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Goodwin KD, Lacoursière-Roussel A. Editorial: Marine microbiomes: towards standard methods and Best Practices. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1219958. [PMID: 37323888 PMCID: PMC10267449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1219958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D. Goodwin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Ocean Exploration, Stationed at SWFSC, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Anaïs Lacoursière-Roussel
- St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB, Canada
- Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB, Canada
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2
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Patin NV, Goodwin KD. Capturing marine microbiomes and environmental DNA: A field sampling guide. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1026596. [PMID: 36713215 PMCID: PMC9877356 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1026596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The expanding interest in marine microbiome and eDNA sequence data has led to a demand for sample collection and preservation standard practices to enable comparative assessments of results across studies and facilitate meta-analyses. We support this effort by providing guidelines based on a review of published methods and field sampling experiences. The major components considered here are environmental and resource considerations, sample processing strategies, sample storage options, and eDNA extraction protocols. It is impossible to provide universal recommendations considering the wide range of eDNA applications; rather, we provide information to design fit-for-purpose protocols. To manage scope, the focus here is on sampling collection and preservation of prokaryotic and microeukaryotic eDNA. Even with a focused view, the practical utility of any approach depends on multiple factors, including habitat type, available resources, and experimental goals. We broadly recommend enacting rigorous decontamination protocols, pilot studies to guide the filtration volume needed to characterize the target(s) of interest and minimize PCR inhibitor collection, and prioritizing sample freezing over (only) the addition of preservation buffer. An annotated list of studies that test these parameters is included for more detailed investigation on specific steps. To illustrate an approach that demonstrates fit-for-purpose methodologies, we provide a protocol for eDNA sampling aboard an oceanographic vessel. These guidelines can aid the decision-making process for scientists interested in sampling and sequencing marine microbiomes and/or eDNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nastassia Virginia Patin
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States,Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States,Stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Nastassia Virginia Patin,
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL, United States,Stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, CA, United States
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3
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Meyer R, Davies N, Pitz KJ, Meyer C, Samuel R, Anderson J, Appeltans W, Barker K, Chavez FP, Duffy JE, Goodwin KD, Hudson M, Hunter ME, Karstensen J, Laney CM, Leinen M, Mabee P, Macklin JA, Muller-Karger F, Pade N, Pearlman J, Phillips L, Provoost P, Santi I, Schigel D, Schriml LM, Soccodato A, Suominen S, Thibault KM, Ung V, van de Kamp J, Wallis E, Walls R, Buttigieg PL. The founding charter of the Omic Biodiversity Observation Network (Omic BON). Gigascience 2022; 12:giad068. [PMID: 37632753 PMCID: PMC10460158 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Omic BON is a thematic Biodiversity Observation Network under the Group on Earth Observations Biodiversity Observation Network (GEO BON), focused on coordinating the observation of biomolecules in organisms and the environment. Our founding partners include representatives from national, regional, and global observing systems; standards organizations; and data and sample management infrastructures. By coordinating observing strategies, methods, and data flows, Omic BON will facilitate the co-creation of a global omics meta-observatory to generate actionable knowledge. Here, we present key elements of Omic BON's founding charter and first activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raïssa Meyer
- HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
- Faculty of Geosciences, University of Bremen, Bremen 28359, Germany
- HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen 28359, Germany
| | - Neil Davies
- Gump South Pacific Research Station, University of California Berkeley, Moorea 98728, French Polynesia
- Berkeley Institute for Data Science, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kathleen J Pitz
- Science Department, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Chris Meyer
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Robyn Samuel
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
- Ocean Technology and Engineering Group, National Oceanography Center, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Jane Anderson
- Department of Anthropology, New York University, New York City, NY 10012, USA
| | - Ward Appeltans
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Ocean Biodiversity Information System, Oostende 8400, Begium
| | - Katharine Barker
- Global Genome Biodiversity Network Secretariat Office, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560, USA
| | - Francisco P Chavez
- Science Department, Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - J Emmett Duffy
- Tennenbaum Marine Observatories Network and MarineGEO Program, Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Edgewater, MD 21037, USA
| | - Kelly D Goodwin
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration, NOAA Ocean Exploration, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maui Hudson
- Te Kotahi Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Margaret E Hunter
- Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Gainesville, FL 32653, USA
| | - Johannes Karstensen
- Department of Physical Oceanography, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
| | - Christine M Laney
- Science department, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - Margaret Leinen
- Geosciences Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Paula Mabee
- Observatory Leadership department, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | - James A Macklin
- Botany and Biodiversity Informatics, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Frank Muller-Karger
- College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Nicolas Pade
- European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC-ERIC), Paris 75252, France
| | | | - Lori Phillips
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Harrow N0R 1G0, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pieter Provoost
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Ocean Biodiversity Information System, Oostende 8400, Begium
| | - Ioulia Santi
- European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC-ERIC), Paris 75252, France
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology, Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Heraklion GR71003, Greece
| | - Dmitry Schigel
- GBIF | Global Biodiversity Information Facility, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Lynn M Schriml
- Epidemiology & Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Alice Soccodato
- European Marine Biological Resource Centre (EMBRC-ERIC), Paris 75252, France
| | - Saara Suominen
- Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO, Ocean Biodiversity Information System, Oostende 8400, Begium
| | - Katherine M Thibault
- Science department, National Ecological Observatory Network, Boulder, CO 80301, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ramona Walls
- Data Science department, Critical Path Institute, Tucson, AZ 85718, USA
| | - Pier Luigi Buttigieg
- HGF MPG Joint Research Group for Deep-Sea Ecology and Technology, Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven 27570, Germany
- Information, Data and Computer Center, Helmholtz Metadata Collaboration/GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel 24105, Germany
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4
