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Hite NJ, Sudheimer KD, Anderson L, Sarko DK. Spatial Learning and Memory in the Naked Mole-Rat: Evolutionary Adaptations to a Subterranean Niche. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.879989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary adaptation to a subterranean habitat consisting of extensive underground tunnel systems would presumably require adept spatial learning and memory, however, such capabilities have not been characterized to date in naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) which, like other members of Bathyergidae, are subterranean rodents. The goal of this study was to develop a method for effectively assessing spatial learning and memory by modifying a Hebb-Williams maze for use with these subterranean rodents. Established behavioral tests to assess spatial learning and memory have primarily focused on, and have been optimized for, more typical laboratory rodent species such as mice and rats. In the current study, we utilized species-appropriate motivators, analyzed learning curves associated with maze performance, and tested memory retention in naked mole-rats. Using a modified Hebb-Williams maze, naked mole-rats underwent 3 days of training, consisting of five trials per day wherein they could freely explore the maze in search of the reward chamber. Memory retention was then tested 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month following the last day of training. Performance was analyzed based on latency to the reward chamber, errors made, and distance traveled to reach the reward chamber. Overall, this study established a behavioral paradigm for assessing maze navigation, spatial learning, and spatial memory in subterranean rodents, including optimization of rewards and environmental motivators.
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Cole EJ, Phillips AL, Bentzley BS, Stimpson KH, Nejad R, Barmak F, Veerapal C, Khan N, Cherian K, Felber E, Brown R, Choi E, King S, Pankow H, Bishop JH, Azeez A, Coetzee J, Rapier R, Odenwald N, Carreon D, Hawkins J, Chang M, Keller J, Raj K, DeBattista C, Jo B, Espil FM, Schatzberg AF, Sudheimer KD, Williams NR. Stanford Neuromodulation Therapy (SNT): A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:132-141. [PMID: 34711062 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20101429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and half of patients with depression have treatment-resistant depression. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of treatment-resistant depression but is limited by suboptimal efficacy and a 6-week duration. The authors addressed these limitations by developing a neuroscience-informed accelerated iTBS protocol, Stanford neuromodulation therapy (SNT; previously referred to as Stanford accelerated intelligent neuromodulation therapy, or SAINT). This protocol was associated with a remission rate of ∼90% after 5 days of open-label treatment. Here, the authors report the results of a sham-controlled double-blind trial of SNT for treatment-resistant depression. METHODS Participants with treatment-resistant depression currently experiencing moderate to severe depressive episodes were randomly assigned to receive active or sham SNT. Resting-state functional MRI was used to individually target the region of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex most functionally anticorrelated with the subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. The primary outcome was score on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) 4 weeks after treatment. RESULTS At the planned interim analysis, 32 participants with treatment-resistant depression had been enrolled, and 29 participants who continued to meet inclusion criteria received either active (N=14) or sham (N=15) SNT. The mean percent reduction from baseline in MADRS score 4 weeks after treatment was 52.5% in the active treatment group and 11.1% in the sham treatment group. CONCLUSIONS SNT, a high-dose iTBS protocol with functional-connectivity-guided targeting, was more effective than sham stimulation for treatment-resistant depression. Further trials are needed to determine SNT's durability and to compare it with other treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Angela L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Brandon S Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Katy H Stimpson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Romina Nejad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Fahim Barmak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Clive Veerapal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Naushaba Khan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Kirsten Cherian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Emily Felber
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Randi Brown
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Elizabeth Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Sinead King
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Heather Pankow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - James H Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Azeezat Azeez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - John Coetzee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Rachel Rapier
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Nicole Odenwald
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - David Carreon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Jessica Hawkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Maureen Chang
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Jennifer Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Kristin Raj
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Charles DeBattista
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Flint M Espil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
| | - Nolan R Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors except King and Sudheimer); U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Palo Alto, Calif. (Phillips, Azeez, Coetzee); Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif. (Stimpson, Cherian, Felber, Brown, Choi); Centre for Neuroimaging and Cognitive Genomics, National University of Ireland, Galway (King); Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale (Sudheimer)
