First-trimester pre-eclampsia biomarker profiles in Asian population: multicenter cohort study

OBJECTIVES

To (i) evaluate the applicability of the European-derived biomarker multiples of the median (MoM) formulae for risk assessment of preterm pre-eclampsia (PE) in seven Asian populations, spanning the east, southeast and south regions of the continent, (ii) perform quality-assurance (QA) assessment of the biomarker measurements and (iii) establish criteria for prospective ongoing QA assessment of biomarker measurements.

METHODS

This was a prospective, non-intervention, multicenter study in 4023 singleton pregnancies, at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation, in 11 recruiting centers in China, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Singapore, Taiwan and Thailand. Women were screened for preterm PE between December 2016 and June 2018 and gave written informed consent to participate in the study. Maternal and pregnancy characteristics were recorded and mean arterial pressure (MAP), mean uterine artery pulsatility index (UtA-PI) and maternal serum placental growth factor (PlGF) were measured in accordance with The Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) standardized measurement protocols. MAP, UtA-PI and PlGF were transformed into MoMs using the published FMF formulae, derived from a largely Caucasian population in Europe, which adjust for gestational age and covariates that affect directly the biomarker levels. Variations in biomarker MoM values and their dispersion (SD) and cumulative sum tests over time were evaluated in order to identify systematic deviations in biomarker measurements from the expected distributions.

RESULTS

In the total screened population, the median (95% CI) MoM values of MAP, UtA-PI and PlGF were 0.961 (0.956-0.965), 1.018 (0.996-1.030) and 0.891 (0.861-0.909), respectively. Women in this largely Asian cohort had approximately 4% and 11% lower MAP and PlGF MoM levels, respectively, compared with those expected from normal median formulae, based on a largely Caucasian population, whilst UtA-PI MoM values were similar. UtA-PI and PlGF MoMs were beyond the 0.4 to 2.5 MoM range (truncation limits) in 16 (0.4%) and 256 (6.4%) pregnancies, respectively. QA assessment tools indicated that women in all centers had consistently lower MAP MoM values than expected, but were within 10% of the expected value. UtA-PI MoM values were within 10% of the expected value at all sites except one. Most PlGF MoM values were systematically 10% lower than the expected value, except for those derived from a South Asian population, which were 37% higher.

CONCLUSIONS

Owing to the anthropometric differences in Asian compared with Caucasian women, significant differences in biomarker MoM values for PE screening, particularly MAP and PlGF MoMs, were noted in Asian populations compared with the expected values based on European-derived formulae. If reliable and consistent patient-specific risks for preterm PE are to be reported, adjustment for additional factors or development of Asian-specific formulae for the calculation of biomarker MoMs is required. We have also demonstrated the importance and need for regular quality assessment of biomarker values. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Drug delivery observation of hydrophobe ferrofluid and magnetite nanoparticals by SPring-8 synchrotron radiation

In this study, the composite magnetic nanoparticles of coated SiO nano film with about 8 nm size and high saturation magnetization value, were synthesized by liquid phase precipitation method. The magnetic nanoparticles can be dispersed in various liquid media, widely known as magnetic fluids or ferrofluids with both magnetic and liquid properties. The materials been collected great interests and more and more attentions to focus into Drug Delivery System (DDS) as a new technology in this paper. We use the composite nanoparticles to disperse H2O and inject the solutions into rat's in-vivo organs. And, in the experiments by using a strong photon beam of SPring-8 Synchrotron Radiation facility, the distribution stat and the effects of magnetic field as well as drug delivery behaviour of nanoparticles in the rat' kidney are verified by the in-vivo observations.

Frequent loss of RUNX3 gene expression in remnant stomach cancer and adjacent mucosa with special reference to topography

Our previous studies suggest that a lack of RUNX3 function is causally related to the genesis and progression of human gastric cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether alteration of RUNX3 gene expression could be detected in the normal-looking gastric remnant mucosa, and to ascertain any difference in the potential of gastric carcinogenesis between the anastomotic site and other areas in the remnant stomach after distal gastrectomy for peptic ulcer (RB group) or gastric cancer (RM group), by analysing RUNX3 expression with special reference to topography. A total of 89 patients underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer from the intact stomach (GCI group) and 58 patients underwent resection of the remnant stomach for gastric cancer (RB group: 34 cases, RM group: 24 cases). We detected RUNX3 and gene promoter methylation by in situ hybridisation, quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and methylation-specific PCR. The interval between the initial surgery and surgery for remnant gastric cancer (interval time) was 10.4 years in the RM group, and 27.5 years in the RB group. Cancers in the RB group were significantly more predominant in the anastomosis area (P<0.05). Within the tumour, downregulation of RUNX3 expression ranged from 74.7 to 85.7% in the three groups. The rate of downregulation of RUNX3 of adjacent mucosa was 39.2% (11 in 28 cases) in RB and 47.6% (10 in 21 cases) in RM, which are significantly higher than that of the GCI group (19.5%, 17 in 87 cases). In noncancerous mucosa of the remnant stomach in the RB group, RUNX3 expression decreased more near the anastomosis area. In the RM group, however, there were no significant differences in RUNX3 expression by sampling location. Based on RUNX3 downregulation and clinical features, residual stomach mucosa of the RM group would have a higher potential of gastric carcinogenesis compared to the RB or GCI group. Gastric stump mucosa of the RB group has higher potential especially than other areas of residual stomach mucosa. Measurement of RUNX3 expression and detection of RUNX3 methylation in remnant gastric mucosa may estimate the forward risk of carcinogenesis in the remnant stomach.

