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Hanna L, Movsesian E, Orozco M, Bernot AR, Asadinamin M, Shenje L, Ullrich S, Zhao Y, Marshall N, Weeks JA, Thomas MB, Teprovich JA, Ward PA. Spectroscopic investigation of the electronic and excited state properties of para-substituted tetraphenyl porphyrins and their electrochemically generated ions. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2022; 278:121300. [PMID: 35512525 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins play pivotal roles in many crucial biological processes including photosynthesis. However, there is still a knowledge gap in understanding electronic and excited state implications associated with functionalization of the porphyrin ring system. These effects can have electrochemical and spectroscopic signatures that reveal the complex nature of these somewhat minor substitutions, beyond simple inductive or electronic effect correlations. To obtain a deeper insight into the influences of porphyrin functionalization, four free-base, meso-substituted porphyrins: tetraphenyl porphyrin (TPP), tetra(4-hydroxyphenyl) porphyrin (THPP), tetra(4-carboxyphenyl) porphyrin (TCPP), and tetra(4-nitrophenyl) porphyrin (TNPP), were synthesized, characterized, and investigated. The influence of various substituents, (-hydroxy,-carboxy, and -nitro) in the para position of the meso-substituted phenyl moieties were evaluated by spectroelectrochemical techniques (absorption and fluorescence), femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy, cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). Spectral features were evaluated for the neutral porphyrins and differences observed among the various porphyrins were further explained using rendered frontier molecular orbitals pertaining to the relevant transitions. Electrochemically generated anionic and cationic porphyrin species indicate similar absorbance spectroscopic signatures attributed to a red-shift in the Soret band. Emissive behavior reveals the emergence of one new fluorescence decay pathway for the ionic porphyrin, distinct from the neutral macrocycle. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy analysis provided further analysis of the implications on the excited-state as a function of the para substituent of the free-base meso-substituted tetraphenyl porphyrins. Herein, we provide an in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the electronic and excited state effects associated with systematically varying the induced dipole at the methine bridge of the free-base porphyrin macrocycle and the spectroscopic signatures related to the neutral, anionic, and cationic species of these porphyrins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Hanna
- Advanced Manufacturing and Energy Science, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29803, USA
| | - Edgar Movsesian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Miguel Orozco
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Anthony R Bernot
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, USA
| | - Mona Asadinamin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Learnmore Shenje
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Susanne Ullrich
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yiping Zhao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Georgia Athens, GA, USA
| | - Nicholas Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, University of South Carolina-Aiken Aiken, SC, USA
| | - Jason A Weeks
- College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael B Thomas
- Advanced Manufacturing and Energy Science, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29803, USA
| | - Joseph A Teprovich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Northridge, 18111 Nordhoff St., Northridge, CA 91330, USA.
| | - Patrick A Ward
- Advanced Manufacturing and Energy Science, Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29803, USA.
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Green M, Kaydanik K, Orozco M, Hanna L, Marple MAT, Fessler KAS, Jones WB, Stavila V, Ward PA, Teprovich JA. Closo-Borate Gel Polymer Electrolyte with Remarkable Electrochemical Stability and a Wide Operating Temperature Window. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2106032. [PMID: 35393776 PMCID: PMC9165492 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in the pursuit of higher-energy-density lithium batteries for carbon-neutral-mobility is electrolyte compatibility with a lithium metal electrode. This study demonstrates the robust and stable nature of a closo-borate based gel polymer electrolyte (GPE), which enables outstanding electrochemical stability and capacity retention upon extensive cycling. The GPE developed herein has an ionic conductivity of 7.3 × 10-4 S cm-2 at room temperature and stability over a wide temperature range from -35 to 80 °C with a high lithium transference number ( tLi+$t_{{\rm{Li}}}^ + $ = 0.51). Multinuclear nuclear magnetic resonance and Fourier transform infrared are used to understand the solvation environment and interaction between the GPE components. Density functional theory calculations are leveraged to gain additional insight into the coordination environment and support spectroscopic interpretations. The GPE is also established to be a suitable electrolyte for extended cycling with four different active electrode materials when paired with a lithium metal electrode. The GPE can also be incorporated into a flexible battery that is capable of being cut and still functional. The incorporation of a closo-borate into a gel polymer matrix represents a new direction for enhancing the electrochemical and physical properties of this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Green
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University Northridge18111 Nordhoff St.NorthridgeCA91330USA
| | - Katty Kaydanik
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University Northridge18111 Nordhoff St.NorthridgeCA91330USA
| | - Miguel Orozco
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University Northridge18111 Nordhoff St.NorthridgeCA91330USA
| | - Lauren Hanna
- Advanced Manufacturing and Energy ScienceSavannah River National LaboratoryAikenSC29803USA
