICAM-2-deficient mice exhibit prolonged accumulation of eosinophils in lung interstitium concomitant with a delayed increase in eosinophil numbers in the airway lumen during the development of allergic lung inflammation. The ICAM-2-dependent increased and prolonged accumulation of eosinophils in lung interstitium results in prolonged, heightened airway hyperresponsiveness. These findings reveal an essential role for ICAM-2 in the development of the inflammatory and respiratory components of allergic lung disease. This phenotype is caused by the lack of ICAM-2 expression on non-hematopoietic cells. ICAM-2 deficiency on endothelial cells causes reduced eosinophil transmigration in vitro. ICAM-2 is not essential for lymphocyte homing or the development of leukocytes, with the exception of megakaryocyte progenitors, which are significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gerwin
- Millennium Biotherapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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25
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Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Wen D, Albar JP, Wells TN, Proudfoot A, Martinez-A C, Dorf M, Bjerke T, Coyle AJ, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. The coordinated action of CC chemokines in the lung orchestrates allergic inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. J Exp Med 1998; 188:157-67. [PMID: 9653092 PMCID: PMC2525544 DOI: 10.1084/jem.188.1.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex pathophysiology of lung allergic inflammation and bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) that characterize asthma is achieved by the regulated accumulation and activation of different leukocyte subsets in the lung. The development and maintenance of these processes correlate with the coordinated production of chemokines. Here, we have assessed the role that different chemokines play in lung allergic inflammation and BHR by blocking their activities in vivo. Our results show that blockage of each one of these chemokines reduces both lung leukocyte infiltration and BHR in a substantially different way. Thus, eotaxin neutralization reduces specifically BHR and lung eosinophilia transiently after each antigen exposure. Monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-5 neutralization abolishes BHR not by affecting the accumulation of inflammatory leukocytes in the airways, but rather by altering the trafficking of the eosinophils and other leukocytes through the lung interstitium. Neutralization of RANTES (regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted) receptor(s) with a receptor antagonist decreases significantly lymphocyte and eosinophil infiltration as well as mRNA expression of eotaxin and RANTES. In contrast, neutralization of one of the ligands for RANTES receptors, macrophage-inflammatory protein 1alpha, reduces only slightly lung eosinophilia and BHR. Finally, MCP-1 neutralization diminishes drastically BHR and inflammation, and this correlates with a pronounced decrease in monocyte- and lymphocyte-derived inflammatory mediators. These results suggest that different chemokines activate different cellular and molecular pathways that in a coordinated fashion contribute to the complex pathophysiology of asthma, and that their individual blockage results in intervention at different levels of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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26
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Peled A, Gonzalo JA, Lloyd C, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. The chemotactic cytokine eotaxin acts as a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor during lung inflammation. Blood 1998; 91:1909-16. [PMID: 9490673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During inflammatory processes, inflamed tissues signal the bone marrow (BM) to produce more mature leukocytes in ways that are not yet understood. We report here that, during the development of lung allergic inflammation, the administration of neutralizing antibodies to the chemotactic cytokine, Eotaxin, prevented the increase in the number of myeloid progenitors produced in the BM, therefore reducing the output of mature myeloid cells from BM. Conversely, the in vivo administration of Eotaxin increased the number of myeloid progenitors present in the BM. Furthermore, we found that, in vitro, Eotaxin is a colony-stimulating factor for granulocytes and macrophages. Eotaxin activity synergized with stem cell factor but not with interleukin-3 or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and was inhibited by pertussis toxin. We report also that CCR-3, the receptor for Eotaxin, was expressed by hematopoietic progenitors (HP). Thus, during inflammation, Eotaxin acts in a paracrine way to shift the differentiation of BM HP towards the myeloid lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Peled
- The Center for Blood Research, Inc, Boston, MA, USA
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Lloyd CM, Gonzalo JA, Salant DJ, Just J, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 deficiency prolongs survival and protects against the development of pulmonary inflammation during murine lupus. J Clin Invest 1997; 100:963-71. [PMID: 9276713 PMCID: PMC508271 DOI: 10.1172/jci119647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the characteristic features of the lupus syndrome in humans and mice is the organ-specific accumulation of leukocytes within a variety of different tissues; however, the etiology of this phenomenon remains unclear. The work presented here determined the role of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the development of pulmonary leukocyte accumulation by generating MRL/MpJ-Faslpr mice that are genetically deficient in this critical adhesion molecule. Interestingly, these MRL/MpJ-Faslpr ICAM-1 knockout mice exhibit prolonged survival times compared to littermates expressing ICAM-1. We have determined that lack of ICAM-1 completely abrogates the development of pulmonary inflammation but does not prevent the development of autoantibodies, lymphadenopathy, and glomerulonephritis. Furthermore, the lack of pulmonary inflammation was found to be due to decreased migration of leukocytes to the lung rather than decreased in situ proliferation of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lloyd
