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Ewing AD, Gacita A, Wood LD, Ma F, Xing D, Kim MS, Manda SS, Abril G, Pereira G, Makohon-Moore A, Looijenga LHJ, Gillis AJM, Hruban RH, Anders RA, Romans KE, Pandey A, Iacobuzio-Donahue CA, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW, Kazazian HH, Solyom S. Widespread somatic L1 retrotransposition occurs early during gastrointestinal cancer evolution. Genome Res 2015; 25:1536-45. [PMID: 26260970 PMCID: PMC4579339 DOI: 10.1101/gr.196238.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Somatic L1 retrotransposition events have been shown to occur in epithelial cancers. Here, we attempted to determine how early somatic L1 insertions occurred during the development of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. Using L1-targeted resequencing (L1-seq), we studied different stages of four colorectal cancers arising from colonic polyps, seven pancreatic carcinomas, as well as seven gastric cancers. Surprisingly, we found somatic L1 insertions not only in all cancer types and metastases but also in colonic adenomas, well-known cancer precursors. Some insertions were also present in low quantities in normal GI tissues, occasionally caught in the act of being clonally fixed in the adjacent tumors. Insertions in adenomas and cancers numbered in the hundreds, and many were present in multiple tumor sections, implying clonal distribution. Our results demonstrate that extensive somatic insertional mutagenesis occurs very early during the development of GI tumors, probably before dysplastic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Ewing
- Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland 4102, Australia
| | - Anthony Gacita
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Laura D Wood
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Florence Ma
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Dongmei Xing
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Min-Sik Kim
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Srikanth S Manda
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Gabriela Abril
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Gavin Pereira
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Alvin Makohon-Moore
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Leendert H J Looijenga
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ad J M Gillis
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph H Hruban
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Robert A Anders
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Katharine E Romans
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Cancer Biology, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA; Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Christine A Iacobuzio-Donahue
- Department of Pathology, The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Kenneth W Kinzler
- The Ludwig Center and The Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
| | - Haig H Kazazian
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Szilvia Solyom
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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2
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Husain H, Savage W, Grossman SA, Ye X, Burger PC, Everett A, Bettegowda C, Diaz LA, Blair C, Romans KE, Holdhoff M. Pre- and post-operative plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in patients with newly diagnosed gliomas. J Neurooncol 2012; 109:123-7. [PMID: 22492246 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-0874-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Therapies that disrupt or repair blood-brain barrier integrity can result in major changes in MRI images even when the tumor volume remains constant. Thus, a reliable blood-based tumor biomarker could significantly improve clinical care and research studies in these patients. This study was performed to assess plasma concentrations of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in patients with high- and low-grade gliomas before and after debulking surgery. Pre-operative plasma was collected from 33 patients with radiation- and chemotherapy-naïve gliomas. Additional plasma was collected 24-48 h post-operatively from 23 of these patients. Plasma GFAP (pGFAP) concentrations were determined using an electrochemiluminescent immunoassay and were analyzed as a function of tumor grade, tumor GFAP expression, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier, and post-operative status. Detectable pGFAP levels (≥ 0.04 ng/mL) were found pre-operatively in 52 % of patients and post-operatively in 96 %. Detectable pGFAP was more common in patients with WHO grade IV (100 %) than WHO grade III (56 %) or WHO grade II gliomas (20 %). No patient with undetectable GFAP had WHO grade IV glioma. Higher pGFAP concentrations were also associated with contrast enhancement but not related to tumor GFAP expression. GFAP is commonly detected in the plasma of patients with high-grade gliomas. pGFAP levels rise rather than fall following debulking surgery which is probably a result of surgical trauma. GFAP remains a potentially informative plasma biomarker for gliomas. Longitudinal studies are required to correlate pGFAP levels with patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatim Husain
- Brain Cancer Program, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Cancer Research Building II, 1550 Orleans Street, 1M-16, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
