Age and sex-specific disability-free life expectancy in urban and rural settings of Bangladesh

BACKGROUND

Disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) has been used to gain a better understanding of the population's quality of life.

OBJECTIVES

The authors aimed to estimate age and sex-specific disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) for urban and rural areas of Bangladesh, as well as to investigate the differences in DFLE between males and females of urban and rural areas.

METHODS

Data from the Bangladesh Sample Vital Statistics-2016 and the Bangladesh Household Income and Expenditure Survey (HIES)-2016 were used to calculate the disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) of urban and rural males and females in Bangladesh in 2016. The DFLE was calculated using the Sullivan method.

RESULTS

With only a few exceptions, rural areas have higher mortality and disability rates than urban areas. For both males and females, statistically significant differences in DFLE were reported between urban and rural areas between the ages of birth and 39 years. In comparison to rural males and females, urban males and females had a longer life expectancy (LE), a longer disability-free life expectancy, and a higher share of life without disability.

CONCLUSION

This study illuminates stark urban-rural disparities in LE and DFLE, especially among individuals aged < 1-39 years. Gender dynamics reveal longer life expectancy but shorter disability-free life expectancy for Bangladeshi women compared to men, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions to address these pronounced health inequalities.

Hubungan Kualifikasi Akademik dan Kinerja Guru dengan Hasil Belajar Siswa

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran kualifikasi akademik dan kinerja guru dengan hasil belajar siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri di Kota Jambi tahun 2019. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain korelasional karena peneliti ingin mengetahui tingkat hubungan antara dua variabel atau lebih. Instrumen pengumpulan data melalui penyebaran angket. Uji validitas yang digunakan yaitu uji validitas instrumen dan reliabilitas. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan pengujian hipotesis dari 30 responden  guru dan 9 hasil nilai mata pelajaran yang termasuk dalam UNBK diperoleh 96,7% responden memiliki kualifikasi akademik Berkualifikasi, kinerja guru Sangat Baik yaitu 96,7 %, dengan hasil belajar termasuk dalam kategori Cukup yaitu 44,44% dan  56,6% memiliki hasil belajar siswa Kurang baik pada Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri di Kota Jambi Tahun Ajaran 2018-2019. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara kualifikasi akademik dan kinerja guru dengan hasil belajar siswa di Sekolah Menengah Atas Negeri di Kota Jambi Tahun Ajaran 2018-2019.

Counting the electrons in a multiphoton ionization by elastic scattering of microwaves

Multiphoton ionization (MPI) is a fundamental first step in high-energy laser-matter interaction and is important for understanding the mechanism of plasma formation. With the discovery of MPI more than 50 years ago, there were numerous attempts to determine the basic physical constants of this process in direct experiments, namely photoionization rates and cross-sections of the MPI; however, no reliable data was available until now, and the spread in the literature values often reaches 2–3 orders of magnitude. This is due to the inability to conduct absolute measurements of plasma electron numbers generated by MPI, which leads to uncertainties and, sometimes, contradictions between MPI cross-section values utilized by different researchers across the field. Here, we report the first direct measurement of absolute plasma electron numbers generated at MPI of air, and subsequently we precisely determine the ionization rate and cross-section of eight-photon ionization of oxygen molecule by 800 nm photons σ₈ = (3.3 ± 0.3)×10⁻¹³⁰ W⁻⁸m¹⁶s⁻¹. The method, based on the absolute measurement of the electron number created by MPI using elastic scattering of microwaves off the plasma volume in Rayleigh regime, establishes a general approach to directly measure and tabulate basic constants of the MPI process for various gases and photon energies.