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Pan Y, Lloyd C, Zhou H, Dolich S, Deeds J, Gonzalo JA, Vath J, Gosselin M, Ma J, Dussault B, Woolf E, Alperin G, Culpepper J, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Gearing D. Erratum: Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 1997. [DOI: 10.1038/38048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Pan Y, Lloyd C, Zhou H, Dolich S, Deeds J, Gonzalo JA, Vath J, Gosselin M, Ma J, Dussault B, Woolf E, Alperin G, Culpepper J, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Gearing D. Neurotactin, a membrane-anchored chemokine upregulated in brain inflammation. Nature 1997; 387:611-7. [PMID: 9177350 DOI: 10.1038/42491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines are small secreted proteins that stimulate the directional migration of leukocytes and mediate inflammation. During screening of a murine choroid plexus complementary DNA library, we identified a new chemokine, designated neurotactin. Unlike other chemokines, neurotactin has a unique cysteine pattern, Cys-X-X-X-Cys, and is predicted to be a type 1 membrane protein. Full-length recombinant neurotactin is localized on the surface of transfected 293 cells. Recombinant neurotactin containing the chemokine domain is chemotactic for neutrophils both in vitro and in vivo. Neurotactin messenger RNA is predominantly expressed in normal murine brain and its protein expression in activated brain microglia is upregulated in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, as well as in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide. Distinct from all other chemokine genes, the neurotactin gene is localized to human chromosome 16q. Consequently we propose that neurotactin represents a new delta-chemokine family and that it may play a role in brain inflammation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pan
- Millennium Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA.
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30
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Gonzalo JA, Lloyd CM, Kremer L, Finger E, Martinez-A C, Siegelman MH, Cybulsky M, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Eosinophil recruitment to the lung in a murine model of allergic inflammation. The role of T cells, chemokines, and adhesion receptors. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2332-45. [PMID: 8941651 PMCID: PMC507684 DOI: 10.1172/jci119045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eosinophil accumulation is a distinctive feature of lung allergic inflammation. Here, we have used a mouse model of OVA (ovalbumin)-induced pulmonary eosinophilia to study the cellular and molecular mechanisms for this selective recruitment of eosinophils to the airways. In this model there was an early accumulation of infiltrating monocytes/macrophages in the lung during the OVA treatment, whereas the increase in infiltrating T-lymphocytes paralleled the accumulation of eosinophils. The kinetics of accumulation of these three leukocyte subtypes correlated with the levels of mRNA expression of the chemokines monocyte chemotactic peptide-1/JE, eotaxin, and RANTES (regulated upon activation in normal T cells expressed and secreted), suggesting their involvement in the recruitment of these leukocytes. Furthermore, blockade of eotaxin with specific antibodies in vivo reduced the accumulation of eosinophils in the lung in response to OVA by half. Mature CD4+ T-lymphocytes were absolutely required for OVA-induced eosinophil accumulation since lung eosinophilia was prevented in CD4+-deficient mice. However, these cells were neither the main producers of the major eosinophilic chemokines eotaxin, RANTES, or MIP-1alpha, nor did they regulate the expression of these chemokines. Rather, the presence of CD4+ T cells was necessary for enhancement of VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) expression in the lung during allergic inflammation induced by the OVA treatment. In support of this, mice genetically deficient for VCAM-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 failed to develop pulmonary eosinophilia. Selective eosinophilic recruitment during lung allergic inflammation results from a sequential accumulation of certain leukocyte types, particularly T cells, and relies on the presence of both eosinophilic chemoattractants and adhesion receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- The Center for Blood Research, Inc., The Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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31
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Jia GQ, Gonzalo JA, Lloyd C, Kremer L, Lu L, Martinez-A C, Wershil BK, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Distinct expression and function of the novel mouse chemokine monocyte chemotactic protein-5 in lung allergic inflammation. J Exp Med 1996; 184:1939-51. [PMID: 8920881 PMCID: PMC2192876 DOI: 10.1084/jem.184.5.1939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We have cloned a novel mouse CC chemokine cDNA from the lung during an allergic inflammatory reaction. The protein encoded by this cDNA is chemotactic for eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes in vitro and in vivo. Based on its similarities in sequence and function with other CC chemokines, we have named it mouse monocyte chemotactic protein-5 (mMCP-5). Under noninflammatory conditions, expression of mMCP-5 in the lymph nodes and thymus is constitutive and is generally restricted to stromal cells. Neutralization of mMCP-5 protein with specific antibodies during an allergic inflammatory reaction in vivo resulted in a reduction in the number of eosinophils that accumulated in the lung. Moreover, mMCP-5 mRNA expression in vivo is regulated differently from that of other major CC chemokines in the lung during the allergic reaction, including Eotaxin. The presence of lymphocytes is essential for expression of mMCP-5 by alveolar macrophages and smooth muscle cells in the lung, and the induction of mMCP-5 RNA occurs earlier than that of the eosinophil chemokine Eotaxin during allergic inflammation. In contrast to Eotaxin, mRNA for mMCP-5 can be produced by mast cells. From these results, we postulate that mMCP-5 plays a pivotal role during the early stages of allergic lung inflammation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- CD3 Complex/genetics
