1
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Wellford SA, Moseman AP, Dao K, Wright KE, Chen A, Plevin JE, Liao TC, Mehta N, Moseman EA. Mucosal plasma cells are required to protect the upper airway and brain from infection. Immunity 2022; 55:2118-2134.e6. [PMID: 36137543 PMCID: PMC9649878 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While blood antibodies mediate protective immunity in most organs, whether they protect nasal surfaces in the upper airway is unclear. Using multiple viral infection models in mice, we found that blood-borne antibodies could not defend the olfactory epithelium. Despite high serum antibody titers, pathogens infected nasal turbinates, and neurotropic microbes invaded the brain. Using passive antibody transfers and parabiosis, we identified a restrictive blood-endothelial barrier that excluded circulating antibodies from the olfactory mucosa. Plasma cell depletions demonstrated that plasma cells must reside within olfactory tissue to achieve sterilizing immunity. Antibody blockade and genetically deficient models revealed that this local immunity required CD4+ T cells and CXCR3. Many vaccine adjuvants failed to generate olfactory plasma cells, but mucosal immunizations established humoral protection of the olfactory surface. Our identification of a blood-olfactory barrier and the requirement for tissue-derived antibody has implications for vaccinology, respiratory and CNS pathogen transmission, and B cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Park Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kianna Dao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allison Chen
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jona E Plevin
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tzu-Chieh Liao
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Naren Mehta
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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2
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Aniweh Y, Suurbaar J, Morang'a CM, Nyarko PB, Wright KE, Kusi KA, Ansah F, Kyei-Baafour E, Quansah E, Asante J, Thiam LG, Higgins MK, Awandare GA. Analysis of Plasmodium falciparum Rh2b deletion polymorphism across different transmission areas. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1498. [PMID: 32001728 PMCID: PMC6992740 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58300-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in controlling malaria, the disease remains a global health burden. The intricate interactions the parasite Plasmodium falciparum has with its host allows it to grow and multiply in human erythrocytes. The mechanism by which P. falciparum merozoites invade human erythrocytes is complex, involving merozoite proteins as well as erythrocyte surface proteins. Members of the P. falciparum reticulocyte binding-like protein homolog (PfRh) family of proteins play a pivotal role in merozoite invasion and hence are important targets of immune responses. Domains within the PfRh2b protein have been implicated in its ability to stimulate natural protective antibodies in patients. More specifically, a 0.58 kbp deletion, at the C-terminus has been reported in high frequencies in Senegalese and Southeast Asian parasite populations, suggesting a possible role in immune evasion. We analysed 1218 P. falciparum clinical isolates, and the results show that this deletion is present in Ghanaian parasite populations (48.5% of all isolates), with Kintampo (hyper-endemic, 53.2%), followed by Accra (Hypo-endemic, 50.3%), Cape Coast (meso-endemic, 47.9%) and Sogakope (meso-endemic, 43.15%). Further analysis of parasite genomes stored in the MalariaGEN database revealed that the deletion variant was common across transmission areas globally, with an overall frequency of about 27.1%. Interestingly, some parasite isolates possessed mixed PfRh2b deletion and full-length alleles. We further showed that levels of antibodies to the domain of PfRh2 protein were similar to antibody levels of PfRh5, indicating it is less recognized by the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw Aniweh
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
| | - Jonathan Suurbaar
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Collins M Morang'a
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Prince B Nyarko
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Kwadwo A Kusi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Felix Ansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Eric Kyei-Baafour
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Evelyn Quansah
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Jessica Asante
- Immunology Department, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Laty G Thiam
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Gordon A Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, P.O. Box LG54, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
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3
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Warszawski S, Dekel E, Campeotto I, Marshall JM, Wright KE, Lyth O, Knop O, Regev-Rudzki N, Higgins MK, Draper SJ, Baum J, Fleishman SJ. Design of a basigin-mimicking inhibitor targeting the malaria invasion protein RH5. Proteins 2020; 88:187-195. [PMID: 31325330 PMCID: PMC6904230 DOI: 10.1002/prot.25786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Many human pathogens use host cell-surface receptors to attach and invade cells. Often, the host-pathogen interaction affinity is low, presenting opportunities to block invasion using a soluble, high-affinity mimic of the host protein. The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (RH5) provides an exciting candidate for mimicry: it is highly conserved and its moderate affinity binding to the human receptor basigin (KD ≥1 μM) is an essential step in erythrocyte invasion by this malaria parasite. We used deep mutational scanning of a soluble fragment of human basigin to systematically characterize point mutations that enhance basigin affinity for RH5 and then used Rosetta to design a variant within the sequence space of affinity-enhancing mutations. The resulting seven-mutation design exhibited 1900-fold higher affinity (KD approximately 1 nM) for RH5 with a very slow binding off rate (0.23 h-1 ) and reduced the effective Plasmodium growth-inhibitory concentration by at least 10-fold compared to human basigin. The design provides a favorable starting point for engineering on-rate improvements that are likely to be essential to reach therapeutically effective growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Warszawski
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Elya Dekel
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ivan Campeotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Marshall
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine E. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Oliver Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Orli Knop
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Regev-Rudzki
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Sarel J Fleishman
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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4
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Satchwell TJ, Wright KE, Haydn-Smith KL, Sánchez-Román Terán F, Moura PL, Hawksworth J, Frayne J, Toye AM, Baum J. Genetic manipulation of cell line derived reticulocytes enables dissection of host malaria invasion requirements. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3806. [PMID: 31444345 PMCID: PMC6707200 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11790-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigating the role that host erythrocyte proteins play in malaria infection is hampered by the genetic intractability of this anucleate cell. Here we report that reticulocytes derived through in vitro differentiation of an enucleation-competent immortalized erythroblast cell line (BEL-A) support both successful invasion and intracellular development of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Using CRISPR-mediated gene knockout and subsequent complementation, we validate an essential role for the erythrocyte receptor basigin in P. falciparum invasion and demonstrate rescue of invasive susceptibility by receptor re-expression. Successful invasion of reticulocytes complemented with a truncated mutant excludes a functional role for the basigin cytoplasmic domain during invasion. Contrastingly, knockout of cyclophilin B, reported to participate in invasion and interact with basigin, did not impact invasive susceptibility of reticulocytes. These data establish the use of reticulocytes derived from immortalized erythroblasts as a powerful model system to explore hypotheses regarding host receptor requirements for P. falciparum invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Satchwell
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, UK.