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Thompson LR, Anderson SR, Den Uyl PA, Patin NV, Lim SJ, Sanderson G, Goodwin KD. Tourmaline: A containerized workflow for rapid and iterable amplicon sequence analysis using QIIME 2 and Snakemake. Gigascience 2022; 11:6651346. [PMID: 35902092 PMCID: PMC9334028 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giac066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Amplicon sequencing (metabarcoding) is a common method to survey diversity of environmental communities whereby a single genetic locus is amplified and sequenced from the DNA of whole or partial organisms, organismal traces (e.g., skin, mucus, feces), or microbes in an environmental sample. Several software packages exist for analyzing amplicon data, among which QIIME 2 has emerged as a popular option because of its broad functionality, plugin architecture, provenance tracking, and interactive visualizations. However, each new analysis requires the user to keep track of input and output file names, parameters, and commands; this lack of automation and standardization is inefficient and creates barriers to meta-analysis and sharing of results. Findings We developed Tourmaline, a Python-based workflow that implements QIIME 2 and is built using the Snakemake workflow management system. Starting from a configuration file that defines parameters and input files—a reference database, a sample metadata file, and a manifest or archive of FASTQ sequences—it uses QIIME 2 to run either the DADA2 or Deblur denoising algorithm; assigns taxonomy to the resulting representative sequences; performs analyses of taxonomic, alpha, and beta diversity; and generates an HTML report summarizing and linking to the output files. Features include support for multiple cores, automatic determination of trimming parameters using quality scores, representative sequence filtering (taxonomy, length, abundance, prevalence, or ID), support for multiple taxonomic classification and sequence alignment methods, outlier detection, and automated initialization of a new analysis using previous settings. The workflow runs natively on Linux and macOS or via a Docker container. We ran Tourmaline on a 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon data set from Lake Erie surface water, showing its utility for parameter optimization and the ability to easily view interactive visualizations through the HTML report, QIIME 2 viewer, and R- and Python-based Jupyter notebooks. Conclusion Automated workflows like Tourmaline enable rapid analysis of environmental amplicon data, decreasing the time from data generation to actionable results. Tourmaline is available for download at github.com/aomlomics/tourmaline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Thompson
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Sean R Anderson
- Northern Gulf Institute, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.,Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Paul A Den Uyl
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Nastassia V Patin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Shen Jean Lim
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Grant Sanderson
- Marine Science Department, University of Hawaii, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Kelly D Goodwin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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5
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James CC, Barton AD, Allen LZ, Lampe RH, Rabines A, Schulberg A, Zheng H, Goericke R, Goodwin KD, Allen AE. Publisher Correction: Influence of nutrient supply on plankton microbiome biodiversity and distribution in a coastal upwelling region. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2887. [PMID: 35585093 PMCID: PMC9117326 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30665-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chase C James
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Andrew D Barton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,Section of Ecology, Behavior and Evolution, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Lisa Zeigler Allen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Robert H Lampe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ariel Rabines
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Anne Schulberg
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hong Zheng
- J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Ralf Goericke
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Kelly D Goodwin
- Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, (Stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center), 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Andrew E Allen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA. .,J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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6
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Yancey CE, Smith DJ, Den Uyl PA, Mohamed OG, Yu F, Ruberg SA, Chaffin JD, Goodwin KD, Tripathi A, Sherman DH, Dick GJ. Metagenomic and Metatranscriptomic Insights into Population Diversity of Microcystis Blooms: Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of mcy Genotypes, Including a Partial Operon That Can Be Abundant and Expressed. Appl Environ Microbiol 2022; 88:e0246421. [PMID: 35438519 PMCID: PMC9088275 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02464-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs) degrade freshwater ecosystems globally. Microcystis aeruginosa often dominates cyanoHABs and produces microcystin (MC), a class of hepatotoxins that poses threats to human and animal health. Microcystin toxicity is influenced by distinct structural elements across a diversity of related molecules encoded by variant mcy operons. However, the composition and distribution of mcy operon variants in natural blooms remain poorly understood. Here, we characterized the variant composition of mcy genes in western Lake Erie Microcystis blooms from 2014 and 2018. Sampling was conducted across several spatial and temporal scales, including different bloom phases within 2014, extensive spatial coverage on the same day (2018), and frequent, autonomous sampling over a 2-week period (2018). Mapping of metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequences to reference sequences revealed three Microcystis mcy genotypes: complete (all genes present [mcyA-J]), partial (truncated mcyA, complete mcyBC, and missing mcyD-J), and absent (no mcy genes). We also detected two different variants of mcyB that may influence the production of microcystin congeners. The relative abundance of these genotypes was correlated with pH and nitrate concentrations. Metatranscriptomic analysis revealed that partial operons were, at times, the most abundant genotype and expressed in situ, suggesting the potential biosynthesis of truncated products. Quantification of genetic divergence between genotypes suggests that the observed strains are the result of preexisting heterogeneity rather than de novo mutation during the sampling period. Overall, our results show that natural Microcystis populations contain several cooccurring mcy genotypes that dynamically shift in abundance spatiotemporally via strain succession and likely influence the observed diversity of the produced congeners. IMPORTANCE Cyanobacteria are responsible for producing microcystins (MCs), a class of potent and structurally diverse toxins, in freshwater systems around the world. While microcystins have been studied for over 50 years, the diversity of their chemical forms and how this variation is encoded at the genetic level remain poorly understood, especially within natural populations of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cyanoHABs). Here, we leverage community DNA and RNA sequences to track shifts in mcy genes responsible for producing microcystin, uncovering the relative abundance, expression, and variation of these genes. We studied this phenomenon in western Lake Erie, which suffers annually from cyanoHAB events, with impacts on drinking water, recreation, tourism, and commercial fishing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen E. Yancey
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Derek J. Smith
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Paul A. Den Uyl
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Osama G. Mohamed
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fengan Yu
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Steven A. Ruberg
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Justin D. Chaffin
- F. T. Stone Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Put-In-Bay, Ohio, USA
- Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put-In-Bay, Ohio, USA
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), NOAA, Miami, Florida, USA
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ashootosh Tripathi
- Natural Products Discovery Core, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David H. Sherman
