2
|
Bolton SJ, Levin SM, Guillot T, Li C, Kaspi Y, Orton G, Wong MH, Oyafuso F, Allison M, Arballo J, Atreya S, Becker HN, Bloxham J, Brown ST, Fletcher LN, Galanti E, Gulkis S, Janssen M, Ingersoll A, Lunine JL, Misra S, Steffes P, Stevenson D, Waite JH, Yadav RK, Zhang Z. Microwave observations reveal the deep extent and structure of Jupiter's atmospheric vortices. Science 2021; 374:968-972. [PMID: 34709937 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S J Bolton
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S M Levin
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - T Guillot
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - C Li
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y Kaspi
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - G Orton
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M H Wong
- Carl Sagan Center for Research, SETI Institute, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - F Oyafuso
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Allison
- Goddard Institute for Space Studies, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Astronomy, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - J Arballo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - S Atreya
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - H N Becker
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J Bloxham
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - S T Brown
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - L N Fletcher
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - E Galanti
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - S Gulkis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - M Janssen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - A Ingersoll
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J L Lunine
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - S Misra
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - P Steffes
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - D Stevenson
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - J H Waite
- Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - R K Yadav
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Z Zhang
- Department of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arballo J, Amengual J, Black M, Erdman J. Impact of Carotenoid Cleaving Enzymes on Lycopene Accumulation in Transgenic Mice. Curr Dev Nutr 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/cdn/nzab034_003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To evaluate the role of β-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and BCO2 on lycopene tissue distribution.
Methods
Three-week old C57BL/6 male and female mice (wild type [WT], Bco1−/−, Bco2−/−, Bco1−/− × Bco2−/− double knock out [DKO]) were divided into groups based on genotype (n = 16 per group split evenly by sex) and fed a powdered AIN 93G control diet for 2 weeks. After this period, mice were gavaged daily for 2 weeks with 1 mg of lycopene dissolved in cottonseed oil. 12 h-fasted mice were then sacrificed, and liver, serum, heart, kidney, intestine, gonadal adipose, prostate, spleen, and testes were harvested. Tissues were preserved in liquid nitrogen and stored at −80 until analyses. We measured lycopene levels in all samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography. Data analyses were performed using two-way ANOVA, followed by the Sidaks test with a statistical significance threshold of P < 0.05.
Results
Female mice showed higher lycopene levels in the intestine (P < 0.045) and liver (P < 0.007) irrespective of genotype, while male mice had higher lycopene levels in serum (P < 0.004). Intestine, serum, and kidneys exhibited higher lycopene levels in DKO mice compared to all other genotypes (P < .0001), while having higher lycopene levels in testes (P < 0.0001) compared to Bco2−/− and WT mice and adipose (P < 0.005) only in comparison to Bco2−/− mice. DKO exhibited higher lycopene levels in the spleen compared to Bco1−/− mice (P < 0.02). Lycopene levels in the liver (P < 0.0001) were higher in Bco2−/− mice compared to Bco1 −/− and DKO mice, while Bco1−/− mice had lower hepatic lycopene levels compared to all other genotypes.
Conclusions
Female mice accumulated higher lycopene levels in most tissues compared to males. These results were consistent when data were corrected by total tissue weight. The data suggest the absence of BCO2 favors carotenoid accumulation in many extrahepatic tissues, an effect that is enhanced in the absence of both carotenoid cleaving enzymes.
Funding Sources
Internal funding, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign.
Collapse
|
4
|
Arballo J, Amengual J, Erdman JW. Lycopene: A Critical Review of Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, and Excretion. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030342. [PMID: 33668703 PMCID: PMC7996133 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lycopene is a non-provitamin A carotenoid that exhibits several health benefits. Epidemiological data support a correlation between lycopene intake and the attenuation of several chronic diseases, including certain types of cancers and cardiovascular diseases. It is currently unknown whether the beneficial effects are from the native structure of lycopene or its metabolic derivatives: lycopenals, lycopenols, and lycopenoic acids. This literature review focuses on the current research on lycopene digestion, absorption, metabolism, and excretion. This review primarily focuses on in vivo studies because of the labile nature and difficulty of studying carotenoids within in vitro experimental models. The studies presented address tissue accumulation of lycopene, the modification of bioavailability due to genetic and dietary factors, and lycopene cleavage by the enzymes ß-carotene oxygenase 1 (BCO1) and ß-carotene oxygenase 2 (BCO2). The current literature suggests that the majority of lycopene is cleaved eccentrically by BCO2, yet further research is needed to probe the enzymatic cleavage activity at the tissue level. Additionally, results indicate that single nucleotide polymorphisms and dietary fat influence lycopene absorption and thus modify its health effects. Further research exploring the metabolism of lycopene, the mechanisms related to its health benefits, and optimal diet composition to increase the bioavailability is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Arballo
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
| | - Jaume Amengual
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - John W. Erdman
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; (J.A.); (J.A.)
- Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|