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Katy L Haydn-Smith
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, UK
| | | | - Pedro L Moura
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jan Frayne
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ashley M Toye
- School of Biochemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- NIHR Blood and Transplant Research Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences, National Health Service Blood and Transplant (NHSBT), Bristol, UK
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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5
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Knuepfer E, Wright KE, Kumar Prajapati S, Rawlinson TA, Mohring F, Koch M, Lyth OR, Howell SA, Villasis E, Snijders AP, Moon RW, Draper SJ, Rosanas-Urgell A, Higgins MK, Baum J, Holder AA. Divergent roles for the RH5 complex components, CyRPA and RIPR in human-infective malaria parasites. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007809. [PMID: 31185066 PMCID: PMC6588255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, which invade and replicate in erythrocytes. For Plasmodium falciparum, the major cause of severe malaria in humans, a heterotrimeric complex comprised of the secreted parasite proteins, PfCyRPA, PfRIPR and PfRH5 is essential for erythrocyte invasion, mediated by the interaction between PfRH5 and erythrocyte receptor basigin (BSG). However, whilst CyRPA and RIPR are present in most Plasmodium species, RH5 is found only in the small Laverania subgenus. Existence of a complex analogous to PfRH5-PfCyRPA-PfRIPR targeting BSG, and involvement of CyRPA and RIPR in invasion, however, has not been addressed in non-Laverania parasites. Here, we establish that unlike P. falciparum, P. knowlesi and P. vivax do not universally require BSG as a host cell invasion receptor. Although we show that both PkCyRPA and PkRIPR are essential for successful invasion of erythrocytes by P. knowlesi parasites in vitro, neither protein forms a complex with each other or with an RH5-like molecule. Instead, PkRIPR is part of a different trimeric protein complex whereas PkCyRPA appears to function without other parasite binding partners. It therefore appears that in the absence of RH5, outside of the Laverania subgenus, RIPR and CyRPA have different, independent functions crucial for parasite survival. Malaria is one of the most devastating infectious diseases, causing significant human suffering and death. It is caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium proliferating in the bloodstream. Understanding the mechanism of erythrocyte invasion is key for developing novel intervention strategies. P. falciparum, the cause of the most severe form of malaria, requires the interaction of a trimeric protein complex RH5-CyRPA-RIPR with the host receptor BSG for successful invasion. We show here that the BSG receptor is not essential for invasion by two other major causes of human malaria, P. vivax and P. knowlesi. Furthermore, we analyzed the role of CyRPA and RIPR in the absence of an RH5-like molecule in P. knowlesi and show that these molecules do not associate to form a protein complex unlike in the presence of RH5 in P. falciparum. PkRIPR is part of a different protein complex. Despite this difference CyRPA and RIPR still have essential functions during host cell invasion in other important human malaria-causing parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Knuepfer
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | - Katherine E. Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | | | | | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marion Koch
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver R. Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steven A. Howell
- Proteomics Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Villasis
- Departamento de Ciencias Celulares y Moleculares, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Ambrosius P. Snijders
- Proteomics Science and Technology Platform, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert W. Moon
- Department of Infection Biology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J. Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Rosanas-Urgell
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Matthew K. Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
| | - Anthony A. Holder
- Malaria Parasitology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (EK); (KEW); (JB); (AAH)
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6
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Illingworth JJ, Alanine DG, Brown R, Marshall JM, Bartlett HE, Silk SE, Labbé GM, Quinkert D, Cho JS, Wendler JP, Pattinson DJ, Barfod L, Douglas AD, Shea MW, Wright KE, de Cassan SC, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Functional Comparison of Blood-Stage Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Vaccine Candidate Antigens. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1254. [PMID: 31214195 PMCID: PMC6558156 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The malaria genome encodes over 5,000 proteins and many of these have also been proposed to be potential vaccine candidates, although few of these have been tested clinically. RH5 is one of the leading blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum malaria vaccine antigens and Phase I/II clinical trials of vaccines containing this antigen are currently underway. Its likely mechanism of action is to elicit antibodies that can neutralize merozoites by blocking their invasion of red blood cells (RBC). However, many other antigens could also elicit neutralizing antibodies against the merozoite, and most of these have never been compared directly to RH5. The objective of this study was to compare a range of blood-stage antigens to RH5, to identify any antigens that outperform or synergize with anti-RH5 antibodies. We selected 55 gene products, covering 15 candidate antigens that have been described in the literature and 40 genes selected on the basis of bioinformatics functional prediction. We were able to make 20 protein-in-adjuvant vaccines from the original selection. Of these, S-antigen and CyRPA robustly elicited antibodies with neutralizing properties. Anti-CyRPA IgG generally showed additive GIA with anti-RH5 IgG, although high levels of anti-CyRPA-specific rabbit polyclonal IgG were required to achieve 50% GIA. Our data suggest that further vaccine antigen screening efforts are required to identify a second merozoite target with similar antibody-susceptibility to RH5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rebecca Brown
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Sarah E Silk
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Doris Quinkert
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jee Sun Cho
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jason P Wendler
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Lea Barfod
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Michael W Shea
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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7
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Lyth O, Vizcay-Barrena G, Wright KE, Haase S, Mohring F, Najer A, Henshall IG, Ashdown GW, Bannister LH, Drew DR, Beeson JG, Fleck RA, Moon RW, Wilson DW, Baum J. Cellular dissection of malaria parasite invasion of human erythrocytes using viable Plasmodium knowlesi merozoites. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10165. [PMID: 29976932 PMCID: PMC6033891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium knowlesi, a zoonotic parasite causing severe-to-lethal malaria disease in humans, has only recently been adapted to continuous culture with human red blood cells (RBCs). In comparison with the most virulent human malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, there are, however, few cellular tools available to study its biology, in particular direct investigation of RBC invasion by blood-stage P. knowlesi merozoites. This leaves our current understanding of biological differences across pathogenic Plasmodium spp. incomplete. Here, we report a robust method for isolating viable and invasive P. knowlesi merozoites to high purity and yield. Using this approach, we present detailed comparative dissection of merozoite invasion (using a variety of microscopy platforms) and direct assessment of kinetic differences between knowlesi and falciparum merozoites. We go on to assess the inhibitory potential of molecules targeting discrete steps of invasion in either species via a quantitative invasion inhibition assay, identifying a class of polysulfonate polymer able to efficiently inhibit invasion in both, providing a foundation for pan-Plasmodium merozoite inhibitor development. Given the close evolutionary relationship between P. knowlesi and P. vivax, the second leading cause of malaria-related morbidity, this study paves the way for inter-specific dissection of invasion by all three major pathogenic malaria species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Lyth
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Gema Vizcay-Barrena
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Silvia Haase
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Franziska Mohring
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Adrian Najer
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Isabelle G Henshall
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - George W Ashdown
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lawrence H Bannister
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Damien R Drew
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G Beeson
- Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Central Clinical School, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructural Imaging, Guy's Campus, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Robert W Moon
- Department of Immunology and Infection, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Danny W Wilson
- Research Centre for Infectious Diseases, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia. .,Burnet Institute, 85 Commercial Road, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Jake Baum
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, South Kensington, London, UK.
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8
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Shen W, Young BA, Bosworth M, Wright KE, Lamb AN, Ji Y. Prenatal detection of uniparental disomy of chromosome 2 carrying a CHRND pathogenic variant that causes lethal multiple pterygium syndrome. Clin Genet 2018; 93:1248-1249. [PMID: 29399782 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Shen
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - B A Young
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | | | - A N Lamb
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Y Ji
- ARUP Laboratories, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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9
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Domagal-Goldman SD, Wright KE, Adamala K, Arina de la Rubia L, Bond J, Dartnell LR, Goldman AD, Lynch K, Naud ME, Paulino-Lima IG, Singer K, Walther-Antonio M, Abrevaya XC, Anderson R, Arney G, Atri D, Azúa-Bustos A, Bowman JS, Brazelton WJ, Brennecka GA, Carns R, Chopra A, Colangelo-Lillis J, Crockett CJ, DeMarines J, Frank EA, Frantz C, de la Fuente E, Galante D, Glass J, Gleeson D, Glein CR, Goldblatt C, Horak R, Horodyskyj L, Kaçar B, Kereszturi A, Knowles E, Mayeur P, McGlynn S, Miguel Y, Montgomery M, Neish C, Noack L, Rugheimer S, Stüeken EE, Tamez-Hidalgo P, Imari Walker S, Wong T. The Astrobiology Primer v2.0. Astrobiology 2016; 16:561-653. [PMID: 27532777 PMCID: PMC5008114 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2015.1460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shawn D Domagal-Goldman
- 1 NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
- 2 Virtual Planetary Laboratory , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine E Wright
- 3 University of Colorado at Boulder , Colorado, USA
- 4 Present address: UK Space Agency, UK
| | - Katarzyna Adamala
- 5 Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Jade Bond
- 7 Department of Physics, University of New South Wales , Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Kennda Lynch
- 10 Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana , Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Marie-Eve Naud
- 11 Institute for research on exoplanets (iREx) , Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ivan G Paulino-Lima
- 12 Universities Space Research Association , Mountain View, California, USA
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsi Singer
- 14 Southwest Research Institute , Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Ximena C Abrevaya
- 16 Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE) , UBA-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rika Anderson
- 17 Department of Biology, Carleton College , Northfield, Minnesota, USA
| | - Giada Arney
- 18 University of Washington Astronomy Department and Astrobiology Program , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dimitra Atri
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Jeff S Bowman
- 19 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University , Palisades, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Regina Carns
- 22 Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Aditya Chopra