[Evaluation of spinal cord ischemia in endovascular stent graft repair and surgical operation of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms]

Between October 1996 and June 2003, endovascular stent graft repair was performed in 87 patients with descending thoracic aortic aneurysms, graft replacement was performed in 24 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms, and endovascular stent graft repair with concomitant surgical bypass of abdominal visceral arteries was performed in 3 patients with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms. The retrievable stent graft was inserted and evoked spinal cord potential were monitored in order to predict spinal cord ischemia for stent graft repair. There was no paraplegia or hospital death, although 3 patients had paraparesis in stent graft repair. Two of the 3 patients with paraparesis made a full neurologic recovery. There were no cases of paraplegia or paraparesis in surgical operations with thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm. The concomitant surgical procedure was a good technique for patients in whom cardiopulmonary bypass could not be used. Our results of stent graft repair and surgical operation for descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms were acceptable. The retrievable stent graft was useful for prediction of spinal cord ischemia before endovascular stent graft repair of descending thoracic or thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm.

Ruptured intracranial aneurysm associated with unruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm--case report

A 61-year-old male with hypertension presented with sudden onset of headache and nausea due to subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). He had two siblings with history of SAH due to ruptured intracranial aneurysms. Right carotid angiography on admission showed an anterior communicating artery aneurysm. At that time, the extracranial arteries were not examined. The aneurysm was clipped with no complications. A pulsating mass was palpable in the abdomen 37 days after the onset. Ultrasonography and computed tomography showed an abdominal aortic aneurysm with intraluminal thrombus, measuring 8 x 9 x 8 cm. Normal pressure hydrocephalus had already developed. The patient underwent elective abdominal aortic aneurysm resection before ventriculoperitoneal shunting. After shunting, he recovered fully. The present case indicates that unpredictable sudden enlargement of associated abdominal aortic aneurysm is possible in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms.

A synthetic library of cell-permeable molecules

Small molecules that induce or stabilize the association of macromolecules have proven to be useful effectors of a wide variety of biological processes. To date, all examples of such chemical inducers of dimerization have involved known ligands to well-characterized proteins. The generality of this approach could be broadened by enabling the discovery of heterodimerizers that target known macromolecules having no established ligand, or heterodimerizers that produce a novel biologic response in screens having no predetermined macromolecular target. Toward this end, we report the construction of a diversified library of synthetic heterodimerizers consisting of an invariant ligand that targets the FK506-binding protein (AP1867) attached to 320 substituted tetrahydrooxazepines (THOXs). The THOX components were generated by a combination of liquid- and solid-phase procedures employing sequential Mitsonobu displacements to join two structurally diversified olefin-containing monomers, followed by ruthenium-mediated olefin metathesis to effect closure of the seven-membered ring. The 320 resin-bound THOX ligands were coupled in parallel to AP1867, and the products were released from the resin to yield candidate heterodimerizers in sufficient yield and purity to be used directly in biologic testing. A representative panel of 25 candidate heterodimerizers were tested for their ability to pass through the membrane of human fibrosarcoma cells, and all were found to possess activity in this tissue culture system. These studies pave the way for further studies aimed at using small-molecule inducers of heterodimerization to effect novel biological responses in intact cells.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis

The patient was a 72-year-old man who was receiving continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) with a diagnosis of chronic renal failure. Although his response to dialysis therapy was favorable, right hypochondralgia and fever occurred, and gallstones were detected by abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography. Drip-infusion cholangiography (DIC) revealed neither dilation nor calculus in the common bile duct. The patient was diagnosed as having acute cholecystitis and cholecystolithiasis and, in consideration of his general condition, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out. Pneumoperitoneum was performed through a CAPD tube, and a 10 mm-trocar was carefully introduced through a supraumbilical incision so as not to injure the CAPD tube. Since intraoperative cholangiography showed a condition similar to preoperative DIC, only cholecystectomy was undertaken. The postoperative course was uneventful, with neither postoperative hemorrhage nor leakage of dialysate from the wound.

[The mental health of school children after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake: I. Epidemiological study and risk factors for mental distress]

We conducted surveys to study the magnitude and nature of psychological consequences of school children affected by the Great Hanshin Awaji Earthquake, which occurred in Kobe on January 17th, 1995. It measured 7.2 in magnitude, killed more than 6000 people and destroyed at least 170,000 buildings and houses. The investigations were carried out 4 months following of the disaster.

SUBJECTS

About 9000 school children in the 3rd grade, the 5th grade, the 8th grade living in the disaster areas. About 2000 children living in distant areas were also surveyed as control subjects.

METHOD

The questionnaire was in a self-descriptive format and consisted of 10 items regarding situation and behavior when the earthquake occurred and 22 items about mental health condition. The responses were rated from 1 to 4 depending on the frequency of the symptoms, and statistically analyzed.

RESULT

By factor analysis, three factors were elicited. Factor 1 was interpreted as being related to fear and anxiety, factor 2 as related to depression and physical symptoms, and factor 3 as related to pro-social tendencies. The highest mean score of factor 1 was associated with the most heavily damaged areas. Less severe damage was associated with a lower mean score, and the control areas showed the lowest score. These results show that the children in the damaged areas were strongly affected. Factor 2 shows a different pattern from factor 1. The score of heavily damaged areas is conspicuously high. However, the differences between the other areas were not significant, the control areas had scores almost the same as these of the slightly damaged areas. These results may mean that in less damaged areas than in more heavily damaged areas, there was a more remarkable "heroic phase" after the disaster, which hid depressive moods and lasted longer than in the more severely damaged areas, where people had to face stern reality in the early stages. Factor 3 shows the reverse pattern of factor 2. The slightly damaged areas had the highest score. This result also shows the influence of the "heroic stage". As for the mean scores of factors 1 and 2, younger children showed higher scores. There were no differences in the scores of factor 3 between students in the 3rd grade and 5th grade. The score of the students in the 8th grade was the lowest among all. It can be seen that adolescents generally lessen their consideration for society as a developmental stage in their growth. All of the mean scores of factors 1, 2 and 3 of females are higher than those of males. In the heavily damaged areas, factor 1 is associated with an experience of being rescued and injuries of the children themselves. Factor 2 is associated with injuries of the children themselves. In the moderately damaged areas, factors 1 and 2 are associated with injuries of the children themselves and taking in victims in the children's homes. In the slightly damaged areas, factor 1 is associated with injuries within families. Factor 2 is associated with injuries within families and taking in victims in the childrens' homes.