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3
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Brosens LAA, van Hattem A, Hylind LM, Iacobuzio-Donahue C, Romans KE, Axilbund J, Cruz-Correa M, Tersmette AC, Offerhaus GJA, Giardiello FM. Risk of colorectal cancer in juvenile polyposis. Gut 2007; 56:965-7. [PMID: 17303595 PMCID: PMC1994351 DOI: 10.1136/gut.2006.116913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Juvenile polyposis (JP) is an autosomal-dominant syndrome characterised by the development of hamartomatous gastrointestinal polyps and is associated with colorectal cancer. However, the relative and absolute risk of colorectal malignancy in these patients is not known. METHODS The incidence rates of colorectal cancer in patients with JP were compared with that of the general population through person-year analysis with adjustment for demographics. RESULTS In patients with JP, the RR (95% CI) of colorectal cancer was 34.0 (14.4 to 65.7). Similar risks were noted in both males (30.0, 9.6 to 68.6) and females (43.7, 8.8 to 125). The cumulative life-time risk for colorectal cancer was 38.7%. The mean (SD) age of diagnosis of colorectal cancer was 43.9 (10.4) years. Other gastrointestinal malignancies were not noted in this cohort. CONCLUSION Patients with JP have a markedly increased RR and absolute risk for colorectal cancer and require vigilant colorectal surveillance starting at young age. A low threshold for recommending surgery with consideration for removal of the entire colorectum seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lodewijk A A Brosens
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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4
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Giardiello FM, Hylind LM, Trimbath JD, Hamilton SR, Romans KE, Cruz-Correa M, Corretti MC, Offerhaus GJA, Yang VW. Oral contraceptives and polyp regression in familial adenomatous polyposis. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1077-80. [PMID: 15825088 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2004.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiologic and experimental reports suggest that female hormones protect against the development of colorectal cancer, but studies are limited. We describe a patient in the placebo arm of a 4-year primary chemoprevention trial who developed adenomatous polyps and then had eradication of polyps after the administration of oral contraceptives. No change in the prostaglandin levels in the colonic mucosa was noted after polyp elimination, making nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug ingestion unlikely as a cause. This report represents the regression of colorectal adenomas with the use of estrogen/progesterone compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis M Giardiello
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School f Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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5
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Brown DA, Ward RL, Buckhaults P, Liu T, Romans KE, Hawkins NJ, Bauskin AR, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Breit SN. MIC-1 serum level and genotype: associations with progress and prognosis of colorectal carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2003; 9:2642-50. [PMID: 12855642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1) is a divergent member of the tumor growth factor beta (TGF-beta) superfamily. Several observations suggest that it plays a role in colorectal carcinoma (CRC). In particular, MIC-1 is markedly up-regulated in colorectal cancers as well as in premalignant adenomas. This study examines the relationship of serum MIC-1 levels and genotypes to clinical and pathologic features of colonic neoplasia. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We confirmed the presence of MIC-1 in CRC tissue and the cell line CaCo-2. The normal range for serum MIC-1 levels was defined in 260 healthy blood donors, and the differences between normal subjects and 193 patients having adenomatous polyps or CRC were then determined. In a separate cohort of 224 patients, we evaluated the relationship of MIC-1 serum level and genotype to standard tumor parameters and outcome measures. RESULTS MIC-1 was expressed in CRC tissue and the cancer cell line CaCo-2. There was a progressive increase in serum MIC-1 levels between normal individuals [mean (M) = 495 pg/ml, SD = 210), those with adenomatous polyps (M = 681 pg/ml, SD = 410), and those with CRC (M = 783 pg/ml, SD = 491)]. Serum MIC-1 level was correlated with the extent of disease so that the levels were higher in patients with higher Tumor-Node-Metastasis stage. There were significant differences in time to relapse and overall survival between subjects with different MIC-1 levels and genotypes. CONCLUSIONS This study identifies a strong association between MIC-1 serum levels and neoplastic progression within the large bowel. We suggest that the measurement of serum MIC-1 levels and determination of MIC-1 genotype may have clinical use in the management of patients with CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Brown
- Centre for Immunology, St. Vincent's Hospital and University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia
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6