- 23 Planetary Science Institute, Research School of Earth Sciences, Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, The Australian National University , Canberra, Australia
| | - Jesse Colangelo-Lillis
- 24 Earth and Planetary Science, McGill University , and the McGill Space Institute, Montréal, Canada
| | | | - Julia DeMarines
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Carie Frantz
- 27 Department of Geosciences, Weber State University , Ogden, Utah, USA
| | - Eduardo de la Fuente
- 28 IAM-Departamento de Fisica, CUCEI , Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, México
| | - Douglas Galante
- 29 Brazilian Synchrotron Light Laboratory , Campinas, Brazil
| | - Jennifer Glass
- 30 School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia , USA
| | | | | | - Colin Goldblatt
- 33 School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria , Victoria, Canada
| | - Rachel Horak
- 34 American Society for Microbiology , Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Betül Kaçar
- 36 Harvard University , Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Akos Kereszturi
- 37 Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences , Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Emily Knowles
- 38 Johnson & Wales University , Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Paul Mayeur
- 39 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York, USA
| | - Shawn McGlynn
- 40 Earth Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yamila Miguel
- 41 Laboratoire Lagrange, UMR 7293, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis , CNRS, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
| | | | - Catherine Neish
- 43 Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario , London, Canada
| | - Lena Noack
- 44 Royal Observatory of Belgium , Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sarah Rugheimer
- 45 Department of Astronomy, Harvard University , Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- 46 University of St. Andrews , St. Andrews, UK
| | - Eva E Stüeken
- 47 University of Washington , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 48 University of California , Riverside, California, USA
| | | | - Sara Imari Walker
- 13 Blue Marble Space Institute of Science , Seattle, Washington, USA
- 50 School of Earth and Space Exploration and Beyond Center for Fundamental Concepts in Science, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Teresa Wong
- 51 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis , St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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10
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Hjerrild KA, Jin J, Wright KE, Brown RE, Marshall JM, Labbé GM, Silk SE, Cherry CJ, Clemmensen SB, Jørgensen T, Illingworth JJ, Alanine DGW, Milne KH, Ashfield R, de Jongh WA, Douglas AD, Higgins MK, Draper SJ. Production of full-length soluble Plasmodium falciparum RH5 protein vaccine using a Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 stable cell line system. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30357. [PMID: 27457156 PMCID: PMC4960544 DOI: 10.1038/srep30357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Plasmodium falciparum reticulocyte-binding protein homolog 5 (PfRH5) has recently emerged as a leading candidate antigen against the blood-stage human malaria parasite. However it has proved challenging to identify a heterologous expression platform that can produce a soluble protein-based vaccine in a manner compliant with current Good Manufacturing Practice (cGMP). Here we report the production of full-length PfRH5 protein using a cGMP-compliant platform called ExpreS(2), based on a Drosophila melanogaster Schneider 2 (S2) stable cell line system. Five sequence variants of PfRH5 were expressed that differed in terms of mutagenesis strategies to remove potential N-linked glycans. All variants bound the PfRH5 receptor basigin and were recognized by a panel of monoclonal antibodies. Analysis following immunization of rabbits identified quantitative and qualitative differences in terms of the functional IgG antibody response against the P. falciparum parasite. The antibodies induced by one protein variant were shown to be qualitatively similar to responses induced by other vaccine platforms. This work identifies Drosophila S2 cells as a clinically-relevant platform suited for the production of 'difficult-to-make' proteins from Plasmodium parasites, and identifies a PfRH5 sequence variant that can be used for clinical production of a non-glycosylated, soluble full-length protein vaccine immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Hjerrild
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Rebecca E Brown
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jennifer M Marshall
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geneviève M Labbé
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah E Silk
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Catherine J Cherry
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stine B Clemmensen
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Thomas Jørgensen
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Joseph J Illingworth
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Daniel G W Alanine
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Kathryn H Milne
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Ashfield
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Willem A de Jongh
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, Hørsholm DK-2970, Denmark
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Simon J Draper
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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11
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Wright KE, Hjerrild KA, Bartlett J, Douglas AD, Jin J, Brown RE, Illingworth JJ, Ashfield R, Clemmensen SB, de Jongh WA, Draper SJ, Higgins MK. Structure of malaria invasion protein RH5 with erythrocyte basigin and blocking antibodies. Nature 2014; 515:427-30. [PMID: 25132548 PMCID: PMC4240730 DOI: 10.1038/nature13715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Invasion of host erythrocytes is essential to the life cycle of Plasmodium parasites and development of the pathology of malaria. The stages of erythrocyte invasion, including initial contact, apical reorientation, junction formation, and active invagination, are directed by coordinated release of specialized apical organelles and their parasite protein contents. Among these proteins, and central to invasion by all species, are two parasite protein families, the reticulocyte-binding protein homologue (RH) and erythrocyte-binding like proteins, which mediate host-parasite interactions. RH5 from Plasmodium falciparum (PfRH5) is the only member of either family demonstrated to be necessary for erythrocyte invasion in all tested strains, through its interaction with the erythrocyte surface protein basigin (also known as CD147 and EMMPRIN). Antibodies targeting PfRH5 or basigin efficiently block parasite invasion in vitro, making PfRH5 an excellent vaccine candidate. Here we present crystal structures of PfRH5 in complex with basigin and two distinct inhibitory antibodies. PfRH5 adopts a novel fold in which two three-helical bundles come together in a kite-like architecture, presenting binding sites for basigin and inhibitory antibodies at one tip. This provides the first structural insight into erythrocyte binding by the Plasmodium RH protein family and identifies novel inhibitory epitopes to guide design of a new generation of vaccines against the blood-stage parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Kathryn A Hjerrild
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jonathan Bartlett
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Alexander D Douglas
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jing Jin
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca E Brown
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joseph J Illingworth
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Ashfield
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stine B Clemmensen
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
| | - Willem A de Jongh
- ExpreS2ion Biotechnologies, SCION-DTU Science Park, Agern Allé 1, DK-2970 Horsholm, Denmark
| | - Simon J Draper
- Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Matthew K Higgins
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK
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12
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Wright KE, Williamson C, Grasby SE, Spear JR, Templeton AS. Metagenomic evidence for sulfur lithotrophy by Epsilonproteobacteria as the major energy source for primary productivity in a sub-aerial arctic glacial deposit, Borup Fiord Pass. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:63. [PMID: 23626586 PMCID: PMC3631710 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We combined free enenergy calculations and metagenomic analyses of an elemental sulfur (S0) deposit on the surface of Borup Fiord Pass Glacier in the Canadian High Arctic to investigate whether the energy available from different redox reactions in an environment predicts microbial metabolism. Many S, C, Fe, As, Mn, and NH4+ oxidation reactions were predicted to be energetically feasible in the deposit, and aerobic oxidation of S0 was the most abundant chemical energy source. Small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence data showed that the dominant phylotypes were Sulfurovum and Sulfuricurvum, both Epsilonproteobacteria known to be capable of sulfur lithotrophy. Sulfur redox genes were abundant in the metagenome, but sox genes were significantly more abundant than reverse dsr (dissimilatory sulfite reductase)genes. Interestingly, there appeared to be habitable niches that were unoccupied at the depth of genome coverage obtained. Photosynthesis and NH4+ oxidation should both be energetically favorable, but we found few or no functional genes for oxygenic or anoxygenic photosynthesis, or for NH4+ oxidation by either oxygen (nitrification) or nitrite (anammox). The free energy, SSU rRNA gene and quantitative functional gene data are all consistent with the hypothesis that sulfur-based chemolithoautotrophy by Epsilonproteobacteria (Sulfurovum and Sulfuricurvum) is the main form of primary productivity at this site, instead of photosynthesis. This is despite the presence of 24-h sunlight, and the fact that photosynthesis is not known to be inhibited by any of the environmental conditions present. This is the first time that Sulfurovum and Sulfuricurvum have been shown to dominate a sub-aerial environment, rather than anoxic or sulfidic settings. We also found that Flavobacteria dominate the surface of the sulfur deposits. We hypothesize that this aerobic heterotroph uses enough oxygen to create a microoxic environment in the sulfur below, where the Epsilonproteobacteria can flourish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Wright
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Colorado at Boulder Boulder, CO, USA
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13
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Wright KE, Lyons TS, Navalta JW. Effects of exercise-induced fatigue on postural balance: a comparison of treadmill versus cycle fatiguing protocols. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012. [PMID: 23184176 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2553-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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14
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Ross KA, Feazel LM, Robertson CE, Fathepure BZ, Wright KE, Turk-Macleod RM, Chan MM, Held NL, Spear JR, Pace NR. Phototrophic phylotypes dominate mesothermal microbial mats associated with hot springs in Yellowstone National Park. Microb Ecol 2012; 64:162-170. [PMID: 22327269 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mesothermal outflow zones (50-65°C) of geothermal springs often support an extensive zone of green and orange laminated microbial mats. In order to identify and compare the microbial inhabitants of morphologically similar green-orange mats from chemically and geographically distinct springs, we generated and analyzed small-subunit ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons from six mesothermal mats (four previously unexamined) in Yellowstone National Park. Between three and six bacterial phyla dominated each mat. While many sequences bear the highest identity to previously isolated phototrophic genera belonging to the Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Chlorobi phyla, there is also frequent representation of uncultured, unclassified members of these groups. Some genus-level representatives of these dominant phyla were found in all mats, while others were unique to a single mat. Other groups detected at high frequencies include candidate divisions (such as the OP candidate clades) with no cultured representatives or complete genomes available. In addition, rRNA genes related to the recently isolated and characterized photosynthetic acidobacterium "Candidatus Chloracidobacterium thermophilum" were detected in most mats. In contrast to microbial mats from well-studied hypersaline environments, the mesothermal mats in this study accrue less biomass and are substantially less diverse, but have a higher proportion of known phototrophic organisms. This study provides sequences appropriate for accurate phylogenetic classification and expands the molecular phylogenetic survey of Yellowstone microbial mats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Ross