CONCLUSIONS

School-aged children exposed to a high-magnitude natural disaster had 3 categories of emotions: "fear and anxiety," "depressive mood and physical symptoms" and "pro-social tendency." The severity of disaster, younger age, and female gender were high risk factors for distress. In the heavily damaged areas, an experience of being rescued and injuries of the children themselves had a great influence on the mental health of children. In lesser damaged areas, taking in victims in the childrens' homes and injuries within families had an influence.

An improved rapid procedure for fluorescence in situ hybridization that is applicable to intraoperative cancer cytodiagnosis

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is among the most simple and useful methods for detecting numerical and structural aberration of chromosomes but it requires 12-24 h to complete. We devised a rapid FISH method that can be performed within 2 h. Here we describe the technique, which we have found to be extreme simple and as sensitive and specific as standard FISH, making it highly suitable for clinical use.

[Hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage with extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage presenting extravasation of contrast material during angiography: case report]

The authors describe a case of hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage with extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage. On admission, the patient aged 71 presented right-sided motor weakness. CT scan on admission revealed left putaminal hemorrhage with extension into the ipsilateral thalamus and lateral ventricle as well as into the subarachnoid space of the suprasellar, ambient, interhemispheric and contralateral sylvian cisterns. To exclude vascular lesions, left carotid angiography was performed just after admission. The lateral view was unremarkable, but the anterior-posterior view demonstrated extravasation of contrast material from the left lateral lenticulostriate artery. The angiographic sylvian point was shifted to the lateral side. No abnormal vessels were revealed. CT scan after angiography showed exacerbation of both intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhages, but the consciousness level was unchanged. CT-guided stereotactic aspiration of the hematoma was performed 4 days after the onset, but failed to remove much hemtoma. The patient died of aspiration pneumonia 9 days after onset. The authors emphasize that extensive subarachnoid hemorrhage in cases with hypertensive putaminal hemorrhage may be an important finding which indicates high risk of rebleeding.

Genomic alterations in primary gastric cancers analyzed by comparative genomic hybridization and clinicopathological factors

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Genetic changes during the oncogenesis and progression of gastric cancer remain unclear. The aim of our study was to analyze chromosomal aberrations in primary gastric cancers.

METHODOLOGY

Using comparative genomic hybridization, we screened 47 primary gastric cancers for changes in the number of copies of DNA sequences.

RESULTS

Gains of chromosome arms 20q (55%), 20p (36%), 17q (32%), 19q (30%) and 16p (30%), and losses of chromosome arms 4q (40%), 17p (40%), 5q (38%), 18q (30%) and 4p (28%) were detected most frequently. In addition, a high level of amplification was observed at 3q21 (2%), 6p21 (4%), 7q31 (6%), 8q23-24 (2%), 19q12-13 (2%), and 20q13 (2%). Among these alterations, the gain of 20q was the most frequent change. We then compared these changes with clinicopathological factors and identified signet ring cell carcinomas in 6 cases. Our study demonstrated no amplification of chromosome 20q in signet ring cell carcinoma in contrast to that in the other histologic types of gastric cancer.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings may be related to the morphologic and clinical features of signet ring cell carcinoma, and several oncogenes mapped on 20q may play an important role as determinants of the clinical and histologic features of gastric cancer.

Knot formation in a long tube used in the treatment of a post-operative adhesive small bowel obstruction

The complications specific to the management of the nasointestinal long tubes for small bowel obstruction are not generally appreciated. We report here of a case of knot formation of the long tube which was inserted for a 60 year-old male. Because it was difficult to place the tube in the distal stomach despite frequent changes in patient position, two coiled loops were noted at the fornix as the tip of the tube reached the antrum. The tube was gently removed without injury to the esophagus or stomach under fluoroscopic control. This case illustrates that when a long tube is used, the formation of multiple coils in the stomach should be avoided during placement to prevent knotting. Furthermore, a knotted tube can be gently removed non-operatively without esophageal injury. A short tube may be superior to a long tube because most of the complications can be avoided.

Effect of amino acid injection in broiler breeder eggs on embryonic growth and hatchability of chicks

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of amino acid (AA) injections in ovo in Cobb broiler breeder eggs on hatchability and subsequent chick BW. In Experiment 1, moisture, crude fat (CF), and CP were analyzed over time during incubation (Day 0, 7, 14, and 19 of incubation). Moisture, CP, and CF of the embryo increased, and moisture, CP, and CF of eggs decreased, as incubation time increased (P < 0.05). Combined egg and embryo AA contents, except Gly and Pro, decreased (P < 0.05) as incubation time increased. However, the pattern of AA in the egg did not change as the embryo developed. In Experiment 2, AA were injected into the yolk or air cell at Day 0 and 7 of incubation. Hatchability was reduced (P < 0.05) when AA were injected at Day 0 of incubation. However, when the AA solution was injected into the yolk sac at Day 7 of incubation, hatchability was not affected, and BW of chicks increased relative to egg weight prior to incubation. These results suggest that in ovo administration of AA may be an effective method of increasing chick BW at hatch.

The expression of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans catalase gene in response to hydrogen peroxide

The catalase gene of the pathogenic yeast Candida albicans was cloned and its expression was examined. Activity of the catalase was detected when cells which were in the early logarithmic stage were treated with hydrogen peroxide. Additionally, activity was detected without any treatment to cells in the late logarithmic and stationary phases. When cells were cultured in galactose, glycerol, or ethanol, catalase activity was always observed without the hydrogen peroxide treatment, suggesting that glucose represses the induction of catalase expression. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of catalase expression, the putative gene for catalase and its 5' untranscribed region were cloned. Sequences of the gene and its potential regulatory region revealed several motifs, including a GC box-like element and stress-responsive element (STRE), which could be involved in the transcriptional regulation. Northern analysis showed that hydrogen peroxide and sorbitol activated transcription of the catalase. On the other hand, treatment of glucose strictly repressed the expression of the catalase even when co-treated with hydrogen peroxide. The expression of catalase against treatment with hydrogen peroxide took place very quickly and decreased slowly in the experimental condition adopted here. From these results, we assumed that the expression of the catalase in Candida albicans is regulated by various environmental conditions via motifs for transcriptional activation as in other yeast catalases.