| | - Maxwell A. T. Marple
- Physical and Life Sciences DirectorateLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermoreCA94551USA
| | | | - Willis B. Jones
- Spectroscopy Separations and Material CharacterizationSavannah River National LaboratoryAikenSC29803USA
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Energy NanomaterialsSandia National LaboratoryLivermoreCA94551USA
| | - Patrick A. Ward
- Advanced Manufacturing and Energy ScienceSavannah River National LaboratoryAikenSC29803USA
| | - Joseph A. Teprovich
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryCalifornia State University Northridge18111 Nordhoff St.NorthridgeCA91330USA
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Teprovich JA, Colon Mercado HR, Olson L, Ganesan P, Babineau D, Garcia-Diaz BL. Electrochemical extraction of hydrogen isotopes from Li/LiT mixtures. Fusion Engineering and Design 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Teprovich JA, Washington AL, Dixon J, Ward PA, Christian JH, Peters B, Zhou J, Giri S, Sharp DN, Velten JA, Compton RN, Jena P, Zidan R. Investigation of hydrogen induced fluorescence in C 60 and its potential use in luminescence down shifting applications. Nanoscale 2016; 8:18760-18770. [PMID: 27801449 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05998h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Herein the photophysical properties of hydrogenated fullerenes (fulleranes) synthesized by direct hydrogenation utilizing hydrogen pressure (100 bar) and elevated temperatures (350 °C) are compared to the fulleranes C60H18 and C60H36 synthesized by amine reduction and the Birch reduction, respectively. Through spectroscopic measurements and density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the HOMO-LUMO gaps of C60Hx (0 ≤ x ≤ 60), we show that hydrogenation significantly affects the electronic structure of C60 by decreasing conjugation and increasing sp3 hybridization. This results in a blue shift of the emission maximum as the number of hydrogen atoms attached to C60 increases. Correlations in the emission spectra of C60Hx produced by direct hydrogenation and by chemical methods also support the hypothesis of the formation of C60H18 and C60H36 during direct hydrogenation with emission maxima of 435 and 550 nm respectively. We also demonstrate that photophysical tunability, stability, and solubility of C60Hx in a variety of organic solvents make them easily adaptable for application as luminescent down-shifters in heads-up displays, light-emitting diodes, and luminescent solar concentrators. The utilizization of carbon based materials in these applications can potentially offer advantages over commonly utilized transition metal based quantum dot chromophores. We therefore propose that the controlled modification of C60 provides an excellent platform for evaluating how individual chemical and structural changes affect the photophysical properties of a well-defined carbon nanostructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Teprovich
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - A L Washington
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - J Dixon
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - P A Ward
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - J H Christian
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - B Peters
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - J Zhou
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Physics Department, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - S Giri
- National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Department of Chemistry, Odisha 769008, India
| | - D N Sharp
- University of Tennessee, Department of Chemistry, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - J A Velten
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
| | - R N Compton
- University of Tennessee, Department of Chemistry, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - P Jena
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Physics Department, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - R Zidan
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Aiken, SC 29808, USA.
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Knight DA, Teprovich JA, Summers A, Peters B, Ward PA, Compton RN, Zidan R. Synthesis, characterization, and reversible hydrogen sorption study of sodium-doped fullerene. Nanotechnology 2013; 24:455601. [PMID: 24129505 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/24/45/455601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein is presented a novel, straightforward route to the synthesis of an alkali metal-doped fullerene as well as a detailed account of its reversible and enhanced hydrogen sorption properties in comparison to pure C60. This work demonstrates that a reaction of sodium hydride with fullerene (C60) results in the formation of a sodium-doped fullerene capable of reversible hydrogen sorption via a chemisorption mechanism. This material not only demonstrated reversible hydrogen storage over several cycles, it also showed the ability to reabsorb over three times the amount of hydrogen (relative to the hydrogen content of NaH) under optimized conditions. The sodium-doped fullerene was hydrogenated on a pressure composition temperature (PCT) instrument at 275 °C while under 100 bar of hydrogen pressure. The hydrogen desorption behavior of this sodium-doped fullerene hydride was observed over a temperature range up to 375 °C on the PCT and up to 550 °C on the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Powder x-ray diffraction verifies the identity of this material as being Na6C60. Characterization of this material by thermal decomposition analysis (e.g. PCT and TGA methods), as well as FT-IR and mass spectrometry, indicates that the hydrogen sorption activity of this material is due to the reversible formation of a hydrogenated fullerene (fullerane). However, the reversible formation of fullerane was found to be greatly enhanced by the presence of sodium. It was also demonstrated that the addition of a catalytic amount of titanium (via TiO2 or Ti(OBu)4) further enhances the hydrogen sorption process of the sodium-doped fullerene material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Knight