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/pharmacology
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Chromosome Mapping
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- Drug Interactions
- Eosinophils/drug effects
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Homeodomain Proteins
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/classification
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/genetics
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/pharmacology
- Peritoneal Cavity/cytology
- Proteins/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Respiratory Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Tissue Distribution
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Affiliation(s)
- G Q Jia
- Center for Blood Research, Inc., Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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32
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Gonzalo JA, Mazuchelli R, Mellado M, Frade JM, Carrera AC, von Kobbe C, Merida I, Martinez-A C. Enterotoxin septic shock protection and deficient T helper 2 cytokine production in growth hormone transgenic mice. J Immunol 1996; 157:3298-304. [PMID: 8871624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine hormones have long been thought to play a role in lymphoid development and function. In particular, growth hormone has been shown to mediate thymic development as well as to promote T cell engraftment in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Murine T helper cells are classified into two subsets based on their cytokine production pattern. Here, we report that transgenic mice for bovine growth hormone show significant alterations in T cell function and decreased capability for cytokine production, an effect that is more acute in T helper cells as measured by their inability to produce IL-4 upon in vivo injection with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Furthermore, upon immunization with conventional Ags, growth hormone transgenic mice produce an altered Ig isotype pattern characterized by a response shift from IgG1 in nontransgenic mice to IgG2 in transgenic mice. The impaired T cell responses correlated with survival from septic shock mediated by bacterial enterotoxins. We conclude that growth hormone may have the potential of regulating immune responses in pathologic processes associated with hyperactivation of T cells or with massive cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Gonzalo JA, Mazuchelli R, Mellado M, Frade JM, Carrera AC, von Kobbe C, Merida I, Martinez-A C. Enterotoxin septic shock protection and deficient T helper 2 cytokine production in growth hormone transgenic mice. The Journal of Immunology 1996. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.157.8.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Neuroendocrine hormones have long been thought to play a role in lymphoid development and function. In particular, growth hormone has been shown to mediate thymic development as well as to promote T cell engraftment in severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Murine T helper cells are classified into two subsets based on their cytokine production pattern. Here, we report that transgenic mice for bovine growth hormone show significant alterations in T cell function and decreased capability for cytokine production, an effect that is more acute in T helper cells as measured by their inability to produce IL-4 upon in vivo injection with Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B. Furthermore, upon immunization with conventional Ags, growth hormone transgenic mice produce an altered Ig isotype pattern characterized by a response shift from IgG1 in nontransgenic mice to IgG2 in transgenic mice. The impaired T cell responses correlated with survival from septic shock mediated by bacterial enterotoxins. We conclude that growth hormone may have the potential of regulating immune responses in pathologic processes associated with hyperactivation of T cells or with massive cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Mazuchelli
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Mellado
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - J M Frade
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - A C Carrera
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - C von Kobbe
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Merida
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
| | - C Martinez-A
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, University Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
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34
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Suzuki A, Andrew DP, Gonzalo JA, Fukumoto M, Spellberg J, Hashiyama M, Takimoto H, Gerwin N, Webb I, Molineux G, Amakawa R, Tada Y, Wakeham A, Brown J, McNiece I, Ley K, Butcher EC, Suda T, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Mak TW. CD34-deficient mice have reduced eosinophil accumulation after allergen exposure and show a novel crossreactive 90-kD protein. Blood 1996; 87:3550-62. [PMID: 8611677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