- Life Science Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Gold Z, Curd EE, Goodwin KD, Choi ES, Frable BW, Thompson AR, Walker HJ, Burton RS, Kacev D, Martz LD, Barber PH. Improving metabarcoding taxonomic assignment: A case study of fishes in a large marine ecosystem. Mol Ecol Resour 2021; 21:2546-2564. [PMID: 34235858 DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA metabarcoding is an important tool for molecular ecology. However, its effectiveness hinges on the quality of reference sequence databases and classification parameters employed. Here we evaluate the performance of MiFish 12S taxonomic assignments using a case study of California Current Large Marine Ecosystem fishes to determine best practices for metabarcoding. Specifically, we use a taxonomy cross-validation by identity framework to compare classification performance between a global database comprised of all available sequences and a curated database that only includes sequences of fishes from the California Current Large Marine Ecosystem. We demonstrate that the regional database provides higher assignment accuracy than the comprehensive global database. We also document a tradeoff between accuracy and misclassification across a range of taxonomic cutoff scores, highlighting the importance of parameter selection for taxonomic classification. Furthermore, we compared assignment accuracy with and without the inclusion of additionally generated reference sequences. To this end, we sequenced tissue from 597 species using the MiFish 12S primers, adding 252 species to GenBank's existing 550 California Current Large Marine Ecosystem fish sequences. We then compared species and reads identified from seawater environmental DNA samples using global databases with and without our generated references, and the regional database. The addition of new references allowed for the identification of 16 additional native taxa representing 17.0% of total reads from eDNA samples, including species with vast ecological and economic value. Together these results demonstrate the importance of comprehensive and curated reference databases for effective metabarcoding and the need for locus-specific validation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Gold
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Emily E Curd
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kelly D Goodwin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Emma S Choi
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Benjamin W Frable
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Andrew R Thompson
- Southwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Harold J Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ronald S Burton
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Dovi Kacev
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lucas D Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Paul H Barber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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8
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Thompson LR, Sanders JG, McDonald D, Amir A, Ladau J, Locey KJ, Prill RJ, Tripathi A, Gibbons SM, Ackermann G, Navas-Molina JA, Janssen S, Kopylova E, Vázquez-Baeza Y, González A, Morton JT, Mirarab S, Zech Xu Z, Jiang L, Haroon MF, Kanbar J, Zhu Q, Jin Song S, Kosciolek T, Bokulich NA, Lefler J, Brislawn CJ, Humphrey G, Owens SM, Hampton-Marcell J, Berg-Lyons D, McKenzie V, Fierer N, Fuhrman JA, Clauset A, Stevens RL, Shade A, Pollard KS, Goodwin KD, Jansson JK, Gilbert JA, Knight R. A communal catalogue reveals Earth's multiscale microbial diversity. Nature 2017; 551:457-463. [PMID: 29088705 PMCID: PMC6192678 DOI: 10.1038/nature24621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1231] [Impact Index Per Article: 175.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Our growing awareness of the microbial world's importance and diversity contrasts starkly with our limited understanding of its fundamental structure. Despite recent advances in DNA sequencing, a lack of standardized protocols and common analytical frameworks impedes comparisons among studies, hindering the development of global inferences about microbial life on Earth. Here we present a meta-analysis of microbial community samples collected by hundreds of researchers for the Earth Microbiome Project. Coordinated protocols and new analytical methods, particularly the use of exact sequences instead of clustered operational taxonomic units, enable bacterial and archaeal ribosomal RNA gene sequences to be followed across multiple studies and allow us to explore patterns of diversity at an unprecedented scale. The result is both a reference database giving global context to DNA sequence data and a framework for incorporating data from future studies, fostering increasingly complete characterization of Earth's microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke R Thompson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences and Northern Gulf Institute, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi, USA.,Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jon G Sanders
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Daniel McDonald
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Amnon Amir
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joshua Ladau
- The Gladstone Institutes and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kenneth J Locey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert J Prill
- Industrial and Applied Genomics, IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Anupriya Tripathi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Gibbons
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.,The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gail Ackermann
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jose A Navas-Molina
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Stefan Janssen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Evguenia Kopylova
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Yoshiki Vázquez-Baeza
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Antonio González
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James T Morton
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Siavash Mirarab
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Zhenjiang Zech Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Lingjing Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Mohamed F Haroon
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jad Kanbar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Se Jin Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Tomasz Kosciolek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Nicholas A Bokulich
- Pathogen and Microbiome Institute, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona, USA
| | - Joshua Lefler
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Colin J Brislawn
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Gregory Humphrey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sarah M Owens
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA
| | - Jarrad Hampton-Marcell
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Donna Berg-Lyons
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Valerie McKenzie
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Noah Fierer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Jed A Fuhrman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Aaron Clauset
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Rick L Stevens
- Computing, Environment and Life Sciences, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.,Department of Computer Science, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ashley Shade
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Program in Ecology, Evolutionary Biology and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- The Gladstone Institutes and University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Kelly D Goodwin
- Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Janet K Jansson
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Rob Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.,Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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9