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309-0347, USA
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15
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Forraz N, Wright KE, Jurga M, McGuckin CP. Experimental therapies for repair of the central nervous system: stem cells and tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 7:523-36. [DOI: 10.1002/term.552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Forraz
- Therapy Research Institute (CTI-LYON); 5 avenue Lionel Terray; 69330; MEYZIEU-LYON; France
| | - KE Wright
- Therapy Research Institute (CTI-LYON); 5 avenue Lionel Terray; 69330; MEYZIEU-LYON; France
| | - M Jurga
- Therapy Research Institute (CTI-LYON); 5 avenue Lionel Terray; 69330; MEYZIEU-LYON; France
| | - CP McGuckin
- Therapy Research Institute (CTI-LYON); 5 avenue Lionel Terray; 69330; MEYZIEU-LYON; France
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16
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Gleeson DF, Pappalardo RT, Anderson MS, Grasby SE, Mielke RE, Wright KE, Templeton AS. Biosignature detection at an Arctic analog to Europa. Astrobiology 2012; 12:135-150. [PMID: 22283368 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2010.0579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The compelling evidence for an ocean beneath the ice shell of Europa makes it a high priority for astrobiological investigations. Future missions to the icy surface of this moon will query the plausibly sulfur-rich materials for potential indications of the presence of life carried to the surface by mobile ice or partial melt. However, the potential for generation and preservation of biosignatures under cold, sulfur-rich conditions has not previously been investigated, as there have not been suitable environments on Earth to study. Here, we describe the characterization of a range of biosignatures within potentially analogous sulfur deposits from the surface of an Arctic glacier at Borup Fiord Pass to evaluate whether evidence for microbial activities is produced and preserved within these deposits. Optical and electron microscopy revealed microorganisms and extracellular materials. Elemental sulfur (S⁰), the dominant mineralogy within field samples, is present as rhombic and needle-shaped mineral grains and spherical mineral aggregates, commonly observed in association with extracellular polymeric substances. Orthorhombic α-sulfur represents the stable form of S⁰, whereas the monoclinic (needle-shaped) γ-sulfur form rosickyite is metastable and has previously been associated with sulfide-oxidizing microbial communities. Scanning transmission electron microscopy showed mineral deposition on cellular and extracellular materials in the form of submicron-sized, needle-shaped crystals. X-ray diffraction measurements supply supporting evidence for the presence of a minor component of rosickyite. Infrared spectroscopy revealed parts-per-million level organics in the Borup sulfur deposits and organic functional groups diagnostic of biomolecules such as proteins and fatty acids. Organic components are below the detection limit for Raman spectra, which were dominated by sulfur peaks. These combined investigations indicate that sulfur mineral deposits may contain identifiable biosignatures that can be stabilized and preserved under low-temperature conditions. Borup Fiord Pass represents a useful testing ground for instruments and techniques relevant to future astrobiological exploration at Europa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damhnait F Gleeson
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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17
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Wright KE, McDonald J, Barnes TA, Rowbotham DJ, Guerrini R, Calo' G, Lambert DG. Assessment of the activity of a novel nociceptin/orphanin FQ analogue at recombinant human nociceptin/orphanin FQ receptors expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Neurosci Lett 2003; 346:145-8. [PMID: 12853105 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(03)00518-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is the endogenous ligand for the nociceptin receptor (NOP). In an attempt to identify high potency NOP agonists for use in the brain we have compared the activity of a novel N/OFQ analogue [Phe(1)Psi(CH(2)-O)Gly(2)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) ([F/G-O]) with the existing [Phe(1)Psi(CH(2)-NH)Gly(2)]N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) ([F/G]). Both peptides are modified between the first two N-terminal amino acids and are further compared with the agonist template N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) in [(3)H]N/OFQ binding, GTPgamma[(35)S] binding and cAMP inhibition studies using Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing the recombinant human NOP. All peptides displaced [(3)H]N/OFQ, stimulated GTPgamma[(35)S] binding and inhibited cAMP formation. In [(3)H]N/OFQ binding and GTPgamma[(35)S] binding the rank order affinity and potency was N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2)>[F/G-O]>[F/G]. In GTPgamma[(35)S] binding [F/G] was a clear partial agonist with intrinsic activity (E(max) stimulation factor, mean+/-SEM, n=4) of 7.75+/-1.02 compared with N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2) of 11.13+/-1.76. The efficacy of [F/G-O] (10.17+/-1.88) approached that of the full agonist N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2). Downstream, at the level of cAMP formation, all peptides were full agonists with the following rank order potency: N/OFQ(1-13)NH(2)>[F/G-O]=[F/G]. The enhanced potency and intrinsic activity of the novel [F/G-O] modification makes this an interesting peptide for further in vivo analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- University Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Management, Leicester Royal Infirmary, LE1 5WW, Leicester, UK
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18
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Conte D, Liston P, Wong JW, Wright KE, Korneluk RG. Thymocyte-targeted overexpression of xiap transgene disrupts T lymphoid apoptosis and maturation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:5049-54. [PMID: 11309492 PMCID: PMC33161 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.081547998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) and other members of the inhibitor of apoptosis (IAP) family can suppress apoptosis induced by a diverse variety of triggers. Functional studies done to date have focused on tissue culture models and adenovirus overexpression of XIAP and other IAP proteins. Here we report the phenotype of an engineered transgenic mouse overexpressing a human IAP, as well as assessing the long-term consequence of IAP overexpression. We document the relative protein expression levels of the endogenous mouse homologue to XIAP, mouse inhibitor of apoptosis (MIAP 3), within thymocyte and T cell subpopulations. The consequence of lymphoid-targeted overexpression of XIAP in transgenic mice suggests a physiological role for the endogenous protein, MIAP3. Xiap-transgenic mice accumulated thymocytes and/or T cells in primary and secondary lymphoid tissue, T cell maturation was perturbed, and transgenic thymocytes resisted a variety of apoptotic triggers both in vitro and in vivo. These observations imply a possible key function for the intrinsic cellular inhibitor XIAP in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Conte
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
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19
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Wright KE, Prior F, Sardana R, Altosaar I, Dudani AK, Ganz PR, Tackaberry ES. Sorting of glycoprotein B from human cytomegalovirus to protein storage vesicles in seeds of transgenic tobacco. Transgenic Res 2001; 10:177-81. [PMID: 11305363 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008912305913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
As part of ongoing studies into the use of plant expression systems for making human therapeutic proteins, we have successfully expressed the major glycoprotein, gB, of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in transgenic tobacco plants. Viral glycoprotein was detectable in the protein extracts of mature tobacco seeds using neutralizing and non-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies specific for gB. Although several mammalian proteins have been expressed in tobacco, localization of these proteins in transgenic tobacco tissue has not been extensively examined. The objective of this study was to identify the site(s) of recombinant gB deposition in mature tobacco seeds. Using immunogold labelling and electron microscopy, we found specific labelling for gB in the endosperm of transgenic seeds, with gB localized almost exclusively in protein storage vesicles (PSV). This occurred in seeds that were freshly harvested and in seeds that had been stored for several months. These data indicate that gB behaves like a plant storage protein when expressed in tobacco seeds, and provide further support for the suitability of plants for producing recombinant proteins of potential clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Canada
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20
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Rubin SA, Pletnikov M, Taffs R, Snoy PJ, Kobasa D, Brown EG, Wright KE, Carbone KM. Evaluation of a neonatal rat model for prediction of mumps virus neurovirulence in humans. J Virol 2000; 74:5382-4. [PMID: 10799619 PMCID: PMC110897 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.11.5382-5384.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurovirulence of several mumps virus strains was assessed in a prototype rat neurovirulence test and compared to results obtained in the monkey neurovirulence test. The relative human neurovirulence of these strains was proportional to the severity of hydrocephalus in rats but not to lesion scores in the monkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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21
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A case report of iatrogenic spondylolysis as a complication of microdiscectomy leading to contralateral pedicular stress fracture and unstable spondylolisthesis. OBJECTIVE To improve understanding of this condition by presenting a case history and roentgenographic findings of a patient that differ from those already reported and to propose an effective method of surgical management. METHODS A 67-year-old woman with no history of spondylolysis or spondylolisthesis underwent an L4-L5 microdiscectomy for a left herniated nucleus pulposus 1 year before the current consultation. For the preceding 8 months, she had been experiencing low back and bilateral leg pain. Imaging studies revealed a left L4 spondylolytic defect and a right L4 pedicular stress fracture with an unstable Grade I spondylolisthesis. RESULTS The patient was treated with posterior spinal fusion, which resulted in complete resolution of her clinical and neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Iatrogenic spondylolysis after microdiscectomy is an uncommon entity. However, it can lead to contralateral pedicular stress fracture and spondylolisthesis, and thus can be a source of persistent back pain after disc surgery. Surgeons caring for these patients should be aware of this potential complication.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Maurer
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center-Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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Abstract
The Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine is composed of a mixture of variants distinguishable by a difference at nucleotide (nt) 1081 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene (Brown, E.G., Dimock, K., Wright, K.E., 1996. The Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine is a mixture of viruses differing at amino acid (aa) 335 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene with one form associated with disease. J. Infect. Dis. 174, 619-622.). Further genetic and biological variation was detected in plaque purified viruses from the Urabe AM9 vaccine by examining the HN gene sequence, plaque morphology, cytopathic effects and growth in Vero cells, and temperature sensitivity (ts). Infection of Vero cells with plaque purified viruses with a G at nt 1081 of the HN gene produced large, clear plaques, caused significant CPE early after infection but yielded lower titres of virus than other purified viruses. None of these viruses were ts. In contrast, half of the plaque purified viruses with an A at nt 1081 were sensitive to a temperature of 39.5 degrees C. These viruses produced small plaques, caused significant CPE and grew to low titres. Two ts viruses possessed a unique aa substitution at aa 468 of HN. The remaining A(1081) viruses were not ts, produced large plaques but little CPE, and grew to titres 10-fold higher than the G(1081) viruses. Isolates of Urabe AM9 associated with post-vaccination illness were similar to these non-ts A(1081) viruses, but could be further sub-divided into two groups on the basis of a difference at aa 464 of HN. The post-vaccination isolates may represent insufficiently attenuated components of the vaccine, while the G(1081) and ts subset of A(1081) viruses may be more fully attenuated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Canada.
