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Menon GR, Yadav J, Aggarwal S, Singh R, Kaur S, Chakma T, Periyasamy M, Venkateswaran C, Singh PK, Balachandar R, Kulkarni R, Grover A, Mishra BK, Viray M, Devi KR, Singh KHJ, Saha KB, Barde PV, Thomas B, Suresh C, A. D, Watson B, Selvaraj P, Xavier G, John D, Menon J, Philip S, Mathew G, David A, Vaman RS, Sushan A, Singh S, Jakhar K, Ketharam A, Prusty R, Kishore J, Venkatesh U, Kumar S, Kanungo S, Sahoo K, Swain S, Lyngdoh A, Diengdoh J, Syiemlieh P, Sarkar A, Velhal G, Kharnare S, Nandanwar D, Rao MVV, Panda S. Psychological distress and burnout among healthcare worker during COVID-19 pandemic in India-A cross-sectional study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264956. [PMID: 35271652 PMCID: PMC8912126 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND COVID-19 has inundated the entire world disrupting the lives of millions of people. The pandemic has stressed the healthcare system of India impacting the psychological status and functioning of health care workers. The aim of this study is to determine the burnout levels and factors associated with the risk of psychological distress among healthcare workers (HCW) engaged in the management of COVID 19 in India. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 September 2020 to 30 November 2020 by telephonic interviews using a web-based Google form. Health facilities and community centres from 12 cities located in 10 states were selected for data collection. Data on socio-demographic and occupation-related variables like age, sex, type of family, income, type of occupation, hours of work and income were obtained was obtained from 967 participants, including doctors, nurses, ambulance drivers, emergency response teams, lab personnel, and others directly involved in COVID 19 patient care. Levels of psychological distress was assessed by the General health Questionnaire -GHQ-5 and levels of burnout was assessed using the ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with the risk of psychological distress. The third quartile values of the three subscales of burnout viz EE, DP and PA were used to identify burnout profiles of the healthcare workers. RESULTS Overall, 52.9% of the participants had the risk of psychological distress that needed further evaluation. Risk of psychological distress was significantly associated with longer hours of work (≥ 8 hours a day) (AOR = 2.38, 95% CI(1.66-3.41), income≥20000(AOR = 1.74, 95% CI, (1.16-2.6); screening of COVID-19 patients (AOR = 1.63 95% CI (1.09-2.46), contact tracing (AOR = 2.05, 95% CI (1.1-3.81), High Emotional exhaustion score (EE ≥16) (AOR = 4.41 95% CI (3.14-6.28) and High Depersonalisation score (DP≥7) (AOR = 1.79, 95% CI (1.28-2.51)). About 4.7% of the HCWs were overextended (EE>18); 6.5% were disengaged (DP>8) and 9.7% HCWs were showing signs of burnout (high on all three dimensions). CONCLUSION The study has identified key factors that could have been likely triggers for psychological distress among healthcare workers who were engaged in management of COVID cases in India. The study also demonstrates the use of GHQ-5 and ICMR-NIOH Burnout questionnaire as important tools to identify persons at risk of psychological distress and occurrence of burnout symptoms respectively. The findings provide useful guide to planning interventions to mitigate mental health problems among HCW in future epidemic/pandemic scenarios in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha R. Menon
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (GRM); (SA)
| | - Jeetendra Yadav
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Sumit Aggarwal
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail: (GRM); (SA)
| | | | - Simran Kaur
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Tapas Chakma
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Murugesan Periyasamy
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Prashant Kumar Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Balachandar
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ragini Kulkarni
- ICMR- National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ashoo Grover
- ICMR-National Institute of Pathology, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Maribon Viray
- Martin Luther Christian University, Shillong, Meghalaya, India
| | | | - K. H. Jitenkumar Singh
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - K. B. Saha
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - P. V. Barde
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Beena Thomas
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandra Suresh
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhanalakshmi A.
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Basilea Watson
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Pradeep Selvaraj
- Directorate of public health and Preventive Medicine, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Denny John
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Jaideep Menon
- Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences & Research Centre, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Sairu Philip
- Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Geethu Mathew
- Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Alice David
- Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | | | - Abey Sushan
- Believers Church Medical College Hospital, Tiruvalla, Kerala, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- ICMR-National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research, Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Jakhar
- Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Asha Ketharam
- ICMR-National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
| | - Ranjan Prusty
- ICMR- National Institute of Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Jugal Kishore
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - U. Venkatesh
- Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Subrata Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | - Krushna Sahoo
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Swagatika Swain
- Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | | | | | - AbuHasan Sarkar
- ICMR -Regional Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam, India
| | - Gajanan Velhal
- Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | | | - Deepika Nandanwar
- Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - M. Vishnu Vardhana Rao
- Indian Council of Medical Research- National Institute of Medical Statistics, New Delhi, India
| | - Samiran Panda
- Indian Council of Medical Research, New Delhi, India
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