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Williams NR, Sudheimer KD, Cole EJ, Varias AD, Goldstein-Piekarski AN, Stetz P, Lombardi A, Filippou-Frye M, van Roessel P, Anderson K, McCarthy EA, Wright B, Sandhu T, Menon S, Jo B, Koran L, Williams LM, Rodriguez CI. Accelerated neuromodulation therapy for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:435-437. [PMID: 33631349 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan R Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Anatomy, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Eleanor J Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea D Varias
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrea N Goldstein-Piekarski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Stetz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Lombardi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Filippou-Frye
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peter van Roessel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kelley Anderson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth A McCarthy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Brianna Wright
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Thasveen Sandhu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lorrin Koran
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Leanne M Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA; Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (MIRECC), VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn I Rodriguez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Phillips AL, Cole EJ, Bentzley BS, Stimpson KH, Nejad R, Tischler C, Barmak F, Veerapal C, Khan N, Cherian K, Felber E, Brown R, Choi E, Bishop J, Azeez PA, Coetzee J, Rapier R, Odenwald N, Carreon D, Hawkins J, Chang M, Espil FM, Schatzberg AF, Sudheimer KD, Williams NR. Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT-TRD) induces rapid remission from treatment-resistant depression in a double-blinded, randomized, and controlled trial. Brain Stimul 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Cole EJ, Stimpson KH, Bentzley BS, Gulser M, Cherian K, Tischler C, Nejad R, Pankow H, Choi E, Aaron H, Espil FM, Pannu J, Xiao X, Duvio D, Solvason HB, Hawkins J, Guerra A, Jo B, Raj KS, Phillips AL, Barmak F, Bishop JH, Coetzee JP, DeBattista C, Keller J, Schatzberg AF, Sudheimer KD, Williams NR. Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy for Treatment-Resistant Depression. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:716-726. [PMID: 32252538 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2019.19070720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE New antidepressant treatments are needed that are effective, rapid acting, safe, and tolerable. Intermittent theta-burst stimulation (iTBS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation treatment that has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for treatment-resistant depression. Recent methodological advances suggest that the current iTBS protocol might be improved through 1) treating patients with multiple sessions per day at optimally spaced intervals, 2) applying a higher overall pulse dose of stimulation, and 3) precision targeting of the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) to subgenual anterior cingulate cortex (sgACC) circuit. The authors examined the feasibility, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of Stanford Accelerated Intelligent Neuromodulation Therapy (SAINT), an accelerated, high-dose resting-state functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI)-guided iTBS protocol for treatment-resistant depression. METHODS Twenty-two participants with treatment-resistant depression received open-label SAINT. fcMRI was used to individually target the region of the left DLPFC most anticorrelated with sgACC in each participant. Fifty iTBS sessions (1,800 pulses per session, 50-minute intersession interval) were delivered as 10 daily sessions over 5 consecutive days at 90% resting motor threshold (adjusted for cortical depth). Neuropsychological testing was conducted before and after SAINT. RESULTS One participant withdrew, leaving a sample size of 21. Nineteen of 21 participants (90.5%) met remission criteria (defined as a score <11 on the Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale). In the intent-to-treat analysis, 19 of 22 participants (86.4%) met remission criteria. Neuropsychological testing demonstrated no negative cognitive side effects. CONCLUSIONS SAINT, an accelerated, high-dose, iTBS protocol with fcMRI-guided targeting, was well tolerated and safe. Double-blinded sham-controlled trials are needed to confirm the remission rate observed in this initial study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor J Cole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Katy H Stimpson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Brandon S Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Merve Gulser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Kirsten Cherian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Claudia Tischler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Romina Nejad
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Heather Pankow
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Elizabeth Choi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Haley Aaron
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Flint M Espil
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jaspreet Pannu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Xiaoqian Xiao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Dalton Duvio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Hugh B Solvason
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jessica Hawkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Austin Guerra
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Booil Jo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Kristin S Raj
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Angela L Phillips
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Fahim Barmak
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - James H Bishop
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - John P Coetzee