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Wright KE, Maurer SG, Di Cesare PE. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis. Am J Orthop (Belle Mead NJ) 2000; 29:80-8; discussion 88-9. [PMID: 10695858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Viscosupplementation therapy can restore the elastic and viscous properties of synovial fluid and thus recreate the intra-articular joint homeostasis that is disrupted in the degenerative joint. Hyaluronan (hyaluronic acid) products have been developed and used for viscosupplementation therapy in osteoarthritis. Viscosupplementation treatments using these products are well tolerated. Because viscosupplementation therapy is based on the concept of replenishing a normal physiological component of synovial fluid and cartilaginous tissue, exogenous administration of hyaluronic acid has the potential to have few side effects or local or systemic reactions. Viscosupplementation represents an alternative treatment for patients with osteoarthritis in which oral medications and/or surgery are not options or are ineffective.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Joint Diseases Orthopaedic Institute, New York, New York, USA
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Wright CB, Vester SR, Wright KE, Obial R. Revascularization of myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock: an update. Abstracts & commentary. Curr Surg 2000; 57:8-11. [PMID: 16093020 DOI: 10.1016/s0149-7944(00)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C B Wright
- Cardiovascular Service, Health Alliance of Cincinnati and the Jewish Hospital of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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Rubin SA, Snoy PJ, Wright KE, Brown EG, Reeve P, Beeler JA, Carbone KM. The mumps virus neurovirulence safety test in Rhesus monkeys: a comparison of mumps virus strains. J Infect Dis 1999; 180:521-5. [PMID: 10395874 DOI: 10.1086/314905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild type mumps viruses are highly neurotropic and a frequent cause of aseptic meningitis in unvaccinated humans. To test whether attenuated mumps viruses used in the manufacture of mumps vaccines have neurovirulent properties, a monkey neurovirulence safety test (MNVT) is performed. However, results with several mumps virus MNVTs have raised questions as to whether the test can reliably discriminate neurovirulent from nonneurovirulent mumps virus strains. Here, various mumps virus strains representing a wide range of neuropathogenicity were tested in a standardized MNVT. A trend of higher neurovirulence scores was observed in monkeys inoculated with wild type mumps virus versus vaccine strains, although differences were not statistically significant. Results indicated the need for further examination and refinement of the MNVT or for development of alternative MNVTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Rubin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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26
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Abstract
Vaccination with mumps measles and rubella (MMR) vaccine containing the live attenuated mumps strain, Urabe AM9, is associated with an increased incidence of meningitis. The isolation of mumps virus from CSF and subsequent identification as Urabe AM9-like by sequence analysis confirmed the causative role of Urabe AM9 vaccine in meningitis. To assess the role of genetic reversion in vaccine failure, sequence comparisons were made between several genes of Urabe AM9 vaccine and post-vaccination meningitis mumps isolates. An amino acid substitution in the Urabe AM9 HN gene Lys335Glu was not detected in the post-vaccination meningitis isolates suggesting that reversion to wild type sequence was associated with vaccine failure. However, further analysis showed that the vaccine was a mixture of viruses that differed at aa 335 of HN, possessing either the wild type Lys335 or the mutant Glu335, whereas the clinical isolates were homogeneous and possessed the wild type Lys335. Passage of the Urabe AM9 vaccine preparations in Vero cells resulted in the amplification of the Glu335 virus, however the post-vaccination meningitis isolates (Lys335) grew better in Vero cells than Urabe AM9 vaccine. A virus isolate, similar to the post-vaccination isolates was obtained from the vaccine suggesting that the strain responsible for vaccine failure was a pre-existing component of the vaccine and was not necessarily the result of reversion. The Urabe AM9 vaccine is a heterogeneous mixture of genotypes that differ in virulence with the HN Glu335 viruses being attenuated and at least a subset of the HN Lys335 viruses that are associated with disease. The Glu335 mutation may be among a class of attenuating mutations identified in several neurotropic viruses that involve charged amino acids in neutralising epitopes of receptor binding proteins. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- EG Brown
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, 451 Smyth Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada K1H 8M5
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Harrelson GL, Leaver-Dunn D, Wright KE. An assessment of learning styles among undergraduate athletic training students. J Athl Train 1998; 33:50-3. [PMID: 16558485 PMCID: PMC1320376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Increased attention has been directed toward assessing and improving academic quality in athletic training education. The educational process has been assessed from a global level, but little is known about how athletic training students learn. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the learning styles of undergraduate athletic training students. DESIGN AND SETTING Undergraduate students enrolled in a Committee on Accreditation of Allied Health Education Programs (CAAHEP)-accredited athletic training education program completed a learning styles inventory during a regularly scheduled athletic training class at the start of the spring semester. SUBJECTS Twenty-seven student athletic trainers (age range, 19-30 yrs, mean age = 20.5 yrs) served as subjects. Sixteen subjects (7 male, 9 female) were in the first year of this 3-year program. Eleven subjects (7 male, 4 female) were second-year students. MEASUREMENTS Learning style was assessed using the Productivity Environmental Preference Survey. RESULTS Parametric and nonparametric one-way analyses of variance for each learning subscale by sex and by year in program revealed significant differences (P < .05) in light preferences for male and female students. There were also significant differences (P < .05) between first-and second-year students in preferences for afternoon learning activities. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that undergraduate athletic training students function best as leamers in a well-lit leaming environment. The significance of aftemoon as the preferred time for learning reinforces the importance of the clinical setting in the introduction and mastery of skills. Athletic training educators and clinical instructors can use these results as they examine their teaching strategies and educational environments.