Interleukin-18 induces interferon-gamma production through NF-kappaB and NFAT activation in murine T helper type 1 cells

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) combined with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by T helper type 1 (Th1) cells. Neither IL-18 nor anti-CD3 mAb alone induced production of IFN-gamma. Although treatment with IL-18 alone induced full activation of NF-kappaB in Th1 cells, it was not sufficient for the production of IFN-gamma. To examine the importance of NF-kappaB activation in IFN-gamma production, we established Th1 cells which expressed a transdominant IkappaBalpha mutant. In these cells, activation of NF-kappaB and production of IFN-gamma by IL-18 were suppressed. On the other hand, we examined the T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3-mediated signaling pathway. FK506, an inhibitor of NFAT activation, inhibited IFN-gamma production by IL-18 without any effect on the NF-kappaB activation. We conclude that dual signaling consisting of IL-18-induced NF-kappaB activation and TCR/CD3-mediated NFAT activation is crucial for IFN-gamma production by IL-18 in murine Th1 cells.

Inhibition of protein kinases by balanol: specificity within the serine/threonine protein kinase subfamily

Balanol is a potent inhibitor of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase and protein kinase C, acting competitively with ATP with an affinity 3000 times that of ATP. We tested the capacity of balanol to inhibit representative serine- and threonine-specific protein kinases from the protein kinase subfamily that shares a common conserved catalytic core with cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Balanol's pattern of interactions indicates considerable diversity of the ATP/balanol-binding sites of protein kinases within familial groups and even among isoforms of the same kinase. We propose that balanol is a protean structure that may be modified to produce selective, high-affinity inhibitors and probes of the ATP-binding sites of serine/threonine protein kinases.

Crystal structure of the potent natural product inhibitor balanol in complex with the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase

Endogenous protein kinase inhibitors are essential for a wide range of physiological functions. These endogenous inhibitors may mimic peptide substrates as in the case of the heat-stable protein kinase inhibitor (PKI), or they may mimic nucleotide triphosphates. Natural product inhibitors, endogenous to the unique organisms producing them, can be potent exogenous inhibitors against foreign protein kinases. Balanol is a natural product inhibitor exhibiting low nanomolar Ki values against serine and threonine specific kinases, while being ineffective against protein tyrosine kinases. To elucidate balanol's specific inhibitory effects and provide a basis for understanding inhibition-regulated biological processes, a 2.1 A resolution crystal structure of balanol in complex with cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) was determined. The structure reveals conserved binding regions and displays extensive complementary interactions between balanol and conserved cAPK residues. This report describes the structure of a protein kinase crystallized with a natural ATP mimetic in the absence of metal ions and peptide inhibitor.

Deconjugation ability of bacteria isolated from the jejunal fluid of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis and its gastric pH

BACKGROUND/AIMS

Our goal was to demonstrate the role of bacteria in altered bile acid metabolism, which overgrow in the upper small intestine of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. We identified the bacterial species, isolated from the jejunal fluid obtained from patients with progressive systemic sclerosis, who had previously shown an increase in 14CO2, specific activity on breath test, and normal controls. After which, we investigated the deconjugation ability of the isolated bacteria and the relationship between 14CO2, specific activity and gastric pH.

METHODOLOGY

Bile acid breath tests were performed on 12 patients, and 19 normal controls using 5 microCi of oral glycine-1-(14)C-labeled glycocholate. Jejunal fluid was aspirated through a double lumen-tube with a rubber cover on the tip. Deconjugation ability was examined by thin-layer chromatography using conjugated bile acids in ox gall.

RESULTS

The following species were identified in jejunal fluid samples obtained from patients: Bacteroides vulgatus, Eubacterium lentum, enterococcus, Lactobacillus bifidus, Escherichia (E) coli, Aerobacter (A) aerogenes. Except for E. coli and A. aerogenes, these species were capable of hydrolyzing conjugated bile acids in ox gall. The administration of chloramphenicol (1 g orally per day for 14 days in divided doses) significantly reduced the 14CO2, specific activity (p<0.05) in the patients with progressive systemic sclerosis. On the other hand, nineteen healthy control subjects demonstrated no increase in CO2 excretion, and 16 of the 19 had no bacteria isolated from jejunal fluid. The remaining healthy man showed an overgrowth of E. coli and Pseudomonas (P) aeruginosa, but the E. coli and P. aeruginosa did not have the ability of deconjugation. CO2 specific activity of expired breath samples in the patients with progressive systemic sclerosis was correlated with gastric pH (n=12, r=0.588, p<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results demonstrated that some of the bacterial species that overgrow in the upper small intestine of patients with progressive systemic sclerosis can deconjugate bile acids, and that a shift to neutral pH in gastric juice, may promote the bacterial overgrowth related to their impaired peristaltic activity.

Threonine requirements of laying hens

In order to determine the Thr requirement of laying hens, two experiments were conducted using laying performance and plasma Thr concentration as parameters. At 29 and 39 wk of age, 100 and 600 laying hens in Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, with average BW and high egg production rate, were randomized, housed in individual cages, and given free access to water and experimental diets with five graded levels of Thr: 0.31, 0.39, 0.46, 0.54, and 0.61% for 21 d in Experiment 1 and diets with 0.31, 0.36, 0.41, 0.46 and 0.51% Thr for 58 d in Experiment 2. On the last day of the experiment, blood samples were taken for determination of plasma amino acid concentration. Feed intake and daily egg mass increased and then decreased linearly as dietary Thr increased. Plasma Thr increased slowly, then sharply with increasing dietary Thr levels. Using the broken-line model, the Thr requirements were estimated to be 0.425, 0.428, and 0.430% or 453, 456, and 458 mg/hen per d in Experiment 1 and 0.395, 0.404, and 0.400%, or 457, 467, and 462 mg/hen per d, in Experiment 2, for egg mass, feed efficiency, and plasma Thr concentration, respectively. These results indicate that the Thr requirements expressed as milligrams per hen per day as determined by plasma Thr concentration agree with those of laying performance.