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Charles DeBattista
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Jennifer Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
| | - Nolan R Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif. (all authors), and Department of Psychology (Stimpson, Cherian, Choi, Aaron, Guerra, Phillips), Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, Calif
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Williams NR, Sudheimer KD, Bentzley BS, Pannu J, Stimpson KH, Duvio D, Cherian K, Hawkins J, Scherrer KH, Vyssoki B, DeSouza D, Raj KS, Keller J, Schatzberg AF. High-dose spaced theta-burst TMS as a rapid-acting antidepressant in highly refractory depression. Brain 2019; 141:e18. [PMID: 29415152 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awx379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nolan R Williams
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Brandon S Bentzley
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jaspreet Pannu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Katy H Stimpson
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Dalton Duvio
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Kirsten Cherian
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jessica Hawkins
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Vyssoki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Danielle DeSouza
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Kristin S Raj
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Jennifer Keller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
| | - Alan F Schatzberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, USA
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Sudheimer KD, O'Hara R, Spiegel D, Powers B, Kraemer HC, Neri E, Weiner M, Hardan A, Hallmayer J, Dhabhar FS. Cortisol, cytokines, and hippocampal volume interactions in the elderly. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:153. [PMID: 25071562 PMCID: PMC4079951 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Separate bodies of literature report that elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines and cortisol negatively affect hippocampal structure and cognitive functioning, particularly in older adults. Although interactions between cytokines and cortisol occur through a variety of known mechanisms, few studies consider how their interactions affect brain structure. In this preliminary study, we assess the impact of interactions between circulating levels of IL-1Beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and waking cortisol on hippocampal volume. Twenty-eight community-dwelling older adults underwent blood draws for quantification of circulating cytokines and saliva collections to quantify the cortisol awakening response. Hippocampal volume measurements were made using structural magnetic resonance imaging. Elevated levels of waking cortisol in conjunction with higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha were associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. In addition, independent of cortisol, higher levels of IL-1beta and TNF-alpha were also associated with smaller hippocampal volumes. These data provide preliminary evidence that higher cortisol, in conjunction with higher IL-6 and TNF-alpha, are associated with smaller hippocampal volume in older adults. We suggest that the dynamic balance between the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis and inflammation processes may explain hippocampal volume reductions in older adults better than either set of measures do in isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ruth O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Spiegel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bevin Powers
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Helena C Kraemer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Neri
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael Weiner
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Francisco, CA, USA ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Antonio Hardan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joachim Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Firdaus S Dhabhar
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA ; Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University Stanford, CA, USA
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Sudheimer KD, Abelson JL, Taylor SF, Martis B, Welsh RC, Warner C, Samet M, Manduzzi A, Liberzon I. Exogenous glucocorticoids decrease subgenual cingulate activity evoked by sadness. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:826-45. [PMID: 23303057 PMCID: PMC3599059 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2012.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The glucocorticoid hormone cortisol is known to have wide-ranging effects on a variety of physiological systems, including the morphology and physiology of the amygdala and hippocampus. Disruptions of cortisol regulation and signaling are also linked with psychiatric disorders involving emotional disturbances. Although there is much evidence to suggest a relationship between cortisol signaling and the brain physiology underlying emotion, few studies have attempted to test for direct effects of cortisol on the neurophysiology of emotion. We administered exogenous synthetic cortisol (hydrocortisone, HCT) using two different dosing regimens (25 mg/day over 4 days, 100 mg single dose), in a double-blind placebo-controlled functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. During fMRI scanning, healthy subjects viewed images designed to induce happy, sad, and neutral emotional states. Subjective emotional reactions were collected for each experimental stimulus after fMRI scanning. Mood ratings were also collected throughout the 4 days of the study. Both dose regimens of HCT resulted in decreased subgenual cingulate activation during sadness conditions. The 25 mg/day regimen also resulted in higher arousal ratings of sad stimuli. No effects of HCT were observed on any mood ratings. Few reliable effects of HCT were observed on brain activity patterns or subjective emotional responses to stimuli that were not sad. The inhibitory effects of cortisol on sadness-induced subgenual cingulate activity may have critical relevance to the pathophysiology of major depression, as both subgenual hyperactivity and decreased sensitivity to cortisol signaling have been documented in patients with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith D Sudheimer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Johnson JI, Morris JA, Sudheimer KD, Fobbs AJ. Sensory cerebral cortex in cetartiodactyls compared with that in primates and carnivores. FASEB J 2006. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.20.5.a880-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John I. Johnson
