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Tombak KJ, Hex SBSW, Rubenstein DI. New estimates indicate that males are not larger than females in most mammal species. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1872. [PMID: 38472185 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45739-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism has motivated a large body of research on mammalian mating strategies and sexual selection. Despite some contrary evidence, the narrative that larger males are the norm in mammals-upheld since Darwin's Descent of Man-still dominates today, supported by meta-analyses that use coarse measures of dimorphism and taxonomically-biased sampling. With newly-available datasets and primary sources reporting sex-segregated means and variances in adult body mass, we estimate statistically-determined rates of sexual size dimorphism in mammals, sampling taxa by their species richness at the family level. Our analyses of wild, non-provisioned populations representing >400 species indicate that although males tend to be larger than females when dimorphism occurs, males are not larger in most mammal species, suggesting a need to revisit other assumptions in sexual selection research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.
| | - Severine B S W Hex
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Tombak KJ, Gersick AS, Reisinger LV, Larison B, Rubenstein DI. Author Correction: Zebras of all stripes repel biting flies at close range. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1731. [PMID: 36720956 PMCID: PMC9889755 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J. Tombak
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA ,grid.257167.00000 0001 2183 6649Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Andrew S. Gersick
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA ,grid.263081.e0000 0001 0790 1491Department of Computer Science, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Lily V. Reisinger
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA ,grid.42505.360000 0001 2156 6853Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Brenda Larison
- grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Center for Tropical Research, Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Daniel I. Rubenstein
- grid.16750.350000 0001 2097 5006Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ USA
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Titcomb GC, Pansu J, Hutchinson MC, Tombak KJ, Hansen CB, Baker CCM, Kartzinel TR, Young HS, Pringle RM. Large-herbivore nemabiomes: patterns of parasite diversity and sharing. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212702. [PMID: 35538775 PMCID: PMC9091847 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Amidst global shifts in the distribution and abundance of wildlife and livestock, we have only a rudimentary understanding of ungulate parasite communities and parasite-sharing patterns. We used qPCR and DNA metabarcoding of fecal samples to characterize gastrointestinal nematode (Strongylida) community composition and sharing among 17 sympatric species of wild and domestic large mammalian herbivore in central Kenya. We tested a suite of hypothesis-driven predictions about the role of host traits and phylogenetic relatedness in describing parasite infections. Host species identity explained 27-53% of individual variation in parasite prevalence, richness, community composition and phylogenetic diversity. Host and parasite phylogenies were congruent, host gut morphology predicted parasite community composition and prevalence, and hosts with low evolutionary distinctiveness were centrally positioned in the parasite-sharing network. We found no evidence that host body size, social-group size or feeding height were correlated with parasite composition. Our results highlight the interwoven evolutionary and ecological histories of large herbivores and their gastrointestinal nematodes and suggest that host identity, phylogeny and gut architecture-a phylogenetically conserved trait related to parasite habitat-are the overriding influences on parasite communities. These findings have implications for wildlife management and conservation as wild herbivores are increasingly replaced by livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia C. Titcomb
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Johan Pansu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Matthew C. Hutchinson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Kaia J. Tombak
- Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Christopher C. M. Baker
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,US Army ERDC Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Tyler R. Kartzinel
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA,Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA,Institute at Brown for Environment and Society, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Hillary S. Young
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA,Mpala Research Centre, Nanyuki, Kenya
| | - Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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Tombak KJ, Easterling LA, Martinez L, Seng MS, Wait LF, Rubenstein DI. Divergent water requirements partition exposure risk to parasites in wild equids. Ecol Evol 2022; 12:e8693. [PMID: 35342568 PMCID: PMC8928873 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For grazing herbivores, dung density in feeding areas is an important determinant of exposure risk to fecal‐orally transmitted parasites. When host species share the same parasite species, a nonrandom distribution of their cumulative dung density and/or nonrandom ranging and feeding behavior may skew exposure risk and the relative selection pressure parasites impose on each host. The arid‐adapted Grevy's zebra (Equus grevyi) can range more widely than the water‐dependent plains zebra (Equus quagga), with which it shares the same species of gastrointestinal nematodes. We studied how the spatial distribution of zebra dung relates to ranging and feeding behavior to assess parasite exposure risk in Grevy's and plains zebras at a site inhabited by both zebra species. We found that zebra dung density declined with distance from water, Grevy's zebra home ranges (excluding those of territorial males) were farther from water than those of plains zebras, and plains zebra grazing areas had higher dung density than random points while Grevy's zebra grazing areas did not, suggesting a greater exposure risk in plains zebras associated with their water dependence. Fecal egg counts increased with home range proximity to water for both species, but the response was stronger in plains zebras, indicating that this host species may be particularly vulnerable to the elevated exposure risk close to water. We further ran experiments on microclimatic effects on dung infectivity and showed that fewer nematode eggs embryonated in dung in the sun than in the shade. However, only 5% of the zebra dung on the landscape was in shade, indicating that the microclimatic effects of shade on the density of infective larvae is not a major influence on exposure risk dynamics. Ranging constraints based on water requirements appear to be key mediators of nematode parasite exposure in free‐ranging equids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J. Tombak