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Goodwin KD, Schriewer A, Jirik A, Curtis K, Crumpacker A. Consideration of Natural Sources in a Bacteria TMDL-Lines of Evidence, Including Beach Microbial Source Tracking. Environ Sci Technol 2017. [PMID: 28633521 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) stipulations remained unmet at a southern California beach despite a suite of management actions carried out since 2001, prompting exploration of a Natural Sources Exclusion (NSE) provision within the TMDL. Quantitative Microbial Source Tracking (MST) was employed from 2012 to 2015 to inventory sources of natural and anthropogenic fecal indicator bacteria (FIB). Data suggested FIB exceedances could be traced to gulls based on gull marker prevalence and correlations with FIB concentrations in seawater, sand, and eelgrass. In contrast, human marker concentrations and a tracer dye test did not indicate prevalent human sources. Exponential decay of gull marker in sand amended with live Catellicoccus marimammalium suggested that measured marker reflected fecal inputs versus growth outside the host. Improved water quality was coincident with a 2013 bird exclusion structure, consistent with NSE. However, load allocation needed for TMDL reconsideration was hampered by variable ratios of FIB, MST markers, and pathogens measured in seawater and in gull, cat, and raccoon feces. Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment is a suggested path forward because such models can incorporate distributions from a combination of FIB sources and communicate criteria in terms of human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Goodwin
- NOAA Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory , Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States , stationed at NMFS/SWFSC, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander Schriewer
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - Andrew Jirik
- Port of Los Angeles , 425 South Palos Verdes Street, San Pedro, California 90731, United States
| | - Kathryn Curtis
- Port of Los Angeles , 425 South Palos Verdes Street, San Pedro, California 90731, United States
| | - Andrea Crumpacker
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
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10
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Goodwin KD, Gruber S, Vondrak M, Crumpacker A. Watershed Assessment with Beach Microbial Source Tracking and Outcomes of Resulting Gull Management. Environ Sci Technol 2016; 50:9900-6. [PMID: 27538026 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Total maximum daily load (TMDL) implementation at a southern California beach involved ultraviolet treatment of watershed drainage that provided >97% reduction in fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) concentrations. However, this pollutant control measure did not provide sufficient improvement of beach water quality, prompting further assessment. Investigation included microbial source tracking (MST) for human, gull, and canine fecal sources, monitoring of enterococci and fecal coliform, and measurement of chemical and physical water quality parameters for samples collected from watershed, groundwater, and beach sites, including a beach scour pond and tidal creek. FIB variability remained poorly modeled in regression analysis. However, MST revealed correlations between FIB and gull source tracking markers, leading to recommendations to manage gulls as a pollutant source. Beach conditions were followed for three years after implementation of a best management practice (BMP) to abate gulls using a falconry program for the beach and an upland landfill. The gull abatement BMP was associated with improved beach water quality, and this appears to be the first report of falconry in the context of TMDL implementation. Overall, MST data enabled management action despite an inability to fully model FIB dynamics in the coupled watershed-beach system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Goodwin
- Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry and Ecosystems Division, NOAA , 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Steve Gruber
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place, Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
| | - Mary Vondrak
- City of San Clemente , 910 Calle Negocio, Suite 100, San Clemente, California 92673, United States
| | - Andrea Crumpacker
- Weston Solutions, Inc. , 5817 Dryden Place, Suite 101, Carlsbad, California 92008, United States
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11
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Sinigalliano CD, Ervin JS, Van De Werfhorst LC, Badgley BD, Ballesté E, Bartkowiak J, Boehm AB, Byappanahalli M, Goodwin KD, Gourmelon M, Griffith J, Holden PA, Jay J, Layton B, Lee C, Lee J, Meijer WG, Noble R, Raith M, Ryu H, Sadowsky MJ, Schriewer A, Wang D, Wanless D, Whitman R, Wuertz S, Santo Domingo JW. Multi-laboratory evaluations of the performance of Catellicoccus marimammalium PCR assays developed to target gull fecal sources. Water Res 2013; 47:6883-96. [PMID: 23916157 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Here we report results from a multi-laboratory (n = 11) evaluation of four different PCR methods targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Catellicoccus marimammalium originally developed to detect gull fecal contamination in coastal environments. The methods included a conventional end-point PCR method, a SYBR(®) Green qPCR method, and two TaqMan(®) qPCR methods. Different techniques for data normalization and analysis were tested. Data analysis methods had a pronounced impact on assay sensitivity and specificity calculations. Across-laboratory standardization of metrics including the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), target detected but not quantifiable (DNQ), and target not detected (ND) significantly improved results compared to results submitted by individual laboratories prior to definition standardization. The unit of measure used for data normalization also had a pronounced effect on measured assay performance. Data normalization to DNA mass improved quantitative method performance as compared to enterococcus normalization. The MST methods tested here were originally designed for gulls but were found in this study to also detect feces from other birds, particularly feces composited from pigeons. Sequencing efforts showed that some pigeon feces from California contained sequences similar to C. marimammalium found in gull feces. These data suggest that the prevalence, geographic scope, and ecology of C. marimammalium in host birds other than gulls require further investigation. This study represents an important first step in the multi-laboratory assessment of these methods and highlights the need to broaden and standardize additional evaluations, including environmentally relevant target concentrations in ambient waters from diverse geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Sinigalliano
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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12
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Stewart JR, Boehm AB, Dubinsky EA, Fong TT, Goodwin KD, Griffith JF, Noble RT, Shanks OC, Vijayavel K, Weisberg SB. Recommendations following a multi-laboratory comparison of microbial source tracking methods. Water Res 2013; 47:6829-6838. [PMID: 23891204 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.04.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Microbial source tracking (MST) methods were evaluated in the Source Identification Protocol Project (SIPP), in which 27 laboratories compared methods to identify host sources of fecal pollution from blinded water samples containing either one or two different fecal types collected from California. This paper details lessons learned from the SIPP study and makes recommendations to further advance the field of MST. Overall, results from the SIPP study demonstrated that methods are available that can correctly identify whether particular host sources including humans, cows and birds have contributed to contamination in a body of water. However, differences between laboratory protocols and data processing affected results and complicated interpretation of MST method performance in some cases. This was an issue particularly for samples that tested positive (non-zero Ct values) but below the limits of quantification or detection of a PCR assay. Although false positives were observed, such samples in the SIPP study often contained the fecal pollution source that was being targeted, i.e., the samples were true positives. Given these results, and the fact that MST often requires detection of targets present in low concentrations, we propose that such samples be reported and identified in a unique category to facilitate data analysis and method comparisons. Important data can be lost when such samples are simply reported as positive or negative. Actionable thresholds were not derived in the SIPP study due to limitations that included geographic scope, age of samples, and difficulties interpreting low concentrations of target in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the results of the study support the use of MST for water management, especially to prioritize impaired waters in need of remediation. Future integration of MST data into quantitative microbial risk assessments and other models could allow managers to more efficiently protect public health based on site conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill R Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 1301 Michael Hooker Research Center, 135 Dauer Drive, Campus Box #7431, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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13