CD34 is expressed on the surface of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, stromal cells, and on the surface of high-endothelial venules (HEV). CD34 binds L-selectin, an adhesion molecule important for leukocyte rolling on venules and lymphocyte homing to peripheral lymph nodes (PLN). We generated CD34-deficient mutant animals through the use of homologous recombination. Wild-type and mutant animals showed no differences in lymphocyte binding to PLN HEV, in leukocyte rolling on venules or homing to PLN, in neutrophil extravasation into peritoneum in response to inflammatory stimulus, nor in delayed type hypersensitivity. Anti-L-selectin monoclonal antibody (MEL-14) also inhibited these immune responses similarly in both CD34-deficient and wild-type mice. However, eosinophil accumulation in the lung after inhalation of a model allergen, ovalbumin, is several-fold lower in mutant mice. We found no abnormalities in hematopoiesis in adult mice and interactions between mutant progenitor cells and a stromal cell line in vitro were normal. No differences existed in the recovery of progenitor cells after 5-fluorouracil treatment, nor in the mobilization of progenitor cells after granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment compared with wild-type animals. Surprisingly, although CD34 was not expressed in these mice, a portion of its 90-kD band crossreactive with MECA79 remained after Western blot. Thus, we have identified an additional molecule(s) that might be involved in leukocyte trafficking. These results indicate that CD34 plays an important role in eosinophil trafficking into the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Suzuki
- Amgen Institute, Ontario Cancer Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, Toronto, Canada
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35
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Ponath PD, Qin S, Ringler DJ, Clark-Lewis I, Wang J, Kassam N, Smith H, Shi X, Gonzalo JA, Newman W, Gutierrez-Ramos JC, Mackay CR. Cloning of the human eosinophil chemoattractant, eotaxin. Expression, receptor binding, and functional properties suggest a mechanism for the selective recruitment of eosinophils. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:604-12. [PMID: 8609214 PMCID: PMC507095 DOI: 10.1172/jci118456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 573] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The CC chemokine eotaxin, identified in guinea pigs and also recently in mice, may be a key element for the selective recruitment of eosinophils to certain inflamed tissues. Using a partial mouse eotaxin CDNA probe, the human eotaxin gene was cloned and found to be 61.8 and 63.2% identical at the amino acid level to guinea pig and mouse eotaxin. Human eotaxin protein was a strong and specific eosinophil chemoattractant in vitro and was an effective eosinophil chemoattractant when injected into the skin of a rhesus monkey. Radiolabeled eotaxin was used to identify a high affinity receptor on eosinophils (0.52 nM Kd), expressed at 4.8 x 10(4) sites per cell. This receptor also bound RANTES and monocyte chemotactic protein-3 with lower affinity, but not macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha. Eotaxin could desensitize calcium responses of eosinophils to RANTES and monocyte chemotactic protein-3, although RANTES was able to only partially desensitize eosinophil calcium responses to eotaxin. Immunohistochemistry on human nasal polyp with antieotaxin mAbs showed that certain leukocytes as well as respiratory epithelium were intensely immunoreactive, and eosinophil infiltration occurred at sites of eotaxin upregulation. Thus eotaxin in humans is a potent and selective eosinophil chemoattractant that is expressed by a variety cell types in certain inflammatory conditions.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal
- Base Sequence
- Binding, Competitive
- Calcium/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL11
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CCL7
- Chemokines, CC
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/genetics
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/immunology
- Chemotactic Factors, Eosinophil/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Cloning, Molecular
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Eosinophils/physiology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Monocyte Chemoattractant Proteins/metabolism
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, CCR3
- Receptors, Chemokine
- Receptors, Cytokine/metabolism
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Ponath
- LeukoSite, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA
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36
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Fernández-del-Castillo JR, Przeslawski J, Gonzalo JA. Equation of state for the pressure- and temperature-induced transition in ferroelectric telluric acid ammonium phosphate. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1996; 53:R2903-R2906. [PMID: 9983880 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.53.r2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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37
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Gonzalo JA, Martinez C, Springer TA, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. ICAM-1 is required for T cell proliferation but not for anergy or apoptosis induced by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B in vivo. Int Immunol 1995; 7:1691-8. [PMID: 8562515 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/7.10.1691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The response of T lymphocytes to superantigens requires expression of the appropriate TCR V beta gene products as well as the establishment of cellular interactions mediated by adhesion molecules. To study the role of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 in the response in vivo to superantigens, we have analyzed the effects induced by the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) in mice which have been made genetically deficient in ICAM-1. SEB treatment of wild-type mice causes proliferation, deletion and anergy of the SEB-reactive V beta 8+ T cell population. Here we show that cellular interactions mediated by ICAM-1 are not essential for the induction of anergy or for the deletion of CD4+ V beta 8+ or CD8+ V beta 8+ T cells, but are required for the proliferation of these peripheral T lymphocytes. This is the first demonstration in vivo that the absence of the co-stimulatory signals provided by the interaction of ICAM-1 with its specific ligands impairs the proliferation of SEB-reactive T cells. Interestingly, our study showed that SEB-induced proliferation of CD8+ V beta 8+ T cells from lymph nodes (not from spleen) is independent of the interactions mediated by ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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38