Platelet-activating factor increases leukotriene B4 release in stimulated alveolar macrophages from asthmatic patients

This study was designed to examine further the role of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in asthma, comparing leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release, 5-lipoxygenase activity and intracellular calcium levels ([Ca2+]i) in macrophages. LTB4 and other lipoxygenase metabolites in macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids obtained from 23 asthmatic patients and 20 control subjects were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. [Ca2+]i was monitored using the fluorescent probe fura-2. The basal LTB4 release of resting macrophages was not different between groups (0.02+/-0.01 versus 0.05+/-0.02 ng x 10(-6) cells). When stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM), however, macrophages from asthmatic patients released more LTB4 than cells from control subjects (30.2+/-3.4 versus 13.7+/-2.1 ng x 10(-6) cells). Although PAF alone did not alter LTB4 release, it enhanced the response to subsequent A23187 stimulation. This effect was noted following short treatment (i.e., 5 min) at concentrations of > or =1.0 microM PAF, with the maximal effect noted after treatment with 5.0 microM PAF + 2.5 microM A23187 (105.1+/-6.7 versus 15.3+/-2.6 ng x 10(-6) cells). Treatment of macrophages with PAF also increased 5-lipoxygenase activity and [Ca2+]i more in cytosols from asthmatic patients than in cytosols from control subjects. These findings support a role of intracellular calcium in the activation of 5-lipoxygenase which, in turn, augments the release of leukotriene B4. Because levels of platelet-activating factor may be increased in the lung during asthma and can increase the subsequent release of a chemotactic mediator leukotriene B4, from macrophages, these findings suggest that platelet-activating factor may prime the constitutive cells of the lung to augment inflammatory effects important in the pathogenesis of asthma.

Prednisolone inhibits synthesis of 5-H(P)ETE in eosinophils from asthmatic patients during a wheezing attack but not during remission

To estimate the effect of prednisolone on 5-lipoxygenase activity in eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients, cytosolic levels of 5-H(P)ETE and Ca2+ were measured in the eosinophils which were exposed to prednisolone in vitro and in vivo. The mean level of 5-H(P)ETE during a wheezing attack was significantly lower in the patients who had received intravenous prednisolone (500 mg/day). Incubation with prednisolone in vitro caused a dose-dependent decrease in the cytosolic levels of 5-H(P)ETE and Ca2+ in eosinophils obtained during the wheezing attack, but not in the eosinophils obtained from during remission. Results suggest that prednisolone inhibits the level of 5-H(P)ETE in the eosinophil cytosols of asthmatic patients during a wheezing attack, probably by inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase activity which is involved in the reduction of the influx of Ca2+.

Androgen metabolism in cultured rat renal inner medullary collecting duct (IMCD) cells

Although the stimulations of renal hypertrophy and renal erythropoietin production have been well-known androgen effects in the kidney, recent investigative progresses are further providing good evidences for androgen-regulated gene productions of key enzymes or local hormone substrates important to renal cell metabolisms and tubular functions in mouse or rat proximal tubules, respectively. It has been also reported that testosterone restores vasopressin receptors in medullary collecting ducts of the ageing rat and improves a urinary concentrating ability. Therefore in the present study we examined a metabolic pathway of androgens in cultured rat renal IMCD cells, which finally determine a urinary composition and volume. IMCD cells cultured from kidneys of male Wistar rats weighing about 200 g were incubated with serum-free culture media containing 4 nM [3H] testosterone or [3H] androstenedione for 2-48 h. Radioactive compounds in incubation media were then separated by reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified mainly on the basis of comparison of retention times of standard materials on HPLC. The main metabolites identified in testosterone or androstenedione incubation experiment were 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone or 5 alpha-androstanedione, respectively. 5 alpha-Reductase inhibitor, MK 906, effectively inhibited the formations of these Ring A reduced metabolites. These results may suggest that rat renal IMCD cells possess 5 alpha-reductase activity, thereby converting androgens into their biologically active forms in vivo.

Omeprazole induces altered bile acid metabolism

BACKGROUND

It has been reported that the acidity of gastric contents could be an important factor in regulating jejunal flora.

AIMS

To investigate the effects of omeprazole induced changes in gastric pH on jejunal flora and bile acid metabolism.

METHODS

Twenty one patients with gastric ulcer and 19 healthy volunteers were studied. Deconjugation of bile acids was detected using a bile acid breath test. Jejunal fluid was aspirated using a double lumen tube with a rubber cover on the tip and deconjugation was examined using thin layer chromatography. Fat malabsorption was detected by a triolein breath test.

RESULTS

In the bile acid breath test, expired breath samples from all patients and healthy volunteers showed significantly greater 14CO2 specific activity after omeprazole treatment (20 mg/day) than before treatment. Bacterial overgrowth was found in the jejunal fluid and gastric juice of both ulcer patients and healthy volunteers after omeprazole treatment. The following species were identified: Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, enterococcus, Lactobacillus bifidus, Bacteroides vulgatus, B uniformis, Eubacterium lentum, Eu parvum, and Corynebacterium granulosum. All of these species, except E coli and C albicans, deconjugate bile acids. There was a significant correlation between 14CO2 activity and gastric pH, both before and after omeprazole treatment in both groups. The triolein breath test revealed impaired fat absorption in both groups after omeprazole treatment.

CONCLUSIONS

Both patients with gastric ulcer and healthy volunteers exhibited increased deconjugation of bile acids caused by bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum and fat malabsorption after omeprazole treatment. The bacterial over-growth consisted of both anaerobes and aerobes with deconjugation ability and was probably associated with an omeprazole induced shift to neutral pH in the gastric juice.