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Ebentier DL, Hanley KT, Cao Y, Badgley BD, Boehm AB, Ervin JS, Goodwin KD, Gourmelon M, Griffith JF, Holden PA, Kelty CA, Lozach S, McGee C, Peed LA, Raith M, Ryu H, Sadowsky MJ, Scott EA, Santo Domingo J, Schriewer A, Sinigalliano CD, Shanks OC, Van De Werfhorst LC, Wang D, Wuertz S, Jay JA. Evaluation of the repeatability and reproducibility of a suite of qPCR-based microbial source tracking methods. Water Res 2013; 47:6839-6848. [PMID: 23911226 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.01.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Many PCR-based methods for microbial source tracking (MST) have been developed and validated within individual research laboratories. Inter-laboratory validation of these methods, however, has been minimal, and the effects of protocol standardization regimes have not been thoroughly evaluated. Knowledge of factors influencing PCR in different laboratories is vital to future technology transfer for use of MST methods as a tool for water quality management. In this study, a blinded set of 64 filters (containing 32 duplicate samples generated from 12 composite fecal sources) were analyzed by three to five core laboratories with a suite of PCR-based methods utilizing standardized reagents and protocols. Repeatability (intra-laboratory variability) and reproducibility (inter-laboratory variability) of observed results were assessed. When standardized methodologies were used, intra- and inter-laboratory %CVs were generally low (median %CV 0.1-3.3% and 1.9-7.1%, respectively) and comparable to those observed in similar inter-laboratory validation studies performed on other methods of quantifying fecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in environmental samples. ANOVA of %CV values found three human-associated methods (BsteriF1, BacHum, and HF183Taqman) to be similarly reproducible (p > 0.05) and significantly more reproducible (p < 0.05) than HumM2. This was attributed to the increased variability associated with low target concentrations detected by HumM2 (approximately 1-2 log10copies/filter lower) compared to other human-associated methods. Cow-associated methods (BacCow and CowM2) were similarly reproducible (p > 0.05). When using standardized protocols, variance component analysis indicated sample type (fecal source and concentration) to be the major contributor to total variability with that from replicate filters and inter-laboratory analysis to be within the same order of magnitude but larger than inherent intra-laboratory variability. However, when reagents and protocols were not standardized, inter-laboratory %CV generally increased with a corresponding decline in reproducibility. Overall, these findings verify the repeatability and reproducibility of these MST methods and highlight the need for standardization of protocols and consumables prior to implementation of larger scale MST studies involving multiple laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darcy L Ebentier
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Los Angeles, 5732 Boelter Hall, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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14
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Schriewer A, Goodwin KD, Sinigalliano CD, Cox AM, Wanless D, Bartkowiak J, Ebentier DL, Hanley KT, Ervin J, Deering LA, Shanks OC, Peed LA, Meijer WG, Griffith JF, SantoDomingo J, Jay JA, Holden PA, Wuertz S. Performance evaluation of canine-associated Bacteroidales assays in a multi-laboratory comparison study. Water Res 2013; 47:6909-6920. [PMID: 23916711 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The contribution of fecal pollution from dogs in urbanized areas can be significant and is an often underestimated problem. Microbial source tracking methods (MST) utilizing quantitative PCR of dog-associated gene sequences encoding 16S rRNA of Bacteroidales are a useful tool to estimate these contributions. However, data about the performance of available assays are scarce. The results of a multi-laboratory study testing two assays for the determination of dog-associated Bacteroidales (DogBact and BacCan-UCD) on 64 single and mixed fecal source samples created from pooled fecal samples collected in California are presented here. Standardization of qPCR data treatment lowered inter-laboratory variability of sensitivity and specificity results. Both assays exhibited 100% sensitivity. Normalization methods are presented that eliminated random and confirmed non-target responses. The combination of standardized qPCR data treatment, use of normalization via a non-target specific Bacteroidales assay (GenBac3), and application of threshold criteria improved the calculated specificity significantly for both assays. Such measures would reasonably improve MST data interpretation not only for canine-associated assays, but for all qPCR assays used in identifying and monitoring fecal pollution in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schriewer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California Davis, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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15
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Cox AM, Goodwin KD. Sample preparation methods for quantitative detection of DNA by molecular assays and marine biosensors. Mar Pollut Bull 2013; 73:47-56. [PMID: 23790450 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2012] [Revised: 05/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The need for quantitative molecular methods is growing in environmental, food, and medical fields but is hindered by low and variable DNA extraction and by co-extraction of PCR inhibitors. DNA extracts from Enterococcus faecium, seawater, and seawater spiked with E. faecium and Vibrio parahaemolyticus were tested by qPCR for target recovery and inhibition. Conventional and novel methods were tested, including Synchronous Coefficient of Drag Alteration (SCODA) and lysis and purification systems used on an automated genetic sensor (the Environmental Sample Processor, ESP). Variable qPCR target recovery and inhibition were measured, significantly affecting target quantification. An aggressive lysis method that utilized chemical, enzymatic, and mechanical disruption enhanced target recovery compared to commercial kit protocols. SCODA purification did not show marked improvement over commercial spin columns. Overall, data suggested a general need to improve sample preparation and to accurately assess and account for DNA recovery and inhibition in qPCR applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie M Cox
- National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Northwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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16
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Goodwin KD, McNay M, Cao Y, Ebentier D, Madison M, Griffith JF. A multi-beach study of Staphylococcus aureus, MRSA, and enterococci in seawater and beach sand. Water Res 2012; 46:4195-4207. [PMID: 22652414 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 04/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Incidences of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) have risen worldwide prompting a need to better understand routes of human exposure and whether standard bacterial water quality monitoring practices adequately account for this potential threat. Beach water and sand samples were analyzed during summer months for S. aureus, enterococci, and MRSA at three southern California beaches (Avalon, Doheny, Malibu Surfrider). S. aureus frequently was detected in samples of seawater (59%, n = 328) and beach sand (53%, n = 358). MRSA sometimes was detected in seawater (1.6%, n = 366) and sand (2.7%, n = 366) at relatively low concentrations. Site specific differences were observed, with Avalon Beach presenting the highest concentrations of S. aureus and Malibu Surfrider the lowest in both seawater and sand. S. aureus concentrations in seawater and sand were correlated to each other and to a variety of other parameters. Multiple linear regression on the combined beach data indicated that significant explanatory variables for S. aureus in seawater were S. aureus in sand, water temperature, enterococci in seawater, and the number of swimmers. In sand, S. aureus concentrations were related to S. aureus in seawater, water temperature, enterococci in seawater, and inversely to surf height classification. Only the correlation to water temperature held for individually analyzed beaches and for S. aureus concentrations in both seawater and sand. To provide context for these results, the prevalence of S. aureus in sand was compared to published fomite studies, and results suggested that beach prevalence was similar to that in homes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Goodwin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, AOML, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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17