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O'Boyle KP, Markowitz AL, Khorshidi M, Lalezari P, Longenecker BM, Lloyd KO, Welt S, Wright KE. Specificity analysis of murine monoclonal antibodies reactive with Tn, sialylated Tn, T, and monosialylated (2-->6) T antigens. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1996; 15:401-8. [PMID: 8985750 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1996.15.401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
T, Tn, and sialyated Tn (sTn) are pancarcinoma antigens, and increased expression of these carbohydrate epitopes has been correlated with a poor prognosis in several epithelial malignancies. Ten murine monoclonal antibodies have been generated to these antigens, and compared by ELISA and immunohistochemistry to established mAbs reactive with these antigens. Nine mAbs (3 IgM and 6 IgG) reactive with synthetic T-human serum albumin (T-HSA) were produced after immunizing BALB/c mice with a synthetic T-keyhole limpet hemocyanin glycoconjugate (T-KLH). An additional IgM mAb (145.22) was produced in mice immunized with erythrocytes isolated from a patient with Tn syndrome. Three IgM and six IgG1 mAbs reactive with T-HSA did not react with natural T antigen present on desialyated glycophorin. All three IgM and several IgG1 mAbs, however, did react with LS-174T, a mucinous colon carcinoma cell line, 647V, a human bladder carcinoma cell line, and TA3Ha, a murine mammary carcinoma cell line as well as fresh frozen colon carcinomas. MAb 145.22 reacted with both natural and synthetic sources of sTn and Tn, as well as with LS-174T cells and mucin deposits in 10/11 colon carcinomas on fresh-frozen sections. MAb B72.3 reacted strongly with ovine submaxillary mucin (OSM) and sTn-HSA, while mAb CC49, a second-generation mAb to TAG-72 carcinoma mucin, reacted strongly with OSM, less strongly with desialyated OSM, and only weakly with sTn-HSA, suggesting that the epitope specificity for mAb CC49 is distinct from that of B72.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P O'Boyle
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Smeenk CA, Wright KE, Burns BF, Thaker AJ, Brown EG. Mutations in the hemagglutinin and matrix genes of a virulent influenza virus variant, A/FM/1/47-MA, control different stages in pathogenesis. Virus Res 1996; 44:79-95. [PMID: 8879138 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1702(96)01329-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mouse adapted strain of influenza A/FM/1/47 virus, FM-MA, has increased virulence due to mutations in HA, M1 and at least one other, unmapped, genome segment. Genetic reassortants that differ due to the HA or M1 mutations were used to define the role of these mutations in pathogenesis. Pathological changes in lungs of infected mice were assessed by hematoxylin phloxine saffron (HPS) staining, and viral infection was measured by fluorescent antibody staining of thin sections and flow cytometry of lung parenchymal cells. HA played a role in bronchiolar pathology by increasing necrosis of bronchiolar epithelium, peribronchiolar lymphocytes, and airway obstruction. The HA mutation was shown to be responsible for a 0.2 unit decreased in the pH optimum of fusion and controlled resistance to alpha and beta inhibitors of hemagglutination. Both these changes in biology may confer a replicative advantage in bronchioles seen in the first day of infection. Thus the HA mutation may have conferred a survival advantage in the extracellular lung environment. The M1 mutation resulted in improved growth in the lung and cultured cells and was associated with increases in recruitment of macrophages, spread of infection into the alveoli of the lung and interstitial pneumonia. Sequence analysis indicated that the unmapped mutation in the control of FM-MA virulence is either the K482-->R substitution in the PB2 protein or the D538-->G substitution in the PB1 protein. One or other of these mutations results in a growth advantage in infected lung but not in cultured cells as well as a further increased recruitment and infection of macrophages in the lung. Infection with virulent strains of influenza that induced increases in macrophage recruitment caused hypothermia in the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Smeenk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Brown EG, Dimock K, Wright KE. The Urabe AM9 mumps vaccine is a mixture of viruses differing at amino acid 335 of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase gene with one form associated with disease. J Infect Dis 1996; 174:619-22. [PMID: 8769623 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/174.3.619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The reason for the high incidence of vaccine-associated meningitis due to the Urabe AM9 vaccine was assessed by comparing the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene from vaccine virus to those of viruses isolated from persons with postvaccination meningitis. A G1081--> A nt substitution that was predicted to result in a Glu335--> Lys reversion in the HN protein was detected between Urabe AM9 (G) and postvaccine meningitis mumps virus isolates (A). Further analysis showed that the Urabe AM9 vaccine was a mixture of viruses with wild type (A) and variant (G) nt at position 1081. Urabe AM9 vaccinees who developed meningitis or parotitis possessed predominantly A (98%-100%) at nt 1081, indicating strong selection of the wild type (A) form relative to the variant (G) form. Mumps virus homogeneous for the variant Glu335 form of the HN gene may be safer than the original Urabe AM9 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Brown
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Canada
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Katz E, Watts LD, Wright KE, Bennett FC, Litz JL, Damewood MD, Compton MG, García JE. Effect of incremental time experience on the results of in vitro fertilization with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). J Assist Reprod Genet 1996; 13:501-4. [PMID: 8835680 DOI: 10.1007/bf02066532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Our objective was to determine the effect of experience on the results with intracytoplasmic sperm injection. METHODS The quarterly outcome with both ICSI and traditional in vitro fertilization (IVF) in 1994 was analyzed in 475 patients under age 40 undergoing 595 oocyte retrievals. The data represent 307 patients undergoing 379 retrievals for IVF and 165 patients undergoing 216 retrievals for ICSI. RESULTS Fertilization rates with ICSI improved significantly each quarter (52.96, 62.17, 70.17, and 74.87% in Q-I, Q-II, Q-III, and Q-IV, respectively), while the rate with IVF improved significantly between Q-I (69.9%) and Q-II (80.10%) and slightly but significantly between Q-II and Q-IV (82.88%). The implantation rate per embryo after ICSI improved significantly after Q-I (6.17%) compared to Q-II (10.70%) and Q-IV (12.14%). The pregnancy rate per transfer with ICSI increased steadily after Q-I (13.79, 21.88, 23.53, and 25.00% in Q-I through Q-IV), reaching statistical significance between Q-I and Q-III and between Q-I and Q-IV. CONCLUSIONS Although acceptable results can be obtained with ICSI after a relatively short period of time, optimum results require substantial experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Katz
- Women's Hospital Fertility Center, Department of Gynecology, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Maryland 21204, USA
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Potempa LA, Motie M, Wright KE, Crump BL, Radosevich JA, Sakai N, Lai G, Tanaka K, Kojima E, Tsuboi A, Hua LG. Stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis in mice by human modified C-reactive protein (mCRP). Exp Hematol 1996; 24:258-64. [PMID: 8641350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The prototypic human acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), and a structurally modified form of CRP (mCRP) were studied as agents which could stimulate thrombopoiesis in both in vitro and in vivo mouse models. mCRP, but not the widely studied (native) pentameric form of CRP, demonstrated significant megakaryocyte colony-stimulating activity. This activity was measured in plasma clot cultures incubated with pokeweed mitogen-stimulated spleen cell conditioned medium (PWM-SCM). mCRP increased the number of mouse megakaryocyte colonies in a dose-dependent manner. While significantly more colonies were observed in mCRP-treated cultures compared to controls, the kinetics of megakaryocyte growth and maturation were similar to those measured in cultures stimulated with PWM-SCM lacking mCRP. A low level of megakaryocyte growth-promoting activity was noted when mCRP was added to plasma clot cultures not incubated with spleen cell conditioned medium. However, the most striking activity of mCRP was in potentiating stimulated megakaryocyte colony formation (i.e., as a Meg-POT factor). In in vivo experiments, mCRP injected subcutaneously into normal mice resulted in significant increases in blood platelet numbers compared to control mice receiving sham injections. These results suggest that a modified form of CRP has thrombopoietic activity in both in vitro and in vivo mouse models, Therefore, one important biological role for CRP during an acute-phase response might be to contribute, after a structural modification, to the hematopoietic regulation of blood platelets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Potempa
- Immtech International, Evanston, IL 60201, USA
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Fincher AL, Wright KE. Use of computer-based instruction in athletic training education. J Athl Train 1996; 31:44-9. [PMID: 16558370 PMCID: PMC1318354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Computer-based instruction is being widely used in the education programs of many allied health professions. However, there has been little, if any, documentation of computer-based instruction use in athletic training education. The primary purpose of this study was to determine what percentage of undergraduate and graduate NATA-approved athletic training education programs are using some form of computer-based instruction (ie, computer-assisted instruction or interactive video). We also addressed the following research questions: 1) What athletic training educational software is currently being used by athletic training students and educators? 2) What factors currently impede the use of computer-based instruction in athletic training education? 3) What instructional methods are commonly used to incorporate computer-based instruction into the athletic training curricula? and 4) What are the attitudes of athletic training program directors toward the use of computer-based instruction in athletic training education? Surveys were mailed to the program directors (n = 97) of all graduate and undergraduate NATA-approved athletic training education programs. Eighty-six (87.7%) usable surveys were returned. Forty-eight (55.8%) of the respondents reported using some form of computer-based instruction in their athletic training education program; 47 (54.7%) used computer-assisted instruction and 9 (10.6%) used interactive video. Respondents also identified the educational software they use and their method for implementing this software. Software was used most often to supplement traditional instructional methods. A lack of funds was reported to be the primary impeding factor for those programs not using computer-based instruction. Respondents reported an overall positive attitude toward computer-based instruction use in athletic training education and indicated the need for increased development of athletic training/sports medicine software.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Fincher