- Radiology: AnatomyMichigan State UniversityA519 E. Fee HallE. LansingMI48824
| | - John A. Morris
- Neuroscience ProgramMichigan State Univ.108 Giltner HallE. LansingMI48824
| | - Keith D. Sudheimer
- Neuroscience ProgramUniv. of Michigan9826 9D Univ. HospitalAnn ArborMI48109
| | - Archibald J. Fobbs
- National Mus. Health Med.Armed Forces Inst. Pathol.6825 16th St. NW Bldg. 54WashingtonDC20306‐6000
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Britton JC, Taylor SF, Sudheimer KD, Liberzon I. Facial expressions and complex IAPS pictures: common and differential networks. Neuroimage 2006; 31:906-19. [PMID: 16488159 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 12/11/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies investigating emotion have commonly used two different visual stimulus formats, facial expressions of emotion or emotionally evocative scenes. However, it remains an important unanswered question whether or not these different stimulus formats entail the same processes. Facial expressions of emotion may elicit more emotion recognition/perception, and evocative pictures may elicit more direct experience of emotion. In spite of these differences, common areas of activation have been reported across different studies, but little work has investigated activations in response to the two stimulus formats in the same subjects. In this fMRI study, we compared BOLD activation patterns to facial expression of emotions and to complex emotional pictures from the International Affective Picture System (IAPS) to determine if these stimuli would activate similar or distinct brain regions. Healthy volunteers passively viewed blocks of expressive faces and IAPS pictures balanced for specific emotion (happy, sad, anger, fear, neutral), interleaved with blocks of fixation. Eye movement, reaction times, and off-line subjective ratings including discrete emotion, valence, and arousal were also recorded. Both faces and IAPS pictures activated similar structures, including the amygdala, posterior hippocampus, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and visual cortex. In addition, expressive faces uniquely activated the superior temporal gyrus, insula, and anterior cingulate more than IAPS pictures, despite the faces being less arousing. For the most part, these regions were activated in response to all specific emotions; however, some regions responded only to a subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Britton
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Marino L, Sudheimer KD, Pabst DA, McLellan WA, Filsoof D, Johnson JI. Neuroanatomy of the common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) as revealed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Anat Rec 2002; 268:411-29. [PMID: 12420290 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this study, magnetic resonance (MR) images of the brain of an adult common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) were acquired in the coronal plane at 66 antero-posterior levels. From these scans a computer-generated set of resectioned virtual images in orthogonal planes was constructed using the programs VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc., Michigan State Univ.). Sections in all three planes reveal major neuroanatomical structures. These structures in the adult common dolphin brain are compared with those from a fetal common dolphin brain from a previously published study as well as with MR images of adult brains of other odontocetes. This study, like previous ones, demonstrates the utility of MR imaging (MRI) for comparative neuroanatomical investigations of dolphin brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori Marino
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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Marino L, Sudheimer KD, Murphy TL, Davis KK, Pabst DA, McLellan WA, Rilling JK, Johnson JI. Anatomy and three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain of a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) from magnetic resonance images. Anat Rec 2001; 264:397-414. [PMID: 11745095 DOI: 10.1002/ar.10018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cetacean (dolphin, whale, and porpoise) brains are among the least studied mammalian brains because of the formidable challenge of collecting and histologically preparing such relatively rare and large specimens. Magnetic resonance imaging offers a means of observing the internal structure of the brain when traditional histological procedures are not practical. Furthermore, internal structures can be analyzed in their precise anatomic positions, which is difficult to accomplish after the spatial distortions often accompanying histological processing. In this study, images of the brain of an adult bottlenose dolphin, Tursiops truncatus, were scanned in the coronal plane at 148 antero-posterior levels. From these scans a computer-generated three-dimensional model was constructed using the programs VoxelView and VoxelMath (Vital Images, Inc.). This model, wherein details of internal and external morphology are represented in three-dimensional space, was then resectioned in orthogonal planes to produce corresponding series of virtual sections in the horizontal and sagittal planes. Sections in all three planes display the sizes and positions of major neuroanatomical features such as the arrangement of cortical lobes and subcortical structures such as the inferior and superior colliculi, and demonstrate the utility of MRI for neuroanatomical investigations of dolphin brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marino
- Neuroscience and Behavioral Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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