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Yamahara KM, Sassoubre LM, Goodwin KD, Boehm AB. Occurrence and persistence of bacterial pathogens and indicator organisms in beach sand along the California coast. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:1733-45. [PMID: 22247142 PMCID: PMC3298156 DOI: 10.1128/aem.06185-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This report documents the presence of fecal indicators and bacterial pathogens in sand at 53 California marine beaches using both culture-dependent and -independent (PCR and quantitative PCR [QPCR]) methods. Fecal indicator bacteria were widespread in California beach sand, with Escherichia coli and enterococci detected at 68% and 94% of the beaches surveyed, respectively. Somatic coliphages and a Bacteroidales human-specific fecal marker were detected at 43% and 13% of the beaches, respectively. Dry sand samples from almost 30% of the beaches contained at least one of the following pathogens: Salmonella spp., Campylobacter spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which were detected at 15%, 13%, 14%, and 3% of tested beaches, respectively. Fecal indicators and pathogens were poorly correlated to one another and to land cover. Sands were dry at the time of collection, and those with relatively high moisture tended to have higher concentrations or a more frequent occurrence of both indicators and pathogens. Using culture-dependent assays, fecal indicators decayed faster than pathogens in microcosm experiments using unaltered beach sand seeded with sewage and assessed by culture-dependent assays. The following order of persistence was observed (listed from most to least persistent): Campylobacter > Salmonella > somatic coliphages > enterococci > E. coli > F(+) phages. In contrast, pathogens decayed faster than fecal indicators in culture-independent assays: enterococci > Bacteroidales human-specific marker > Salmonella > Campylobacter. Microcosm experiments demonstrated that both indicators and pathogens were mobilized by wetting with seawater. Decay rates measured by QPCR were lower than those measured with culture-dependent methods. Enterococcal persistence and possible growth were observed for wetted microcosms relative to unwetted controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevan M. Yamahara
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering & Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lauren M. Sassoubre
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering & Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering & Science, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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18
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Gooch-Moore J, Goodwin KD, Dorsey C, Ellender RD, Mott JB, Ornelas M, Sinigalliano C, Vincent B, Whiting D, Wolfe SH. New USEPA water quality criteria by 2012: GOMA concerns and recommendations. J Water Health 2011; 9:718-33. [PMID: 22048431 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2011.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The Gulf of Mexico Alliance (GOMA) was tasked by the five Gulf State Governors to identify major issues affecting the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) and to set priorities for ameliorating these problems. One priority identified by GOMA is the need to improve detection methods for water quality indicators, pathogens and microbial source tracking. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) is tasked with revising water quality criteria by 2012; however, the locations traditionally studied by the USEPA are not representative of the GoM and this has raised concern about whether or not the new criteria will be appropriate. This paper outlines a number of concerns, including deadlines associated with the USEPA Consent Decree, which may prevent inclusion of research needed to produce a well-developed set of methods and criteria appropriate for all regulated waters. GOMA makes several recommendations including ensuring that criteria formulation use data that include GoM-specific conditions (e.g. lower bather density, nonpoint sources), that rapid-testing methods be feasible and adequately controlled, and that USEPA maintains investments in water quality research once the new criteria are promulgated in order to assure that outstanding scientific questions are addressed and that scientifically defensible criteria are achieved for the GoM and other regulated waterbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Gooch-Moore
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean Service, Center for Coastal Environmental Health & Biomolecular Research, Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
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19
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Viau EJ, Goodwin KD, Yamahara KM, Layton BA, Sassoubre LM, Burns SL, Tong HI, Wong SHC, Lu Y, Boehm AB. Bacterial pathogens in Hawaiian coastal streams--associations with fecal indicators, land cover, and water quality. Water Res 2011; 45:3279-90. [PMID: 21492899 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2011.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to understand the distribution of five bacterial pathogens in O'ahu coastal streams and relate their presence to microbial indicator concentrations, land cover of the surrounding watersheds, and physical-chemical measures of stream water quality. Twenty-two streams were sampled four times (in December and March, before sunrise and at high noon) to capture seasonal and time of day variation. Salmonella, Campylobacter, Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio vulnificus, and V. parahaemolyticus were widespread -12 of 22 O'ahu streams had all five pathogens. All stream waters also had detectable concentrations of four fecal indicators and total vibrio with log mean ± standard deviation densities of 2.2 ± 0.8 enterococci, 2.7 ± 0.7 Escherichia coli, 1.1 ± 0.7 Clostridium perfringens, 1.2 ± 0.8 F(+) coliphages, and 3.6 ± 0.7 total vibrio per 100 ml. Bivariate associations between pathogens and indicators showed enterococci positively associated with the greatest number of bacterial pathogens. Higher concentrations of enterococci and higher incidence of Campylobacter were found in stream waters collected before sunrise, suggesting these organisms are sensitive to sunlight. Multivariate regression models of microbes as a function of land cover and physical-chemical water quality showed positive associations between Salmonella and agricultural and forested land covers, and between S. aureus and urban and agricultural land covers; these results suggested that sources specific to those land covers may contribute these pathogens to streams. Further, significant associations between some microbial targets and physical-chemical stream water quality (i.e., temperature, nutrients, turbidity) suggested that organism persistence may be affected by stream characteristics. Results implicate streams as a source of pathogens to coastal waters. Future work is recommended to determine infectious risks of recreational waterborne illness related to O'ahu stream exposures and to mitigate these risks through control of land-based runoff sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Viau