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Noheda B, Cereceda N, Iglesias T, Lifante G, Gonzalo JA, Chen HT, Wang YL. Composition dependence of the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition in the mixed system PbZr1-xTixO3. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1995; 51:16388-16391. [PMID: 9978623 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.51.16388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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39
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Tarazona R, González-García A, Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Frechin N, Gonzalo JA, Ruiz-Gayo M, van Rooijen N, Martínez C, Kroemer G. Chlorpromazine amplifies macrophage-dependent IL-10 production in vivo. J Immunol 1995; 154:861-70. [PMID: 7814889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) has potent immunomodulatory effects in vivo; it induces humoral autoimmunity in up to 50% of patients, inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and suppresses lethal immune hyperactivation in animal models of septic shock. Here, we show that in an in vivo model of acute superantigen-driven immune activation, CPZ independently down-regulates the production of various T cell-derived lymphokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, TNF, and GM-CSF) and up-regulates the secretion of IL-10. Whereas only low, if any, serum IL-10 levels are detectable by ELISA after injection of CPZ, bacterial LPS, or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) alone, simultaneous administration of CPZ + LPS or CPZ + SEB causes a significant increase in IL-10 production in vivo. CPZ-mediated amplification of the SEB-driven CPZ secretion is accompanied by an enhanced IL-10 mRNA accumulation, as shown by PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. Determination of IL-10 production in mice lacking T cells, B cells, or phagocytes revealed that SEB + CPZ-induced IL-10 was produced by phagocytic cells, but not by lymphocytes, a finding that is in accord with the distribution of splenic cells transcribing the IL-10 gene in response to SEB + CPZ. Moreover, these data indicate that bacterial superantigen can directly stimulate tissue phagocytes, even in the virtual absence of T lymphocytes. The blockade of dopamine type 1 (D1) but not type 2 (D2) receptors abolishes the CPZ effect on IL-10 production. Inhibition of Th1 and Th2 lymphokine production by CPZ is not mediated by dopamine receptors and is independent of IL-10 up-regulation. These findings may explain the mechanism by which CPZ and related drugs enhance humoral autoimmune reactions, block cellular immune responses, and prevent lethal septic shock in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tarazona
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
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40
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Tarazona R, González-García A, Zamzami N, Marchetti P, Frechin N, Gonzalo JA, Ruiz-Gayo M, van Rooijen N, Martínez C, Kroemer G. Chlorpromazine amplifies macrophage-dependent IL-10 production in vivo. The Journal of Immunology 1995. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.154.2.861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Chlorpromazine (CPZ) has potent immunomodulatory effects in vivo; it induces humoral autoimmunity in up to 50% of patients, inhibits delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions, and suppresses lethal immune hyperactivation in animal models of septic shock. Here, we show that in an in vivo model of acute superantigen-driven immune activation, CPZ independently down-regulates the production of various T cell-derived lymphokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma, IL-4, TNF, and GM-CSF) and up-regulates the secretion of IL-10. Whereas only low, if any, serum IL-10 levels are detectable by ELISA after injection of CPZ, bacterial LPS, or staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) alone, simultaneous administration of CPZ + LPS or CPZ + SEB causes a significant increase in IL-10 production in vivo. CPZ-mediated amplification of the SEB-driven CPZ secretion is accompanied by an enhanced IL-10 mRNA accumulation, as shown by PCR analysis and in situ hybridization. Determination of IL-10 production in mice lacking T cells, B cells, or phagocytes revealed that SEB + CPZ-induced IL-10 was produced by phagocytic cells, but not by lymphocytes, a finding that is in accord with the distribution of splenic cells transcribing the IL-10 gene in response to SEB + CPZ. Moreover, these data indicate that bacterial superantigen can directly stimulate tissue phagocytes, even in the virtual absence of T lymphocytes. The blockade of dopamine type 1 (D1) but not type 2 (D2) receptors abolishes the CPZ effect on IL-10 production. Inhibition of Th1 and Th2 lymphokine production by CPZ is not mediated by dopamine receptors and is independent of IL-10 up-regulation. These findings may explain the mechanism by which CPZ and related drugs enhance humoral autoimmune reactions, block cellular immune responses, and prevent lethal septic shock in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tarazona
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-García
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - N Zamzami
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - P Marchetti
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - N Frechin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Gonzalo
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - M Ruiz-Gayo
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - N van Rooijen
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - C Martínez
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
| | - G Kroemer
- National Center for Biotechnology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Spain
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41
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Baixeras E, Bosca L, Stauber C, Gonzalez A, Carrera AC, Gonzalo JA, Martinez C. From apoptosis to autoimmunity: insights from the signaling pathways leading to proliferation or to programmed cell death. Immunol Rev 1994; 142:53-91. [PMID: 7535291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1994.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E Baixeras