Analysis of histological therapeutic effect, apoptosis rate and p53 status after combined treatment with radiation, hyperthermia and 5-fluorouracil suppositories for advanced rectal cancers

The tumour-suppressor gene p53 encodes a transcription factor that plays a critical role in the induction of G1 cell cycle arrest and apoptosis after DNA damage. To clarify the role of the p53 gene and apoptosis in combined hyperthermia, chemotherapy and radiation (hyperthermochemoradiotherapy, HCR therapy) for rectal cancer, we examined the histological response, rate of apoptosis, DNA fragmentation and p53 status in tumours from 28 patients undergoing HCR therapy before surgery and from 22 patients who did not have preoperative treatment. The therapeutic effect of HCR therapy was closely correlated with the rate of apoptosis; the correlation was statistically significant, suggesting that this effect occurs through apoptosis. The incidence of p53 mutations in the treated group were as follows: in tumours resistant to HCR therapy, four of seven (57.1%); intermediately sensitive, 7 of 13 (53.9%); or sensitive, three of eight (37.5%), suggesting that the therapeutic effect and apoptosis rate were related to the p53 status of the tumours to some extent, but the relation was not statistically significant. In the 22 control tumours (non-treated group), the apoptosis rate was 2.0 +/- 1.1%, and there was no significant difference in p53 status compared with the HCR group. Our study indicates that the pathological response to HCR therapy correlates with the rate of apoptosis with statistical significance and that it induces the therapeutic effect more significantly in rectal cancer cells with wild-type p53, although HCR therapy-induced apoptosis also occurs in some rectal cancers with mutated p53. Therefore, this combination therapy can induce an additive or synergistic anti-tumour effect in rectal cancers with wild-type p53 as well as in those with mutated p53 through apoptosis, offering new therapeutic opportunities and a better prognosis.

Enhancement of leukotriene B4 release in stimulated asthmatic neutrophils by platelet activating factor

BACKGROUND

The role of platelet activating factor (PAF) in asthma remains controversial. The priming effect of PAF on leukotriene B4 (LTB4) release, 5-lipoxygenase activity, and intracellular calcium levels in asthmatic neutrophils was examined.

METHODS

LTB4 and other lipoxygenase metabolites in neutrophils obtained from 17 asthmatic patients and 15 control subjects were measured by reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Intracellular calcium levels were monitored using the fluorescent probe fura-2.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) basal LTB4, release from neutrophils was not significantly different between the two groups (0.05 (0.01) vs 0.03 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells); however, when stimulated with calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM), neutrophils from asthma patients released more LTB4 than cells from control subjects (15.7 (1.2) vs 9.9 (1.6) ng/10(6) cells). Although PAF alone did not alter LTB4 release, it enhanced the response to subsequent A23187 stimulation. This effect was observed following treatment for five minutes with PAF at concentrations > 1.0 microM. The maximal effect was seen with 5.0 microM PAF + 2.5 microM A23187 (62.7 (2.2) vs 18.6 (2.3) ng/10(6) cells). Pretreatment with PAF also increased 5-lipoxygenase activity and intracellular calcium levels in neutrophils from asthmatic patients to a greater extent than in those from non-asthmatic patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicate that, in neutrophils from asthmatic patients, PAF enhances LTB4 release and increases 5-lipoxygenase activity and intracellular calcium to a greater extent than in neutrophils from non-asthmatic patients.

[The risk of palliative operation for bone metastasis]

Palliative operations for various bone metastases are being performed more frequently than before with the improvement of surgical technique and the development of new instruments. However, anesthesia in advanced cancer patients who are under palliative care accompanies inherent risks which are uncommon in general orthopaedic populations. Thus, we made a retrospective analysis of the medical records of 59 patients scheduled for palliative operation against metastatic bone lesions during the last 4 years. The survey revealed 5 cases of perioperative lethal events. Two of them died preoperatively from the hepatic failure and unexpected cerebral tumor embolism. An intraoperative cardiac arrest secondary to pulmonary embolism occurred in a patient during intramedullary nailing. There was a patient who developed disseminated intravascular coagulation and acute renal failure after posterior fixation of the lumbar vertebrae. The remaining one patient with superior vena cava syndrome developed life-threatening airway obstruction during general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation. We conclude that the exact evaluation of the patient's condition and the careful management of vital organ functions are mandatory during the perioperative period. In this regard, the anesthesiologists should be involved not only in the intraoperative anesthetic management but also in the perioperative care of the patients with bone metastasis.

[Histopathological study in models of chronic pancreatitis]

Histopathological findings were examined in the models of chronic pancreatitis. Using mongrel dogs, we prepared a control group (group C), a chronic ischemic group (group I), an alcohol administration group (group A), a duct obstruction group (group O), and an alcohol + obstruction group (group AO). Group I showed severe inflammatory cell infiltration, fibrosis, fat replacement and loss of acinar cells. Group A showed no change. In group O, mild periductal fibrosis was recognized. Group AO showed moderate inter-lobular fibrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration, resembling those of human chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.

CONCLUSION

1) Histological findings of chronic ischemic group is severer than that of group O and AO. 2) The model of alcohol administration with incomplete duct obstruction is a useful model of human chronic alcoholic pancreatitis.

Increased apoptosis rate by hyperthermochemoradiotherapy for advanced rectal cancers

Apoptosis induced in cancer cells by ionizing radiation, hyperthermia, and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), termed "hyperthermochemoradiotherapy" (HCR), has been well studied in vitro; however, the role of apoptosis in the tumocidal effect of HCR for primary rectal cancers has not yet been clarified. Therefore, we examined the relationship between the therapeutic effect and induction rate of histological apoptosis in 16 patients with rectal cancers after HCR. Numerous Tunel-positive apoptotic cells were found in the tumor tissue after HCR, but few were found in the tumors which had not received HCR. The histological therapeutic effect was closely correlated to the rate of apoptosis. Thus, we suggest that HCR induces a therapeutic effect mainly through apoptosis in human rectal cancers.