- A. Louise Fincher is Director of Education at Joe W. King Orthopedic Institute, 7401 S. Main, Houston, TX 77030
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Abstract
Intracranial inoculation of neonatal mice of certain inbred strains with Pichinde virus has been found to be fatal, but Balb/c neonates survive such infection. Survival of Balb/c mice after neonatal inoculation was not linked to the major histocompatability complex. Virus was gradually cleared in surviving Balb/c mice but could be detected in the brain and kidneys for up to 9 months after infection. These animals were not immunologically tolerant but exhibited high antibody titers to viral antigens. MHC restricted cytotoxic T cell activity was also demonstrable in persistently infected mice following challenge with high titered virus. Pathological changes consistent with glomerulonephritis were observed in the kidneys and surviving mice were runted compared to normals. This model differs from the widely studied persistent infection of mice with lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) and provides a unique model for the study of the genetics of resistance to viral infection, mechanisms of persistence and pathological processes in chronic viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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Abstract
Type A and B influenza viruses can cause a wide spectrum of illness, and these viruses are responsible for considerable mortality and morbidity. Rapid typing of isolates is desirable when amantadine treatment or prophylaxis of contacts of type A influenza virus carriers is considered, but the available rapid techniques lack sensitivity and standard diagnostic methods require expansion of virus in tissue culture or embryonated hens' eggs. We developed a series of oligonucleotide primers able to detect, type, and subtype type A influenza viruses in a single reverse transcription-PCR. RNA was isolated from clinical specimens, and cDNA was generated with random primers. PCR was carried out with a mixture of primers specific for influenza viruses of types B, A/H1 and A/H3, and subtyping of the neuraminidase was carried out on the same cDNA template under identical conditions. Amplified products were detected by ethidium bromide staining of amplified products after agarose gel electrophoresis. When it was used to test 98 clinical specimens, this method was comparable to standard culture techniques in the detection, typing, and subtyping of influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Whitehill WR, Wright KE, Nelson K. Modified lachman test for anterior cruciate ligament stability. J Athl Train 1994; 29:256-7. [PMID: 16558288 PMCID: PMC1317794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W R Whitehill
- William R. Whitehill is Assistant Professor at Department of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Safety, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132
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Whitehill WR, Wright KE. Delphi Study: HIV/AIDS and the Athletic Population. J Athl Train 1994; 29:114-9. [PMID: 16558273 PMCID: PMC1317775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent announcements in the news of HIV/AIDS contraction by famous sports figures have focused world attention on the fact that athletes are not immune to this deadly virus. In view of this, we reviewed the literature to examine what studies have been directed specifically at the athletic population and HIV/AIDS. Unfortunately, because of the relatively new nature of this problem, little data exists for examination. A panel of experts was assembled to participate in a Delphi methodology project. This educational study was designed to examine three issues surrounding the athletic community and HIV/AIDS. The three questions examined in this study were: 1) should medical testing be undertaken within the athletic community to determine exposure to the virus; 2) if testing is undertaken, what privacy/confidentiality measures should be incorporated to protect the individual and the results of the test; and 3) what educational interventions should be developed and implemented to help the athlete understand the disease and prevent the spread. The responses from the Delphi participants indicate that the HIV/AIDS dilemma is a societal issue and should not single out a segment of the population-in this case the athletic community. The panel also indicated that privacy and confidentiality are crucial in protecting the individual athlete and test results. The development and implementation of educational interventions is the most important component in the entire issue of HIV/AIDS and the athletic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Whitehill
- William R. Whitehill is Assistant Professor of Health, Physical Education, Recreation, and Safety at Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132
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O'Boyle KP, Mattes MJ, Sigurdson ER, Sutanto-Ward E, Divgi CR, Welt S, Wright KE. Localization of complement-fixing cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies to subcutaneous tumors and liver metastases in a syngeneic immunocompetent rat colon carcinoma model. J Immunother Emphasis Tumor Immunol 1994; 15:175-84. [PMID: 8032540 DOI: 10.1097/00002371-199404000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
To study the immune effects of complement-fixing cytotoxic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in a syngeneic immunocompetent animal model, mouse mAbs reactive with the transplantable rat colon carcinoma K12/TRb were generated. This system was used in part because rats have a complement system superior to that of mice. Seven murine IgG mAbs that reacted strongly with cell surface determinants of the K12/TRb rat colon carcinoma cell line were produced by immunizing MRL/Mp-1pr/1pr autoimmune mice, known to produce an increased amount of complement-fixing IgG2a and IgG3 immune cytotoxic antibodies, with K12/TRb cells. These mAbs were screened for their specificity of reaction, and two of these mAbs were extensively tested for their ability to lyse cells in vitro and localize to K12/TRb tumors in syngeneic BD IX rats. IgG2a mAbs 27-3 and 61-5 were able to mediate both complement and lymphocyte cytotoxicity in vitro and localize to subcutaneous tumors and liver metastases in this immunocompetent rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P O'Boyle
- Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Bronx, New York
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Fletcher SB, Whitehill WR, Wright KE. Medicated compress for blister treatment. J Athl Train 1993; 28:81-2. [PMID: 16558211 PMCID: PMC1317896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S B Fletcher
- Spence B. Fletcher is Assistant Athletic Trainer at University of Mississippi, University, MI 38677
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Abstract
Hantaan virus-infected Vero E6 cell lysates were used for immunoprecipitation with monoclonal antibodies against glycoprotein G1 (MAbG1) or G2 (MAbG2). When cell lysates were prepared with buffer containing nonionic detergent, both G1 and G2 glycoproteins were precipitated with either MAbG1 or MAbG2. In contrast, when cell lysates were prepared with a buffer containing ionic detergents MAbG1 precipitated only glycoprotein G1 and MAbG2 precipitated only glycoprotein G2. Heterodimers and possibly higher oligomeric forms of the glycoproteins were detected on nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gels only after chemical cross-linking and immunoprecipitation with either MAbG1 or MAbG2. In order to determine the sites of Hantaan virus glycoproteins maturation and the G1-G2 complex formation, infected cells were treated with inhibitors that prevent specific steps of oligosaccharide processing. Furthermore, glycoproteins G1 and G2 immunoprecipitated from infected cell lysates or from isolated virus particles were tested for sensitivity to endoglycosidase H, endoglycosidase F, and endoglycosidase D. The results of these experiments show that maturation of both G1 and G2 takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Furthermore, G1-G2 complex formation occurs in the ER as well, since the two glycoproteins co-precipitated with either MAbG1 or MAbG2 from infected cell lysates treated with brefeldin A and prepared with buffer containing nonionic detergent.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Antic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Faculty of Medicine, Ontario, Canada
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Whitehill WR, Wright KE, Robinson JB. Guidelines for dispensing medications. J Athl Train 1992; 27:20-2. [PMID: 16558124 PMCID: PMC1317123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Federal and state codes exist regarding administering and dispensing medications and there is variation between the two. Recognition of the differences is imperative for the athletic trainer, who has traditionally dispensed these agents in compliance with established legal and professional guidelines. Statutes that apply to classifying, documenting, prescribing, dispensing, labeling, and housing medications by athletic trainers are presented as a baseline for this article. State and local regulations should be consulted to clarify differences existing at various governmental levels. These guidelines are provided to assist athletic trainers in properly dispensing medications.
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Duncan KM, Wright KE. A national survey of athletic trainer roles and responsibilities in the allied clinical setting. J Athl Train 1992; 27:311-6. [PMID: 16558186 PMCID: PMC1317281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Data collected from a survey instrument mailed to all 188 NATA-approved allied clinical setting directors were analyzed to assess the current levels of professional preparation as related to the NATA competencies, job roles, and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers in the allied clinical setting. The topics examined included specific roles and responsibilities of certified athletic trainers currently employed in an allied clinical setting. A response rate of 70.5% was obtained. Skills and services provided by the clinical ATC rated as very important were: evaluation, prevention, and rehabilitation/reconditioning of athletic injuries. Competency regarding recognition and evaluation received the highest relative importance score, which is consistent with the findings of the 1982 NATA Role Delineation Study and the 1991 NATA Validation Study. Educational preparation through NATA-approved curriculums had the highest importance in professional preparation for a career in athletic training. The data indicated that educational emphasis for athletic training students interested in employment in the nontraditional setting has diverged from the guidelines established in the 1982 Role Delineation Study. The results of this study suggest that students preparing for a career in a nontraditional (clinical) setting should focus on developing skills in athletic injury evaluation, rehabilitation and reconditioning, and prevention. While these results support findings of the 1982 Role Delineation Study, additional research is needed to address the levels of professional preparation as related to the NATA competencies, job roles, and responsibilities of the clinical athletic trainer.