- Stanford University, Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Diaz MR, Jacobson JW, Goodwin KD, Dunbar SA, Fell JW. Molecular detection of harmful algal blooms (HABs) using locked nucleic acids and bead array technology. Limnol Oceanogr Methods 2010; 8:269-284. [PMID: 21165155 PMCID: PMC3001626 DOI: 10.4319/lom.2010.8.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are a serious public health risk in coastal waters. As the intensity and frequency of HABs continue to rise, new methods of detection are needed for reliable identification. Herein, we developed a high-throughput, multiplex, bead array technique for the detection of the dinoflagellates Karenia brevis and Karenia mikimotoi. The method combined the Luminex detection system with two novel technologies: locked nucleic acid-modified oligonucleotides (LNA) and Mirus Label IT(®) nucleic acid technology. To study the feasibility of the method, we evaluated the performance of modified and unmodified LNA probes with amplicon targets that were biotin labeled with two different strategies: direct chemical labeling (Mirus Label IT) versus enzymatic end-labeling (single biotinylated primer). The results illustrated that LNA probes hybridized to complementary single-stranded DNA with better affinity and displayed higher fluorescence intensities than unmodified oligonucleotide DNA probes. The latter effect was more pronounced when the assay was carried out at temperatures above 53°C degree. As opposed to the enzymatic 5' terminal labeling technique, the chemical-labeling method enhanced the level of fluorescence by as much as ~83%. The detection limits of the assay, which were established with LNA probes and Mirus Label IT system, ranged from 0.05 to 46 copies of rRNA. This high-throughput method, which represents the first molecular detection strategy to integrate Luminex technology with LNA probes and Mirus Label IT, can be adapted for the detection of other HABs and is well suited for the monitoring of red tides at pre-blooming and blooming conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara R. Diaz
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149
| | | | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)/Atlantic Oceanographic & Metereological Laboratories (AOML) stationed at Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 3333 N. Torrey Pines Ct., La Jolla, CA 92037
| | | | - Jack W. Fell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149
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Goodwin KD, Pobuda M. Performance of CHROMagar Staph aureus and CHROMagar MRSA for detection of Staphylococcus aureus in seawater and beach sand--comparison of culture, agglutination, and molecular analyses. Water Res 2009; 43:4802-11. [PMID: 19577788 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2009.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Beach seawater and sand were analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) for samples collected from Avalon, and Doheny Beach, CA. Membrane filtration followed by incubation on CHROMagar Staph aureus (SCA) and CHROMagar MRSA (C-MRSA) was used to enumerate S. aureus and MRSA, respectively. Media performance was evaluated by comparing identification via colony morphology and latex agglutination tests to PCR (clfA, 16S, and mecA genes). Due to background color and crowding, picking colonies from membrane filters and streaking for isolation were sometimes necessary. The specificity of SCA and C-MRSA was improved if colony isolates were identified by the presence of a matte halo in addition to mauve color; however routine agglutination testing of isolates did not appear warranted. Using the appearance of a colony on the membrane filter in conjunction with isolate appearance, the positive % agreement, the negative % agreement, and the % positive predictive accuracy for SCA was 84%, 95%, and 99% respectively, and for C-MRSA it was 85%, 98%, and 92%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of SCA and C-MRSA with membrane-filtered beach samples were optimized through identification experience, control of filter volume and incubation time, and isolation of colonies needing further identification. With optimization, SCA and C-MRSA could be used for enumeration of S. aureus and MRSA from samples of beach water and sand. For the sites studied here, the frequency of detection of S. aureus ranged from 60 to 76% and 53 to 79% for samples of beach seawater and sand, respectively. The frequency of detection of MRSA ranged from 2 to 9% and 0 to 12% for samples of seawater and sand, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Goodwin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Atlantic Oceanographic & Meteorological Laboratories , 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Boehm AB, Griffith J, McGee C, Edge TA, Solo-Gabriele HM, Whitman R, Cao Y, Getrich M, Jay JA, Ferguson D, Goodwin KD, Lee CM, Madison M, Weisberg SB. Faecal indicator bacteria enumeration in beach sand: a comparison study of extraction methods in medium to coarse sands. J Appl Microbiol 2009; 107:1740-50. [PMID: 19659700 PMCID: PMC2810257 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The absence of standardized methods for quantifying faecal indicator bacteria (FIB) in sand hinders comparison of results across studies. The purpose of the study was to compare methods for extraction of faecal bacteria from sands and recommend a standardized extraction technique. METHODS AND RESULTS Twenty-two methods of extracting enterococci and Escherichia coli from sand were evaluated, including multiple permutations of hand shaking, mechanical shaking, blending, sonication, number of rinses, settling time, eluant-to-sand ratio, eluant composition, prefiltration and type of decantation. Tests were performed on sands from California, Florida and Lake Michigan. Most extraction parameters did not significantly affect bacterial enumeration. anova revealed significant effects of eluant composition and blending; with both sodium metaphosphate buffer and blending producing reduced counts. CONCLUSIONS The simplest extraction method that produced the highest FIB recoveries consisted of 2 min of hand shaking in phosphate-buffered saline or deionized water, a 30-s settling time, one-rinse step and a 10 : 1 eluant volume to sand weight ratio. This result was consistent across the sand compositions tested in this study but could vary for other sand types. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Method standardization will improve the understanding of how sands affect surface water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- A B Boehm
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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Goodwin KD, Matragrano L, Wanless D, Sinigalliano CD, LaGier MJ. A Preliminary Investigation of Fecal Indicator Bacteria, Human Pathogens, and Source Tracking Markers in Beach Water and Sand. Environ Res J 2009; 2:395-417. [PMID: 36567760 PMCID: PMC9788672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Data suggesting that fecal indicating bacteria may persist and/or regrow in sand has raised concerns that fecal indicators may become uncoupled from sources of human fecal pollution. To investigate this possibility, wet and dry beach sand, beach water, riverine water, canal water, and raw sewage samples were screened by PCR for certain pathogenic microbes and molecular markers of human fecal pollution. The targets included in this study were human specific Bacteroides (HF8 marker), human-specific enterococci (esp gene), Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Campylobacter jejuni, and adenovirus. Sewage samples were also tested for Salmonella species. The results were compared to concentrations of enterococci, Escherichia coli, and Bacteroides species, as determined by membrane filtration methods. Molecular analysis yielded positive results for human specific Bacteroides, and S. aureus, in samples of raw sewage. Two of the environmental samples were positive for human specific Bacteroides and one was positive for S. aureus. The PCR screen was negative for other samples and targets, despite exceedance of EPA single sample guidelines for recreational waters on several of the sample dates (5/11 dates). However, estimates of the number of cells delivered to the PCR reaction suggested that few of the samples met the detection limit of the PCR reaction due to a variety of factors. The analysis indicated a need to improve nucleic acid processing in order to enable better delivery of DNA to downstream molecular methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D. Goodwin
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, stationed at the Southwest Fisheries Science Center, 8600 La Jolla Shores Drive, San Diego, CA 92137, USA,Phone: 858-546-7142,
| | - Lisa Matragrano
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - David Wanless
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Christopher D. Sinigalliano
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
| | - Michael J. LaGier
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL, 33149, USA