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Zhou W, Goodman SN, Galizia G, Lieto E, Ferraraccio F, Pignatelli C, Purdie CA, Piris J, Morris R, Harrison DJ, Paty PB, Culliford A, Romans KE, Montgomery EA, Choti MA, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. Counting alleles to predict recurrence of early-stage colorectal cancers. Lancet 2002; 359:219-25. [PMID: 11812558 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(02)07448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome imbalances occur in many cancers and represent important biological properties of tumours. However, measurements of such imbalances are difficult. We used a new, quantitative approach to investigate the prognostic value of chromosome imbalances in early-stage colorectal cancers. METHODS We studied 180 patients with no evidence of lymph-node or distant metastases at the time of surgery. DNA from paraffin-embedded tumours was tested for imbalances of chromosome 8p and 18q by digital SNP (single-nucleotide polymorphism)-a technique in which each allele in a sample is directly counted. Surviving patients had median follow-up of 68 months, and disease recurrence was used as the clinical endpoint. FINDINGS Tumours were divided into three groups: "L" tumours (n=93) had allelic imbalances of chromosomes 8p and 18q, "L/R" tumours (n=60) had allelic imbalances of either chromosome 8p or 18q but not both, and "R" tumours (n=27) retained allelic balance for both chromosomes. 5-year disease-free survival was 100% (95% CI 80-100) for patients with R tumours, 74% (61-87) for patients with L/R tumours, and 58% (47-69) for those with L tumours. These differences were significant (p<0.0001) and were independent of other variables--eg, Duke's stage A tumours of class L were much more likely to recur than Duke's stage B tumours of class R (p=0.002). INTERPRETATION In patients without metastasis, allelic imbalance is a better predictor of prognosis than histopathological stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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7
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Saha S, Bardelli A, Buckhaults P, Velculescu VE, Rago C, St Croix B, Romans KE, Choti MA, Lengauer C, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B. A phosphatase associated with metastasis of colorectal cancer. Science 2001; 294:1343-6. [PMID: 11598267 DOI: 10.1126/science.1065817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into the molecular basis for metastasis, we compared the global gene expression profile of metastatic colorectal cancer with that of primary cancers, benign colorectal tumors, and normal colorectal epithelium. Among the genes identified, the PRL-3 protein tyrosine phosphatase gene was of particular interest. It was expressed at high levels in each of 18 cancer metastases studied but at lower levels in nonmetastatic tumors and normal colorectal epithelium. In 3 of 12 metastases examined, multiple copies of the PRL-3 gene were found within a small amplicon located at chromosome 8q24.3. These data suggest that the PRL-3 gene is important for colorectal cancer metastasis and provide a new therapeutic target for these intractable lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saha
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Oncology Center, Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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8
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Buckhaults P, Rago C, St Croix B, Romans KE, Saha S, Zhang L, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Secreted and cell surface genes expressed in benign and malignant colorectal tumors. Cancer Res 2001; 61:6996-7001. [PMID: 11585723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Serial analysis of gene expression was used to identify transcripts encoding secreted or cell surface proteins that were expressed in benign and malignant tumors of the colorectum. A total of 290,394 tags were analyzed from normal, adenomatous, and cancerous colonic epithelium. Of the 21,343 different transcripts observed, 957 were found to be differentially expressed between normal tissue and adenoma or between normal tissue and cancer. Forty-nine transcripts were elevated > or =20-fold in adenomas, 40 transcripts were elevated > or =20-fold in cancers, and 9 transcripts were elevated > or =20-fold in both. Products of six of these nine transcripts (TGFBI, LYS, RDP, MIC-1, REGA, and DEHL) were predicted to be secreted or to reside on the cell surface, and these were analyzed in more detail. The abnormal expression levels predicted by serial analysis of gene expression were confirmed by quantitative PCR analyses of each of these six genes. Moreover, the cell types responsible for the elevated expression were identified by in situ hybridization and by PCR analyses of epithelial cells immunoaffinity purified from primary tumors. This study extends knowledge of the differences in gene expression that underlie various stages of neoplasia and suggests specific diagnostic approaches that may be useful for the early detection of colorectal neoplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Buckhaults
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institution, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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9