- Department of Anthropology Hunter College of the City University of New York New York New York USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Laurel A. Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia Pennsylvania USA
| | | | | | - Liana F. Wait
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
| | - Daniel I. Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton New Jersey USA
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Tombak KJ, Hansen CB, Kinsella JM, Pansu J, Pringle RM, Rubenstein DI. The gastrointestinal nematodes of plains and Grevy's zebras: Phylogenetic relationships and host specificity. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2021; 16:228-235. [PMID: 34712556 PMCID: PMC8529100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Equids are chronically infected with parasitic strongyle nematodes. There is a rich literature on horse strongyles, but they are difficult to identify morphologically and genetic studies on strongyles infecting other equid species are few, hampering studies of host specificity. We sequenced expelled worms from two sympatric zebra species in central Kenya to expand the strongyle phylogeny and used DNA metabarcoding on faecal samples to genetically characterize zebra nemabiomes for the first time. We generated sequences for several species new to public genetic reference databases, all of which are typical strongyles in wild zebras (i.e., the three species of Cylindropharynx and Cyathostomum montgomeryi), and identified their closest relatives. We also discovered an apparent fungus infecting a quarter of the expelled Crossocephalus viviparus worms, a hyperabundant nematode species in the family Atractidae, hinting at the possibility that zebra host-parasite dynamics may involve a zebra-fungus mutualism. The two zebra species had similar nemabiomes; we found a complete overlap in the list of nematode species they carry and very similar prevalence (i.e., proportion of hosts infected) for the different nematode species. Our study suggests limited host-specificity in zebra strongyles and high potential for transmission between the plains zebra and the endangered Grevy's zebra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J. Tombak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, USA, 10065
- Corresponding author. Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, 695 Park Ave, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Christina B. Hansen
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | | | - Johan Pansu
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Robert M. Pringle
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
| | - Daniel I. Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Guyot Hall, Princeton, NJ, USA, 08544
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Bak-Coleman JB, Alfano M, Barfuss W, Bergstrom CT, Centeno MA, Couzin ID, Donges JF, Galesic M, Gersick AS, Jacquet J, Kao AB, Moran RE, Romanczuk P, Rubenstein DI, Tombak KJ, Van Bavel JJ, Weber EU. Stewardship of global collective behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025764118. [PMID: 34155097 PMCID: PMC8271675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025764118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Collective behavior provides a framework for understanding how the actions and properties of groups emerge from the way individuals generate and share information. In humans, information flows were initially shaped by natural selection yet are increasingly structured by emerging communication technologies. Our larger, more complex social networks now transfer high-fidelity information over vast distances at low cost. The digital age and the rise of social media have accelerated changes to our social systems, with poorly understood functional consequences. This gap in our knowledge represents a principal challenge to scientific progress, democracy, and actions to address global crises. We argue that the study of collective behavior must rise to a "crisis discipline" just as medicine, conservation, and climate science have, with a focus on providing actionable insight to policymakers and regulators for the stewardship of social systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph B Bak-Coleman
- Center for an Informed Public, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195;
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Mark Alfano
- Ethics & Philosophy of Technology, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Philosophy, Australian Catholic University, Banyo Queensland 4014, Australia
| | - Wolfram Barfuss
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Tübingen AI Center, University of Tübingen, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carl T Bergstrom
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Miguel A Centeno
- Princeton School of Public and International Affairs, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Iain D Couzin
- Department of Collective Behaviour, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell am Bodensee, Germany
- Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jonathan F Donges
- Earth System Analysis, Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Member of the Leibniz Association, 14473 Potsdam, Germany
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, 11419 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andrew S Gersick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Jennifer Jacquet
- Department of Environmental Studies, New York University, New York, NY 10012
| | | | - Rachel E Moran
- Center for an Informed Public, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Pawel Romanczuk
- Institute for Theoretical Biology, Department of Biology, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10065
| | - Jay J Van Bavel
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY 10003
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY 10003
| | - Elke U Weber
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