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnologia CSIC, Universidad Autonoma, Madrid, Spain
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42
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Gonzalo JA, Gonzalez-Garcia A, Baixeras E, Zamzami N, Terezone R, Rappuoli R, Martinez-A. C, Kroemer G. Pertussis toxin interferes with superantigen-induced deletion of peripheral T cells without affecting T cell activation in vivo. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.153.7.3360.b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Antigen receptor engagement initiates clonal expansion and antibody secretion in B lymphocytes in response to foreign antigens. However, binding of self antigen to antigen receptors targets self-reactive B cell clones for elimination or inactivation. The antigen-triggered biochemical events and the eventual response of the cells are dependent on the simultaneous occupancy of co-stimulatory receptors. CD2 is an intercellular adhesion molecule implicated in cell activation and expressed in human T and natural killer cells as well as in mouse B lymphocytes. Mouse B cells specific for allogeneic major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I initiate a suicide program that leads to DNA fragmentation and cell death when confronted with soluble MHC class I while undergoing clonal expansion when the antigen is present on mitomycin C-treated cells. Here we show that occupancy of CD2 in mouse B cells by the presence of either monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for CD2, or soluble recombinant mouse CD48, its natural ligand in mouse, prevents the induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, the in vitro activation by mitomycin C-treated allogeneic cells, is abrogated in the presence of anti-CD48 mAb (OX78). These results indicate that a CD2-CD48 interaction is involved in the control of B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Genaro
- Instituto de Bioquimica Facultad de Farmacia, CSIC, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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44
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Iglesias T, Noheda B, Lifante G, Gonzalo JA, Koralewski M. Discontinuity and quasitricritical behavior near Tc in ferroelectric triglycine selenate. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 1994; 50:10307-10310. [PMID: 9975114 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.50.10307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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45
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Xu H, Gonzalo JA, St Pierre Y, Williams IR, Kupper TS, Cotran RS, Springer TA, Gutierrez-Ramos JC. Leukocytosis and resistance to septic shock in intercellular adhesion molecule 1-deficient mice. J Exp Med 1994; 180:95-109. [PMID: 7911822 PMCID: PMC2191562 DOI: 10.1084/jem.180.1.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 362] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) is one of three immunoglobulin superfamily members that bind to the integrins lymphocyte function associated 1 (LFA-1) and Mac-1 on leukocytes. We have generated mice that are genetically and functionally deficient in ICAM-1. These mice have elevated numbers of circulating neutrophils and lymphocytes, as well as diminished allogeneic T cell responses and delayed type hypersensitivity. Mutant mice are resistant to lethal effects of high doses of endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]), and this correlates with a significant decrease in neutrophil infiltration in the liver. Production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha or interleukin 1 is normal in ICAM-1-deficient mice, and thus protection appears to be related to a diminution in critical leukocyte-endothelial interactions. After sensitization with D-galactosamine (D-Gal), ICAM-1-deficient mice are resistant to the lethal effect of low doses of exotoxin (Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B [SEB]), which has been shown to mediate its toxic effects via the activation of specific T cells. In this model, ICAM-1-mediated protection against SEB lethality correlates with a decrease in the systemic release of inflammatory cytokines, as well as with prevention of extensive hepatocyte necrosis and hemorrhage. ICAM-1-deficient mice sensitized with D-Gal, however, are not protected from lethality when challenged with low doses of endotoxin (LPS). These studies show that the different contribution of ICAM-1 in the activation of either T cells or macrophages is decisive for the fatal outcome of the shock in these two models. This work suggests that anti-ICAM-1 therapy may be beneficial in both gram-positive and -negative septic shock, either by reducing T cell activation or by diminishing neutrophil infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Xu
- Center for Blood Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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46
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Gonzalo JA, González-García A, Baixeras E, Zamzami N, Tarazona R, Rappuoli R, Martínez C, Kroemer G, Tarazona R, Terezone R. Pertussis toxin interferes with superantigen-induced deletion of peripheral T cells without affecting T cell activation in vivo. Inhibition of deletion and associated programmed cell death depends on ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.152.9.4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Intravenous injection of a bacterial superantigen such as Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) causes transient activation and expansion of SEB-reactive V beta 8+ T cells, as well as specific down-regulation of the immune response, through partial deletion of superantigen-reactive T cells. Here we demonstrate that co-administration of pertussis toxin (PTX) and SEB reduces the SEB-induced deletion of V beta 8+ T cells, although it does not affect T cell activation and proliferation. PTX abrogates the SEB-driven deletion of V beta 