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Archibong V, Usman IM, Kasozi KI, Aigbogun EO, Josiah I, Monima AL, Ssebuufu R, Chekwech G, Terkimbi SD, Owoisinke O, Mbiydzenyuy NE, Adeoye A, Aruwa JO, Afodun AM, Odoma S, Ssempijja F, Ayikobua ET, Ayuba JT, Nankya V, Onongha C, Henry S, Matama K, Yusuf H, Nalugo H, MacLeod E, Welburn SC. Anxiety, Anger and Depression Amongst Low-Income Earners in Southwestern Uganda During the COVID-19 Total Lockdown. Front Public Health 2021; 9:590458. [PMID: 34956994 PMCID: PMC8695878 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.590458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Low-income earners are particularly vulnerable to mental health, consequence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions, due to a temporary or permanent loss of income and livelihood, coupled with government-enforced measures of social distancing. This study evaluates the mental health status among low-income earners in southwestern Uganda during the first total COVID-19 lockdown in Uganda. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was undertaken amongst earners whose income falls below the poverty threshold. Two hundred and fifty-three (n = 253) male and female low-income earners between the ages of 18 and 60 years of age were recruited to the study. Modified generalized anxiety disorder (GAD-7), Spielberger's State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2), and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) tools as appropriate were used to assess anxiety, anger, and depression respectively among our respondents. Results: Severe anxiety (68.8%) followed by moderate depression (60.5%) and moderate anger (56.9%) were the most common mental health challenges experienced by low-income earners in Bushenyi district. Awareness of mental healthcare increased with the age of respondents in both males and females. A linear relationship was observed with age and depression (r = 0.154, P = 0.014) while positive correlations were observed between anxiety and anger (r = 0.254, P < 0.001); anxiety and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015) and anger and depression (r = 0.153, P = 0.015). Conclusion: The study shows the importance of mental health awareness in low resource settings during the current COVID-19 pandemic. Females were identified as persons at risk to mental depression, while anger was highest amongst young males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Archibong
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ibe Michael Usman
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ifie Josiah
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ann Lemuel Monima
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Ceasor University, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Gaudencia Chekwech
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Swase Dominic Terkimbi
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Okon Owoisinke
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Ngala Elvis Mbiydzenyuy
- Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, Copperbelt University, Ndola, Zambia
| | - Azeez Adeoye
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Joshua Ojodale Aruwa
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Adam Moyosore Afodun
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Busitema University, Busitema, Uganda
| | - Saidi Odoma
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - John Tabakwot Ayuba
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Viola Nankya
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Comfort Onongha
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Sussan Henry
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Kevin Matama
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Helen Yusuf
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Science, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Halima Nalugo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Mbarara University of Science and Technology, Mbarara, Uganda
| | - Ewan MacLeod
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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Usman IM, Ssempijja F, Ssebuufu R, Lemuel AM, Archibong VB, Ayikobua ET, Aruwa JO, Kembabazi S, Kegoye ES, Ayuba JT, Okeniran OS, Echoru I, Adeoye A, Mujinya R, Nankya V, Kasozi KI. Community Drivers Affecting Adherence to WHO Guidelines Against COVID-19 Amongst Rural Ugandan Market Vendors. Front Public Health 2020; 8:340. [PMID: 32733839 PMCID: PMC7357280 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Market vendors occupy a strategic position in the fight against the spread of SARS CoV-2 in rural Uganda. To successfully contain the spread of the virus, special attention needs to be given to this set of people by assessing the type of information, source of information, and practices they inculcate as regards adherence to WHO guidelines in the fight against COVID-19 in Uganda. The study aimed to assess the role of information sources, education level, and phone internet connectivity in influencing COVID-19 knowledge among the rural market vendors; and the relationship existing between knowledge, attitude, and practices among them. Methods: The study was a descriptive cross-sectional study among rural market vendors (n = 248) in southwestern Uganda. Information was collected using a questionnaire and descriptively presented as frequency and percentages. Results: The study showed that the majority of the rural market vendors had sufficient information regarding COVID-19 with the majority being female individuals and have attained a secondary level of education, The general percentage score for knowledge, attitude, and practices were (75.57, 82.6, and 76.50% respectively). There was a positive correlation between attitude and practices (r = 0.17, p = 0.007), as well as their knowledge with practices (r = 0.29, p < 0.001). The majority of the people in the population did not have their phones connected to the internet (OR = 1.96, 95%CI: 1.16-3.31, P = 0.01). The majority of people received their information regarding COVID-19 from one source (radio) (OR = 1.55). Conclusion: Where and how the rural market vendors get their information and education level are vital in breaking COVID 19 infection circle in line with WHO guidelines. Therefore, sources of information and education level played a key role in molding their knowledge and practices. However, the level of knowledge on COVID 19 among our respondents was not linked with phone internet connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibe Michael Usman
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Robinson Ssebuufu
- Faculty of Clinical Medicine and Dentistry, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ann Monima Lemuel
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Victor Bassey Archibong
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | | | - Joshua Ojodale Aruwa
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Stellamaris Kembabazi
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Eric Simidi Kegoye
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - John Tabakwot Ayuba
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Olatayo Segun Okeniran
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Isaac Echoru
- School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Azeez Adeoye
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Regan Mujinya
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Viola Nankya
- School of Nursing, Kampala International University Teaching Hospital, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Faculty of Biomedicals Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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