- Andlinger Center for Energy and Environment, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Tombak KJ, Budischak SA, Hauck S, Martinez LA, Rubenstein DI. The non-invasive measurement of faecal immunoglobulin in African equids. Int J Parasitol Parasites Wildl 2020; 12:105-112. [PMID: 32528845 PMCID: PMC7283094 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijppaw.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eco-immunological research is encumbered by a lack of basic research in a wild context and by the availability of few non-invasive tools to measure the internal state of wild animals. The recent development of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measuring immunoglobulins in faecal samples from Soay sheep prompted us to optimize such an assay to measure immunoglobulin A (IgA: an antibody associated with parasitic nematode fecundity) in faecal samples from equids. We measured total IgA in domestic donkeys, wild plains zebras, and wild Grevy's zebras sharing the same landscape in central Kenya over two field seasons. Attempts to measure anti-nematode IgA more specifically, using a homogenized extract from a mixture of excreted nematodes, failed to clear background. However, we found that total IgA positively correlated with strongyle nematode faecal egg counts (FECs) in donkeys sampled during the wetter field season - a time when the donkeys were in good condition. Further, this relationship appeared among donkeys with high body condition but not among those with low body condition. Time lags of 1–4 days introduced between IgA and FEC measurements in repeatedly sampled donkeys did not yield correlations, suggesting that IgA and FEC roughly tracked one another without much delay in the wet field season. Such a direct IgA-FEC relationship did not appear for zebras in either the wet or dry field season, possibly due to higher interindividual variation in body condition among the free-roaming zebras than in the donkeys. However, Grevy's zebras had higher overall levels of IgA than either plains zebras or donkeys, potentially associated with their reportedly lower FECs at the population level. Our results suggest that equids may mount an IgA response to nematode egg production when the host is in good condition and that equid species may differ in baseline levels of mucosal IgA. We optimized an immunosorbent assay to non-invasively measure total IgA in faeces from equids. IgA positively correlated with nematode faecal egg count (FEC) in donkeys in good body condition. IgA and FEC were not correlated in a dry year for donkeys or in any year for wild plains and Grevy's zebras. IgA may relate to FECs at the population level only when body condition is uniformly good. IgA was higher in Grevy's than plains zebras or donkeys, suggesting differences in immune strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Sarah A Budischak
- Keck Science Department of Claremont McKenna, Pitzer and Scripps Colleges, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie Hauck
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Lindsay A Martinez
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
| | - Daniel I Rubenstein
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States
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Tombak KJ, Wikberg EC, Rubenstein DI, Chapman CA. Reciprocity and rotating social advantage among females in egalitarian primate societies. Anim Behav 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Johnson CA, Raubenheimer D, Chapman CA, Tombak KJ, Reid AJ, Rothman JM. Macronutrient balancing affects patch departure by guerezas (
Colobus guereza
). Am J Primatol 2015; 79:1-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Revised: 10/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caley A. Johnson
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York
| | - David Raubenheimer
- Charles Perkins Centre, Faculty of Veterinary Science and School of Biological SciencesThe University of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Colin A. Chapman
- Department of Anthropology & McGill School of EnvironmentMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Wildlife Conservation SocietyBronxNew York
| | - Kaia J. Tombak
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyPrinceton UniversityPrincetonNew Jersey
| | - Andrea J. Reid
- Department of BiologyCarleton University, OttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jessica M. Rothman
- Department of AnthropologyThe Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York City, New York
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology (NYCEP)American Museum of Natural History, New York City, New York
- Department of AnthropologyHunter College of the City University of New York, New York City, New York
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Tombak KJ, Reid AJ, Chapman CA, Rothman JM, Johnson CA, Reyna-Hurtado R. Patch depletion behavior differs between sympatric folivorous primates. Primates 2011; 53:57-64. [PMID: 21909710 DOI: 10.1007/s10329-011-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Food competition in group-living animals is commonly accepted as a critical determinant of foraging strategies and social organization. Here we examine food patch depletion behavior in a leaf-eating (folivorous) primate, the guereza (Colobus guereza). Snaith and Chapman (2005) studied the sympatric folivorous red colobus (Procolobus rufomitratus), which shares many food resources with the guereza. They determined that red colobus deplete the patches (feeding trees) they use, while we found contrary evidence for guerezas using the same methods. We found that the time guerezas spent feeding in a patch was affected by neither tree size, an indicator of food abundance, nor the size of the feeding group, an indicator of feeding competition. For their principal food item (young leaves), intake rate remained constant and coincided with a decrease in the distance moved to find food within a patch, implying that guerezas do not deplete patches. This points to a fundamental difference in the use of food by guerezas and red colobus, which may be linked to the large difference in their group sizes and/or to a disparity in their digestive physiologies. However, further analyses revealed that the number of feeders within a patch did not affect patch depletion patterns in either species, leaving the potential for a physiological basis as the most plausible explanation. Our research highlights the need for a more critical examination of folivorous primate feeding ecology and social behavior, as all folivorous primates are typically lumped into a single category in socioecological models, which may account for conflicting evidence in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaia J Tombak
- Department of Biology, McGill University, 1205 Docteur Penfield, Montreal, QC H3A 1B1, Canada
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