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Zhou W, Galizia G, Lieto E, Goodman SN, Romans KE, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Choti MA, Montgomery EA. Counting alleles reveals a connection between chromosome 18q loss and vascular invasion. Nat Biotechnol 2001; 19:78-81. [PMID: 11135558 DOI: 10.1038/83572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The analysis of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) is perhaps the most widely used technique in cancer genetics. In primary tumors, however, the analysis of LOH is fraught with technical problems that have limited its reproducibility and interpretation. In particular, tumors are mixtures of neoplastic and nonneoplastic cells, and the DNA from the nonneoplastic cells can mask LOH. We here describe a new experimental approach, involving two components, to overcome these problems. First, a form of digital PCR was employed to directly count, one by one, the number of each of the two alleles in tumor samples. Second, Bayesian-type likelihood methods were used to measure the strength of the evidence for the allele distribution being different from normal. This approach imparts a rigorous statistical basis to LOH analyses, and should be able to provide more reliable information than heretofore possible in LOH studies of diverse tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Zhou
- Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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10
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St Croix B, Rago C, Velculescu V, Traverso G, Romans KE, Montgomery E, Lal A, Riggins GJ, Lengauer C, Vogelstein B, Kinzler KW. Genes expressed in human tumor endothelium. Science 2000; 289:1197-202. [PMID: 10947988 DOI: 10.1126/science.289.5482.1197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1353] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To gain a molecular understanding of tumor angiogenesis, we compared gene expression patterns of endothelial cells derived from blood vessels of normal and malignant colorectal tissues. Of over 170 transcripts predominantly expressed in the endothelium, 79 were differentially expressed, including 46 that were specifically elevated in tumor-associated endothelium. Several of these genes encode extracellular matrix proteins, but most are of unknown function. Most of these tumor endothelial markers were expressed in a wide range of tumor types, as well as in normal vessels associated with wound healing and corpus luteum formation. These studies demonstrate that tumor and normal endothelium are distinct at the molecular level, a finding that may have significant implications for the development of anti-angiogenic therapies.
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MESH Headings
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Cell Separation
- Cells, Cultured
- Colon/blood supply
- Colon/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/blood supply
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- Corpus Luteum/blood supply
- Corpus Luteum/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/cytology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Humans
- Intestinal Mucosa/blood supply
- Intestinal Mucosa/cytology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Neoplasms/blood supply
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rectum/blood supply
- Rectum/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- B St Croix
- Johns Hopkins Oncology Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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11
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McGregor LM, McCune BK, Graff JR, McDowell PR, Romans KE, Yancopoulos GD, Ball DW, Baylin SB, Nelkin BD. Roles of trk family neurotrophin receptors in medullary thyroid carcinoma development and progression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1999; 96:4540-5. [PMID: 10200298 PMCID: PMC16368 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.96.8.4540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although initiating mutations in the ret protooncogene have been found in familial and sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), the molecular events underlying subsequent tumor progression stages are unknown. We now report that changes in trk family neurotrophin receptor expression appear to be involved in both preneoplastic thyroid C cell hyperplasia and later tumor progression. Only a subset of normal C cells expresses trk family receptors, but, in C cell hyperplasia, the affected cells consistently express trkB, with variable expression of trkA and trkC. In later stages of gross MTC tumors, trkB expression was substantially reduced, while trkC expression was increased and often intense. In a cell culture model of MTC, exogenous trkB expression resulted in severely impaired tumorigenicity and was associated with 11-fold lower levels of the angiogenesis factor vascular endothelial growth factor. These results suggest that trk family receptor genes participate in MTC development and progression, and, in particular, that trkB may limit MTC tumor growth by inhibition of angiogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Medullary/genetics
- Carcinoma, Medullary/pathology
- Carcinoma, Medullary/physiopathology
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Pregnancy
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
- Receptor, trkA
- Receptor, trkC
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Thyroid Gland/cytology
- Thyroid Gland/metabolism
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
- Thyroid Neoplasms/physiopathology
- Transplantation, Heterologous
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- L M McGregor
- Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA
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