8+CD4+ (not V beta 8+CD8+) splenocytes that is observed early (12-24 h) after SEB injection. Moreover, it antagonizes the late (> or = 4 days) deletion of V beta 8+CD4+ and V beta 8+CD8+ peripheral T cells that follows transient expansion of such cells. This phenomenon is associated with significant reductions in apoptosis and endonucleolysis and is not caused by a compensatory increase in proliferation of SEB-reactive T cells, as we determined by using a combined fluorometric analysis of cell cycle and DNA alterations, which are associated with programmed cell death. These effects are also observed in thymectomized animals, thus excluding the possibility that PTX might act by enhancing the maturation and export of thymic T cells to the periphery. Moreover, the SEB-induced reduction of V beta 8+ splenocytes is antagonized by PTX in vitro. The capacity of PTX to reduce clonal deletion depends critically on its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, inasmuch as a non-enzymatic PTX mutant fails to act in this biologic system. We conclude that PTX selectively antagonizes or impedes the delivery of negative signals to T cells, which are stimulated by superantigens, without interfering with the transmission of stimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - A González-García
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - E Baixeras
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - N Zamzami
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Tarazona
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Rappuoli
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - C Martínez
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - G Kroemer
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Tarazona
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
| | - R Terezone
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
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47
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Gonzalo JA, Tarazona R, Schuurman HJ, Uytdehaag F, Wick G, Martínez C, Kroemer G. A single injection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B reduces autoimmunity in MRL/lpr mice. Clin Immunol Immunopathol 1994; 71:176-82. [PMID: 8181186 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1994.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
MRL/Mp-lpr/lpr (MRL/lpr) mice carry a mutation in the Fas gene whose product is involved in the regulation of lymphocyte apoptosis. This mutation is associated with the lpr phenomenon, i.e., a massive expansion of phenotypically abnormal CD4-CD8- cells ("double negative," DN) alpha/beta T cells (lpr cells) that becomes manifest at 3-4 months of age. As in normal mice, intravenous SEB injection into 2- or 6-month-old female MRL/lpr mice causes a transient expansion of SEB-reactive V beta 8+ T cells, followed by a deletion of this subset. In contrast, in the same animals, the frequency of abnormal V beta 8+CD4-CD8- cells is not modulated by SEB. Whereas DN T cells are completely resistant to SEB-mediated deletion in vivo, their precursors appear susceptible to SEB-induced deletion. Thus, a single injection of SEB prior to the surge of DN T cells in peripheral lymphoid organs, at 2 months of age, is sufficient to cause a stable long-term (6 months) deletion of DN cells. This is accompanied by a significant amelioration of autoimmune parameters (autoantibody titers, incidence of arthritis and nephritis), thus pointing to the feasibility of employing superantigens for simple manipulations of the immune repertoire that result in the long-term prophylaxis of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Centro de Biología Molecular, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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48
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Gonzalo JA, González-García A, Baixeras E, Zamzami N, Tarazona R, Rappuoli R, Martínez C, Kroemer G, Tarazona R, Terezone R. Pertussis toxin interferes with superantigen-induced deletion of peripheral T cells without affecting T cell activation in vivo. Inhibition of deletion and associated programmed cell death depends on ADP-ribosyltransferase activity. J Immunol 1994; 152:4291-9. [PMID: 7908917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous injection of a bacterial superantigen such as Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) causes transient activation and expansion of SEB-reactive V beta 8+ T cells, as well as specific down-regulation of the immune response, through partial deletion of superantigen-reactive T cells. Here we demonstrate that co-administration of pertussis toxin (PTX) and SEB reduces the SEB-induced deletion of V beta 8+ T cells, although it does not affect T cell activation and proliferation. PTX abrogates the SEB-driven deletion of V beta 8+CD4+ (not V beta 8+CD8+) splenocytes that is observed early (12-24 h) after SEB injection. Moreover, it antagonizes the late (> or = 4 days) deletion of V beta 8+CD4+ and V beta 8+CD8+ peripheral T cells that follows transient expansion of such cells. This phenomenon is associated with significant reductions in apoptosis and endonucleolysis and is not caused by a compensatory increase in proliferation of SEB-reactive T cells, as we determined by using a combined fluorometric analysis of cell cycle and DNA alterations, which are associated with programmed cell death. These effects are also observed in thymectomized animals, thus excluding the possibility that PTX might act by enhancing the maturation and export of thymic T cells to the periphery. Moreover, the SEB-induced reduction of V beta 8+ splenocytes is antagonized by PTX in vitro. The capacity of PTX to reduce clonal deletion depends critically on its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, inasmuch as a non-enzymatic PTX mutant fails to act in this biologic system. We conclude that PTX selectively antagonizes or impedes the delivery of negative signals to T cells, which are stimulated by superantigens, without interfering with the transmission of stimulatory signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- National Center of Biotechnology, CSIC, Autónoma University of Madrid, Spain