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Abstract
The role of antiviral antibody in resistance to acute lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus infection has been examined by passive transfer of monoclonal antibodies and intracerebral challenge infection. Protection of mice from lethal T-cell-mediated acute disease was observed following passive administration of antibodies either 1 day before or up to 2 days after infection. Viral replication was suppressed in protected mice, and the cytotoxic T-cell response to virus was also diminished. Virus was cleared from the brain and other tissues of protected mice without development of lethal immunopathology, suggesting that preexisting antibody may play a significant role in modulating potentially destructive effects of T-cell-mediated immune responses to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Abstract
Intracellular events in the synthesis, glycosylation, and transport of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) glycoproteins have been examined. We have shown by N-glycanase digestion that LCMV strain Arm-4 bears five oligosaccharides on GP-1 and two on GP-2. By pulse-chase labeling experiments in the presence of drugs which inhibit N-linked oligosaccharide addition and processing we demonstrate that addition of high mannose precursor oligosaccharides is necessary for transport and cleavage of the viral GP-C glycoprotein. Moreover, in the presence of tunicamycin which inhibits en bloc addition of these mannose-rich side chains, virus budding was substantially decreased and infectious virions were reduced by more than 1000-fold in the supernatant medium. Incubation in the presence of castantospermine, which permits addition of oligomannosyl-rich chains but blocks further processing, restored transport and cleavage of GP-C and maturation of virions. Finally, by temperature block experiments we have determined that maturation of GP-C oligosaccharides to an endoglycosidase H resistant form precedes cleavage to GP-1 and GP-2. The latter process is most likely to occur in the Golgi or post-Golgi compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Wright KE, Salvato MS, Buchmeier MJ. Neutralizing epitopes of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus are conformational and require both glycosylation and disulfide bonds for expression. Virology 1989; 171:417-26. [PMID: 2474891 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(89)90610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (Armstrong strain) bears two overlapping epitopes, GP-1A (A) and GP-1D (D), recognized by neutralizing antibodies on the major surface glycoprotein GP-1. Both are discontinuous conformational epitopes that require prior formation of disulfide bridges and addition of N-linked oligosaccharides. Using monoclonal antibodies specific for each of these epitopes, as well as for conformation-independent epitopes, we have investigated the requirements for biosynthesis and folding of the epitopes. The carbohydrate residues themselves do not appear to comprise critical informational components of these epitopes, but are required for proper folding of the nascent glycopeptide chain within the rough endoplasmic reticulum. These epitopes differ in their resistance to denaturation; epitope D is retained when denatured with SDS under nonreducing conditions, whereas epitope A is lost. Monoclonal antibodies to epitope A cross-react with several strains of LCMV. However, epitope D is detected in only a subset of isolates derived from the Armstrong strain of LCMV. By RNA sequence analysis, we have mapped a single amino acid change distinguishing those virions containing epitope D. Acquisition of binding activity of the epitope D-specific monoclonal correlates with a Thr----Ala or Thr----Lys mutation at amino acid 173 of the GP-1 molecule and concomitant disruption of a consensus N-linked glycosylation site.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Wright
- Department of Immunology, Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, La Jolla, California 92037
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Powers AC, Tedeschi F, Wright KE, Chan JS, Habener JF. Somatostatin gene expression in pancreatic islet cells is directed by cell-specific DNA control elements and DNA-binding proteins. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:10048-56. [PMID: 2566613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin is a peptide synthesized in the pancreatic islets, nervous system, gastrointestinal tract, and thyroid gland. Factors that control islet cell-specific expression of the somatostatin gene were analyzed by expression of fusion genes consisting of 5' rat somatostatin gene sequences linked to coding sequences of the receptor genes, bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase, and human growth hormone. Fusion genes containing 900 and 250 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking DNA were preferentially expressed at 5-10-fold higher levels in somatostatin-producing islet cell lines, as compared with islet cell lines that produced insulin and glucagon, and in three non-islet cell lines. A deletional mutation consisting of only 65 bp of 5'-flanking sequence of the rat somatostatin gene expressed in all islet cell lines but not in non-islet lines, indicating the existence of a negative-acting islet cell-specific element located between nucleotides -250 and -65. The 65-bp sequence contains the octameric cAMP-responsive enhancer (CRE) TGACGTCA (nucleotides -48 to -41). Fine mapping of sequences responsible for islet-specific expression by substitution of synthetic oligonucleotide cassettes revealed full retention of expression by deletion to nucleotides -48 and complete loss of expression at nucleotides -42 of the CRE. Substitution of the 9 bp adjacent 3' to the CRE of the somatostatin gene (nucleotides -40 to -32) with the corresponding sequence located 3' to the CRE of the glucagon gene abolished expression. By gel mobility shift and DNaseI footprinting analyses, proteins in extracts of islet cells bound to the 24 bp including the CRE and downstream adjacent 9 bp (nucleotides -58 to -35). An additional upstream region of DNA was protected from DNase I digestion (nucleotides -110 to -80). Proteins from non-islet cells bound to the region from nucleotides -58 to -35, but patterns of DNase I protection differed from those using proteins from islet cells. These observations indicate that several DNA-binding proteins interact with cis-acting elements located between 35 and 58 bp upstream of the transcriptional start site of the rat somatostatin gene to determine islet cell-specific gene expression. CRE-binding protein(s) is ubiquitous among phenotypically different cells, and expression of the somatostatin gene in non-somatostatin-producing islet cells appears to be inhibited by a negative-acting element located upstream of the CRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Powers
- Laboratory of Molecular Endocrinology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
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Wright KE, Rosenthal KL, Rawls WE. Association of reduced interleukin-2 production with genetic susceptibility to Pichinde virus in inbred strains of hamsters. Arch Virol 1987; 92:197-209. [PMID: 3028332 DOI: 10.1007/bf01317477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult inbred MHA hamsters are susceptible to lethal infections with Pichinde virus while inbred LSH hamsters resist such infections. Previous studies demonstrated higher levels of endogenous and induced natural killer (NK) activity in MHA splenocytes than in LSH splenocytes. Preferential replication of Pichinde virus in cells with NK activity was suggested by showing that the greater numbers of infected spleen cells observed in MHA hamsters could be accounted for by a cell population that cosedimented with a peak of NK activity. Increased cellularity of thymi and spleens as well as increased cells sensitive to lymphokines was also found in MHA hamsters as compared to LSH hamsters. In the present study we found that injection of anti-asialo GM 1 serum reduced NK activity but did not alter susceptibility to virus infection. However, MHA hamsters were found to be relatively deficient in the production of interleukin 2 and injection of interleukin 2 altered the mortality of hamsters infected with Pichinde virus. These findings suggest that susceptibility to lethal infection by Pichinde virus is associated with reduced ability to produce interleukin 2 in MHA hamsters.
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Wright KE, Clark DA, Rawls WE. Differences in lymphocyte responsiveness to lymphokines in two inbred strains of Syrian hamster. The Journal of Immunology 1984. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.133.1.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Two inbred strains of Syrian hamster have been shown to display differences in splenic NK cell activity both endogenously and after infection with Pichinde virus. On further investigation of these differences, it was found that the spleens and thymuses of the high NK strain, MHA, displayed greater cellularity than those of the low NK strain, LSH. Additionally, thymocytes from MHA hamsters were found to proliferate to a greater extent than those of LSH hamsters in response to Con A-induced conditioned medium plus lectin. Splenocytes from MHA hamsters showed high levels of lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity after culture in conditioned medium, in contrast to LSH splenocytes cultured under the same conditions. By limiting dilution analysis, spleens from MHA hamsters were found to contain a greater frequency of LAK precursors than those from LSH hamsters. The data suggest that the relative concentrations of lymphopoietic cells is genetically determined.
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Wright KE, Clark DA, Rawls WE. Differences in lymphocyte responsiveness to lymphokines in two inbred strains of Syrian hamster. J Immunol 1984; 133:286-92. [PMID: 6609982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two inbred strains of Syrian hamster have been shown to display differences in splenic NK cell activity both endogenously and after infection with Pichinde virus. On further investigation of these differences, it was found that the spleens and thymuses of the high NK strain, MHA, displayed greater cellularity than those of the low NK strain, LSH. Additionally, thymocytes from MHA hamsters were found to proliferate to a greater extent than those of LSH hamsters in response to Con A-induced conditioned medium plus lectin. Splenocytes from MHA hamsters showed high levels of lymphokine-activated killer cell (LAK) activity after culture in conditioned medium, in contrast to LSH splenocytes cultured under the same conditions. By limiting dilution analysis, spleens from MHA hamsters were found to contain a greater frequency of LAK precursors than those from LSH hamsters. The data suggest that the relative concentrations of lymphopoietic cells is genetically determined.
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Abstract
Three replicates (pens of 10 birds each) of a 2 X 2 factorial design experiment (25 and 10,000 IU vitamin E/kg diet on 25 and 500 IU vitamin D/kg diet) were utilized in order to assess effects of excessive intakes of vitamin E on calcium metabolism in the growing chick. A one-week equilibration period was followed by a two-week experimental period. Excessive vitamin E supplementation resulted in reduced calcium and phosphorus in blood plasma, in dry fat-free bone, and in bone ash, calcium, and phosphorus. Inadequate vitamin D supplementation reduced total feed consumption, terminal body weight, plasma calcium, dry fat-free-bone, bone ash, bone calcium, and bone phosphorus. Significant vitamin E X vitamin D interactions were noted for plasma calcium, dry bone, and bone ash, excessive vitamin E apparently interfering with vitamin D utilization.
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