Interleukin-18 induces activation and association of p56(lck) and MAPK in a murine TH1 clone

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) was identified as an inducer of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by stimulated T cells. In this study, we used an ovalbumin-responsive murine Th1 clone (OVA#4), in which DNA synthesis was reportedly enhanced after IL-18 treatment in the presence of a non-mitogenic TCR/CD3 stimulus, to examine signal transduction pathways. In the presence of the stimulus, IL-18 induced the appearance of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins and herbimycin A inhibited DNA synthesis. It is suggested that protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) mediated signaling is induced by IL-18. Specifically, IL-18 induced phosphorylation of phosphorylates p56(lck) (LCK) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). IL-18 alone induced the kinase activities of both LCK and MAPK, and the activities were increased by the TCR/CD3 stimulus. Simultaneously, IL-18 induced the association of LCK with MAPK and this was also increased by the TCR/CD3 stimulus. The activation of the LCK-MAPK pathway correlated with enhanced DNA synthesis in OVA#4 cells. These results suggest that the LCK-MAPK pathway is involved in IL-18 signaling and that IL-18 may play an important role in modification of TCR/CD3-mediated response.

PAF-induced eosinophil chemotaxis increases during an asthmatic attack and is inhibited by prednisolone in vivo and in vitro

We investigated platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced migration in eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients who were treated with or without intravenous prednisolone. The migration of asthmatic eosinophils in remission and during an attack was significantly greater than that in healthy volunteers. The migration of asthmatic eosinophils exposed to prednisolone in vivo and in vitro was significantly inhibited, compared to asthmatic eosinophils not exposed to prednisolone. These findings suggest that an intracellular factor causes asthmatic eosinophils to migrate, and that prednisolone inhibits PAF-induced eosinophil migration.

Interleukin-18 activates NF-kappaB in murine T helper type 1 cells

Interleukin-18 (IL-18) activated T helper type 1 (Th1) cells, OVA#4, and induced production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) in costimulation with anti-CD3 antibody. Upon stimulation with IL-18, IkappaB disappeared from cytoplasm and subsequently nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) (p65) accumulated in the nucleus. Corresponding with that, DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB (p65 homodimer or p65/p50 heterodimer) was detected in the nucleus. In the transfection experiments, an IL-2 promoter-driven reporter construct showed the similar responsiveness against IL-18 to that of the intrinsic IL-2 gene, and a construct lacking kappaB site failed to respond to IL-18. These results suggest that IL-18 activates NF-kappaB and it is important for enhancement of IL-2 gene expression by Th1 cells stimulated with IL-18.

Retinal light damage: protective effect of alpha-tocopherol

We studied histologically the protective effect of alpha-tocopherol to retinal light damage. After 3-week-old albino rats were fed with an alpha-tocopherol deficient or supplemented diet and kept in a 12-hour dim light/12-hour dark environment for 8 weeks, each animal was exposed to intense light (2500 lux) for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours. The eyes were enucleated and prepared for transmission electron microscopy study and image analysis of phagosomes. Before light exposure, the alpha-tocopherol content of the neural retina of the deficient and supplemented groups was 0.3 microgram and 23.34 micrograms, respectively. After 1- and 3-hour exposures, morphological changes in the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptor membranes were more extensive in the deficient group than in the supplemented group. After a 24-hour exposure, pyknotic photoreceptor nuclei were more numerous in the deficient group than the supplemented group. After 3-, 6-, and 12-hour exposures, large phagosomes were more numerous in the deficient group than in the supplemented group. These findings suggest that alpha-tocopherol can protect the retina from light injury for up to 24 hours of exposure.

Effect of azelastine hydrochloride on release and production of platelet activating factor in human neutrophils

Effect of azelastine hydrochloride (azelastine) on release and production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in neutrophils obtained from asthmatic and non-asthmatic patients was investigated. Neutrophils were preincubated with or without azelastine and stimulated with f-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP, 10 microM) for 15 min. PAF-like activity was detected by aggregation of washed guinea pig platelets. PAF-like activity released from asthmatic neutrophils without preincubation of azelastine was 5.67[0.89] (mean[SD], ng/10(7) cells) in supernatants and 21.8[0.76] in cell pellets. After preincubation with 10(-8), 10(-6), and 10(-4) M of azelastine, PAF-like activity reduced to 5.96[0.97] (mean[SD], ng/10(7) cells), 3.49[0.63], and 1.89[0.09] (n = 15) in the supernatants, and 20.7[0.97], 13.9[0.29], and 8.91 [0.99] (n = 15) in the cell pellets, respectively. PAF-like activity in non-asthmatic neutrophils without preincubation of azelastine was 4.67[0.19] (mean[SD], ng/10(7) cells) in supernatants and 18.5[0.34] in cell pellets. After preincubation with 10(-8), 10(-6), and 10(-4) M of azelastine, PAF-like activity reduced to 4.39[0.51] (mean[SD], ng/10(7) cells), 2.77[0.22], and 1.75[0.07] (n = 15) in the supernatants, and 17.9[0.54], 10.8[0.25], and 5.97 [0.59] (n = 15) in the cell pellets, respectively. Our results showed that preincubation with azelastine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of intra and extracellular PAF-like activity from asthmatic and non-asthmatic neutrophils in the same manner.

Plasma levels of leukotriene E4 during clinical course of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

We investigated the relationship between circulating leukotriene E4 (LTE4) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) by measuring plasma levels of leukotriene E4 in patients with COPD and 10 normal controls. We also investigated the relationship between LTE4 levels and FEV1 and PaO2. Leukotriene E4 was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and radioimmunoassay. The mean leukotriene E4 level in patients with COPD during remission, during acute exacerbation before and after prednisolone treatment were 16.8[4.02], 41.7[21.9], and 19.5[3.78] pg/ml (mean[SD]), respectively. In contrast, the mean leukotriene E4 level of 10 normal controls was 11.8[4.49] pg/ml. Thus, the mean LTE4 level during an acute exacerbation of COPD was significantly lower in patients after prednisolone treatment than in patients before prednisolone treatment. The mean LTE4 level in patients after prednisolone treatment did not significantly differ from that in patients during remission and in normal controls (Scheffe F-test, P < 0.05) (Fig. 1). Mean FEV1 (% predict) values were 51.4[9.02] (mean[SD]), 38.0[4.82], and 44.2[4.48] on the three occasions, respectively; corresponding mean PaO2 values (mmHg) were 84.0[5.01] (mean[SD]), 61.3[1.66], and 80.6[5.30], respectively. Leukotriene E4 levels were significantly correlated with PaO2 and relatively with FEV1 in the patients during acute exacerbation before prednisolone treatment. Thus, we suggest that leukotriene E4 levels in arterial blood reflect the severity of COPD lung and oral prednisolone reduces the plasma levels of leukotriene E4 in patients with COPD.