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49
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Gonzalo JA, Baixeras E, González-García A, George-Chandy A, Van Rooijen N, Martínez C, Kroemer G. Differential in vivo effects of a superantigen and an antibody targeted to the same T cell receptor. Activation-induced cell death vs passive macrophage-dependent deletion. The Journal of Immunology 1994. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.152.4.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Superantigens have multiple pleiotropic effects in vivo, causing the activation, proliferation, and deletion of specific T cells. In our study, we analyzed the effects of the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) on peripheral T cells in vivo. As an internal control we took advantage of a IgG2a mAb, F23.1 (anti-V beta 8), that recognizes products from the same V beta gene family as that recognized by SEB. Suprisingly, not only SEB, but also F23.1 primes peripheral T cells to undergo oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation typical for programmed cell death (PCD). Nonetheless the deletion and induction of PCD imposed by both agents obey rather different principles. First, SEB, not F23.1-induced PCD, concerns T cells that have passed through the S phase of the cell cycle, as demonstrated by experiments in which the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'desoxyuridine was detected in mono- and oligonucleosomal fragments of T cells undergoing PCD. Second, deletion of V beta 8+ T cells induced by SEB, not F23.1, can be blocked in vivo by high doses of retinol and, during the early phase, by glucocorticoid receptor blockade with RU-38486. Inasmuch as retinol fails to antagonize the glucocorticoid-induced PCD, at least two pathways are involved in early SEB-driven deletion, one that depends on the presence of endogenous glucocorticoid, and another that can be inhibited by retinol. Third, depletion of phagocytes in vivo by means of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate does not impede the activation and deletion of V beta 8+ cells by SEB, although it partially prevents the elimination of T cells binding F23.1 in vivo. Thus, macrophages are not rate-limiting for the action of SEB. In a further series of experiments, we demonstrate that SEB causes the secretion of a variety of cytokines (IL-1, -2, -4, -10, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IFN-gamma, and TNF) that may cause lethal septic shock. In contrast, F23.1 that efficiently induces all these mediators in vitro, fails to do so in vivo. In synthesis, the elimination of T cells induced by two different agents specific for V beta 8 obeys different principles: activation-induced cell death in the case of SEB and passive macrophage-mediated elimination in the case of F23.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - E Baixeras
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - A González-García
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - A George-Chandy
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - N Van Rooijen
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - C Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
| | - G Kroemer
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
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Gonzalo JA, Baixeras E, González-García A, George-Chandy A, Van Rooijen N, Martínez C, Kroemer G. Differential in vivo effects of a superantigen and an antibody targeted to the same T cell receptor. Activation-induced cell death vs passive macrophage-dependent deletion. J Immunol 1994; 152:1597-608. [PMID: 8120373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Superantigens have multiple pleiotropic effects in vivo, causing the activation, proliferation, and deletion of specific T cells. In our study, we analyzed the effects of the bacterial superantigen Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin B (SEB) on peripheral T cells in vivo. As an internal control we took advantage of a IgG2a mAb, F23.1 (anti-V beta 8), that recognizes products from the same V beta gene family as that recognized by SEB. Suprisingly, not only SEB, but also F23.1 primes peripheral T cells to undergo oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation typical for programmed cell death (PCD). Nonetheless the deletion and induction of PCD imposed by both agents obey rather different principles. First, SEB, not F23.1-induced PCD, concerns T cells that have passed through the S phase of the cell cycle, as demonstrated by experiments in which the thymidine analogue 5-bromo-2'desoxyuridine was detected in mono- and oligonucleosomal fragments of T cells undergoing PCD. Second, deletion of V beta 8+ T cells induced by SEB, not F23.1, can be blocked in vivo by high doses of retinol and, during the early phase, by glucocorticoid receptor blockade with RU-38486. Inasmuch as retinol fails to antagonize the glucocorticoid-induced PCD, at least two pathways are involved in early SEB-driven deletion, one that depends on the presence of endogenous glucocorticoid, and another that can be inhibited by retinol. Third, depletion of phagocytes in vivo by means of liposome-encapsulated dichloromethylene diphosphonate does not impede the activation and deletion of V beta 8+ cells by SEB, although it partially prevents the elimination of T cells binding F23.1 in vivo. Thus, macrophages are not rate-limiting for the action of SEB. In a further series of experiments, we demonstrate that SEB causes the secretion of a variety of cytokines (IL-1, -2, -4, -10, granulocyte-macrophage-CSF, IFN-gamma, and TNF) that may cause lethal septic shock. In contrast, F23.1 that efficiently induces all these mediators in vitro, fails to do so in vivo. In synthesis, the elimination of T cells induced by two different agents specific for V beta 8 obeys different principles: activation-induced cell death in the case of SEB and passive macrophage-mediated elimination in the case of F23.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Gonzalo
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CSIC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Campus de Cantoblanco, Spain
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