- Savannah River National Laboratory, Clean Energy Directorate, 301 Gateways Dr., Aiken, SC 29808, USA
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Teprovich JA, Wellons MS, Lascola R, Hwang SJ, Ward PA, Compton RN, Zidan R. Synthesis and characterization of a lithium-doped fullerane (Li(x)-C60-H(y)) for reversible hydrogen storage. Nano Lett 2012; 12:582-589. [PMID: 22206302 DOI: 10.1021/nl203045v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present a lithium-doped fullerane (Li(x)-C(60)-H(y)) that is capable of reversibly storing hydrogen through chemisorption at elevated temperatures and pressures. This system is unique in that hydrogen is closely associated with lithium and carbon upon rehydrogenation of the material and that the weight percent of H(2) stored in the material is intimately linked to the stoichiometric ratio of Li:C(60) in the material. Characterization of the material (IR, Raman, UV-vis, XRD, LDI-TOF-MS, and NMR) indicates that a lithium-doped fullerane is formed upon rehydrogenation in which the active hydrogen storage material is similar to a hydrogenated fullerene. Under optimized conditions, a lithium-doped fullerane with a Li:C(60) mole ratio of 6:1 can reversibly desorb up to 5 wt % H(2) with an onset temperature of ~270 °C, which is significantly less than the desorption temperature of hydrogenated fullerenes (C(60)H(x)) and pure lithium hydride (decomposition temperature 500-600 and 670 °C respectively). However, our Li(x)-C(60)-H(y) system does not suffer from the same drawbacks as typical hydrogenated fullerenes (high desorption T and release of hydrocarbons) because the fullerene cage remains mostly intact and is only slightly modified during multiple hydrogen desorption/absorption cycles. We also observed a reversible phase transition of C(60) in the material from face-centered cubic to body-centered cubic at high levels of hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Teprovich
- Clean Energy Directorate, Savannah River National Lab, P.O. Box A, Aiken, South Carolina 29808, USA
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Kingsley NB, Kirschbaum K, Teprovich JA, Flowers RA, Mason MR. Synthesis and Calorimetric, Spectroscopic, and Structural Characterization of Isocyanide Complexes of Trialkylaluminum and Tri-tert-butylgallium. Inorg Chem 2012; 51:2494-502. [DOI: 10.1021/ic202427z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B. Kingsley
- Department of Chemistry, School
for Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Kristin Kirschbaum
- Department of Chemistry, School
for Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
| | - Joseph A. Teprovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United
States
| | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United
States
| | - Mark R. Mason
- Department of Chemistry, School
for Green Chemistry and Engineering, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio 43606-3390, United States
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhandapani V. Sadasivam
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Joseph A. Teprovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - David J. Procter
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, and School of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
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Pigga JM, Teprovich JA, Flowers RA, Antonio MR, Liu T. Selective monovalent cation association and exchange around Keplerate polyoxometalate macroanions in dilute aqueous solutions. Langmuir 2010; 26:9449-56. [PMID: 20408519 DOI: 10.1021/la100467p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between water-soluble Keplerate polyoxometalate {Mo(72)Fe(30)} macroions and small countercations is explored by laser light scattering, anomalous small-angle X-ray scattering (ASAXS), and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) techniques. The macroions are found to be able to select the type of associated counterions based upon the counterions' valence state and hydrated size, when multiple types of additional cations are present in solution (even among different monovalent cations). The preference goes to the cations with higher valences or smaller hydrated sizes if the valences are identical. This counterion exchange process changes the magnitude of the macroion-counterion interaction and, thus, is reflected in the dimension of the self-assembled {Mo(72)Fe(30)} blackberry supramolecular structures. The hydrophilic macroions exhibit a competitive recognition of various monovalent counterions in dilute solutions. A critical salt concentration (CSC) for each type of cation exists for the blackberry formation of {Mo(72)Fe(30)} macroions, above which the blackberry size increases significantly with the increasing total ionic strength in solution. The CSC values are much smaller for cations with higher valences and also decrease with the cations' hydrated size for various monovalent cations. The change of blackberry size corresponding to the change of ionic strength in solution is reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Pigga
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, USA
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Teprovich JA, Antharjanam PKS, Prasad E, Pesciotta EN, Flowers RA. Generation of SmIIReductants Using High Intensity Ultrasound. Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200800876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Teprovich JA, Antharjanam PKS, Prasad E, Pesciotta EN, Flowers RA. Generation of Sm
II
Reductants Using High Intensity Ultrasound (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 32/2008). Eur J Inorg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.200890089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A. Teprovich
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA, Fax: +1‐610‐759‐6536
| | | | - Edamana Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Esther N. Pesciotta
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA, Fax: +1‐610‐759‐6536
| | - Robert A. Flowers
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA, Fax: +1‐610‐759‐6536
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