Alteration of bile acid metabolism by cimetidine in healthy humans

BACKGROUND

To clarify an effect of cimetidine on bile acid metabolism, we evaluated whether an increased deconjugation of bile acids would occur in healthy humans who have received cimetidine. We examined: 1) whether healthy volunteers taking cimetidine would have positive bile acid breath tests because of bacterial overgrowth in the jejunum; 2) whether the isolated bacteria would exhibit deconjugation ability; and 3) whether a change in gastric pH was related to the bacterial overgrowth.

METHODS

We evaluated 73 healthy Japanese volunteers; 53 of them received cimetidine and 20 did not. Deconjugation of bile acids was detected as 14CO2 specific activity of expired air measured by a bile acid breath test giving 5 muCi of oral glycine-1-(14)C labeled glycocholate. Aspiration of jejunal fluids was performed by a double lumen tube with a rubber cover on the tip, and deconjugation ability of bacteria was evaluated using thin layer chromotography.

RESULTS

Samples of expired breath from the 53 healthy volunteers showed a significant increase in 14CO2 specific activity after the administration of cimetidine rather than before the administration of cimetidine. Bacterial over-growth was found in the jejunal fluid after the administration of cimetidine. The administration of tetracycline to 27 subjects significantly reduced the 14CO2 specific activity. The following species were identified in the jejunal fluid samples obtained from the subjects: enterococcus, Lactobacillus bifidus, Bacteroides vulgatus, B uniformis, Eubacterium lentum, E parvum, and Escherichia coli. Except for E coli, all of the bacterial species identified deconjugated bile acids. We observed a significant relationship between 14CO2's specific activity and gastric pH before and after administration of cimetidine, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Healthy volunteers who received cimetidine showed an increased deconjugation of bile acid caused by overgrowth of bacteria in the jejunum, which can deconjugate bile acids. The bacterial overgrowth is probably associated with a shift to neutral pH in the gastric juice caused by cimetidine.

In vivo effect of prednisolone on release of leukotriene B4 from neutrophils from asthmatic patients

We examined the release of leukotriene B4 from calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated neutrophils from asthmatic patients treated with or without intravenous prednisolone during an asthmatic attack. The mean level of LTB4 in the supernatant of stimulated neutrophils from patients treated with intravenous prednisolone was significantly lower than that in the supernatant of stimulated neutrophils from those without prednisolone treatment. Preincubation with prednisolone caused a dose-dependent inhibition of LTB4 release from calcium ionophore A23187-stimulated neutrophils. These findings suggest that intravenous prednisolone inhibits the release of LTB4 from neutrophils in vivo.

Sporothrix schenckii isolated from a cat in Japan

A yeast-like fungus isolated from a granulomatous and ulcerative skin lesion in a mongrel cat was mycologically examined. The isolate was identified as Sporothrix schenckii from the morphological findings and its pathogenicity in a mouse, confirming the first case of feline sporotrichosis in Japan. Fortunately, no transmission to humans occurred in this case, however the risk of humans contracting Sporothrix schenckii infection increases with the increase in the number of animals with sporotrichosis. Consequently when handling such animals protective clothing such as gloves should be worn to reduce the risk of transmission of the fungus through open wounds.

Priming effect of platelet activating factor on leukotriene C4 from stimulated eosinophils of asthmatic patients

BACKGROUND

Eosinophils from asthmatic patients are known to release greater amounts of leukotrienes than normal eosinophils when stimulated by the calcium ionophore A23187. The effect of platelet activating factor (PAF) in priming eosinophils was investigated.

METHODS

Eosinophils were obtained from 18 asthmatic patients and 18 healthy donors. Cells separated by the Percoll gradients were incubated with PAF (C-18) for 30 minutes and then stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187 (2.5 microM) for 15 minutes. The amount of leukotriene C4 (LTC4) in supernatants was measured using a combination of high pressure liquid chromatography and radioimmunoassay.

RESULTS

The mean (SD) amount of LTC4 released by eosinophils from asthmatic patients upon stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 alone was 27.9 (9.9) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6). The amount of LTC4 released following stimulation with the calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with PAF (1, 5, and 10 microM) was 57.2 (8.9), 75.1 (14.3), and 52.6 (10.7) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6), respectively. Trace amounts of LTC4 (0.9 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells, n = 6) were detected in the supernatant of the cells after stimulation by PAF alone (5 microM). The amount of LTC4 released upon stimulation by calcium ionophore A23187 alone in eosinophils from healthy donors was 10.3 (3.7) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4). The amounts of LTC4 released upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with PAF at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microM were 11.9 (3.5), 17.8 (5.6), and 12.7 (5.1) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4), respectively. Trace amounts of LTC4 (0.6 (0.02) ng/10(6) cells, n = 4) were detected in the supernatant of the cells upon stimulation with PAF alone (5 microM). The amounts of LTC4 released upon stimulation with calcium ionophore A23187 after pretreatment with lyso-PAF at concentrations of 1, 5, and 10 microM (n = 4 or 6) were 30.8 (5.2), 22.9 (5.1), and 27.3 (4.3) ng/10(6) cells (n = 6) from the eosinophils of asthmatic patients and 13.7 (3.3), 15.2 (4.9), and 14.7 (3.8) ng/10(6) cells (n = 4) from the eosinophils of healthy donors.

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicated that PAF enhanced LTC4 formation by eosinophils obtained from asthmatic patients stimulated with the calcium ionophore A23187, but not those obtained from normal subjects.