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LaGier MJ, Fell JW, Goodwin KD. Electrochemical detection of harmful algae and other microbial contaminants in coastal waters using hand-held biosensors. Mar Pollut Bull 2007; 54:757-70. [PMID: 17328925 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Standard methods to identify microbial contaminants in the environment are slow, laborious, and can require specialized expertise. This study investigated electrochemical detection of microbial contaminants using commercially available, hand-held instruments. Electrochemical assays were developed for a red tide dinoflagellate (Karenia brevis), fecal-indicating bacteria (Enterococcus spp.), markers indicative of human sources of fecal pollution (human cluster Bacteroides and the esp gene of Enterococcus faecium), bacterial pathogens (Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Salmonella spp., Campylobacter jejuni, Staphylococcus aureus), and a viral pathogen (adenovirus). For K. brevis, two assay formats (Rapid PCR-Detect and Hybrid PCR-Detect) were tested and both provided detection limits of 10 genome equivalents for DNA isolated from K. brevis culture and amplified by PCR. Sensitivity with coastal water samples was sufficient to detect K. brevis that was "present" (<or=1000 cells/l) without yielding false positive results and the electrochemical signal was significantly different than for samples containing cells at "medium" concentrations (100,000 to<10(6)cells/l). Detection of K. brevis RNA was also shown. Multi-target capability was demonstrated with an 8-plex assay for bacterial and viral targets using isolated DNA, natural beach water spiked with human feces, and water and sediments collected from New Orleans, Louisiana following Hurricane Katrina. Furthermore, direct detection of dinoflagellate and bacterial DNA was achieved using lysed cells rather than extracted nucleic acids, allowing streamlining of the process. The methods presented can be used to rapidly (3-5h) screen environmental water samples for the presence of microbial contaminants and have the potential to be integrated into semi-automated detection platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J LaGier
- Cooperative Institute of Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Baums IB, Goodwin KD, Kiesling T, Wanless D, Fell JW. Luminex detection of fecal indicators in river samples, marine recreational water, and beach sand. Mar Pollut Bull 2007; 54:521-36. [PMID: 17350051 PMCID: PMC1950674 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Revised: 12/14/2006] [Accepted: 12/19/2006] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Research to understand and remediate coastal pollution is moving toward a multitiered approach in which traditional enumeration of fecal indicators is accompanied by molecular analysis of a variety of targets. Technology that rapidly detects multiple microbial contaminants would benefit from such an approach. The Luminex 100 system is a suspension array that assays multiple analytes rapidly in a single well of a microtiter plate. The ability of the system to simultaneously detect multiple fecal indicating bacteria in environmental samples was tested. Primer/probe sets were designed to simultaneously detect the following fecal indicators: the Bacteroides fragilis group, Enterococcus spp., Escherichia coli and Shigella spp., Bacteroides distasonis, and Ent. faecalis. Specificity and sensitivity of the Luminex probes was tested against laboratory cultures. In addition, sequencing, culture plate testing, and specificity testing with environmental isolates were steps taken to validate the function of the assay with environmental samples. Luminex response to cultures and to environmental samples was consistent with sequencing results, suggesting that the technology has the potential to simultaneously detect multiple targets for coastal water quality applications, particularly as progress is made to efficiently extract DNA from water and sediment matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana B. Baums
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Ocean Chemistry Division, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- * Corresponding author. NOAA/AOML/Ocean Chemistry Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. Tel.: +1 305 361 4384; fax:+1 305 361 4447. E-mail address:
| | - Traci Kiesling
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - David Wanless
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Jack W. Fell
- Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
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LaGier MJ, Scholin CA, Fell JW, Wang J, Goodwin KD. An electrochemical RNA hybridization assay for detection of the fecal indicator bacterium Escherichia coli. Mar Pollut Bull 2005; 50:1251-61. [PMID: 15922364 PMCID: PMC2748388 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2005.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring waters for indicator bacteria is required to protect the public from exposure to fecal pollution. Our proof-of-concept study describes a method for detecting fecal coliforms. The coliform Escherichia coli was used as a model fecal indicator. DNA probe-coated magnetic beads in combination with the electrochemical monitoring of the oxidation state of guanine nucleotides should allow for direct detection of bacterial RNA. To demonstrate this concept, we used voltammetry in connection with pencil electrodes to detect isolated E. coli 16S rRNA. Using this approach, 10(7) cells of E. coli were detected in a quantitative, reproducible fashion in 4h. Detection was achieved without a nucleic acid amplification step. The specificity of the assay for coliforms was demonstrated by testing against a panel of bacterial RNA. We also show that E. coli RNA can be detected directly from cell extracts. The method could be used for on-site detection and shows promise for adaptation into automated biosensors for water-quality monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. LaGier
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Corresponding authors. Present address: NOAA/AOML/Ocean Chemistry Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. Tel: +1 305 361 4316; fax: +1 305 361 4392 (M.J. LaGier), tel.: +1 305 361 4384; fax: +1 305 361 4392 (K.D. Goodwin). E-mail addresses: (M.J. LaGier), (K.D. Goodwin)
| | | | - Jack W. Fell
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School for Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA
| | - Joseph Wang
- Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Kelly D. Goodwin
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory, Miami, FL 33149, USA
- Corresponding authors. Present address: NOAA/AOML/Ocean Chemistry Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, FL 33149, USA. Tel: +1 305 361 4316; fax: +1 305 361 4392 (M.J. LaGier), tel.: +1 305 361 4384; fax: +1 305 361 4392 (K.D. Goodwin). E-mail addresses: (M.J. LaGier), (K.D. Goodwin)
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Goodwin KD, Tokarczyk R, Stephens FC, Saltzman ES. Description of toluene inhibition of methyl bromide biodegradation in seawater and isolation of a marine toluene oxidizer that degrades methyl bromide. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3495-503. [PMID: 16000753 PMCID: PMC1169029 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3495-3503.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methyl bromide (CH3Br) and methyl chloride (CH3Cl) are important precursors for destruction of stratospheric ozone, and oceanic uptake is an important component of the biogeochemical cycle of these methyl halides. In an effort to identify and characterize the organisms mediating halocarbon biodegradation, we surveyed the effect of potential cometabolic substrates on CH3Br biodegradation using a 13CH3Br incubation technique. Toluene (160 to 200 nM) clearly inhibited CH3Br and CH3Cl degradation in seawater samples from the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and Southern Oceans. Furthermore, a marine bacterium able to co-oxidize CH3Br while growing on toluene was isolated from subtropical Western Atlantic seawater. The bacterium, Oxy6, was also able to oxidize o-xylene and the xylene monooxygenase (XMO) pathway intermediate 3-methylcatechol. Patterns of substrate oxidation, lack of acetylene inhibition, and the inability of the toluene 4-monooxygenase (T4MO)-containing bacterium Pseudomonas mendocina KR1 to degrade CH3Br ruled out participation of the T4MO pathway in Oxy6. Oxy6 also oxidized a variety of toluene (TOL) pathway intermediates such as benzyl alcohol, benzylaldehyde, benzoate, and catechol, but the inability of Pseudomonas putida mt-2 to degrade CH3Br suggested that the TOL pathway might not be responsible for CH3Br biodegradation. Molecular phylogenetic analysis identified Oxy6 to be a member of the family Sphingomonadaceae related to species within the Porphyrobacter genus. Although some Sphingomonadaceae can degrade a variety of xenobiotic compounds, this appears to be the first report of CH3Br degradation for this class of organism. The widespread inhibitory effect of toluene on natural seawater samples and the metabolic capabilities of Oxy6 indicate a possible link between aromatic hydrocarbon utilization and the biogeochemical cycle of methyl halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Goodwin
- National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratories, Ocean Chemistry Division, 4301 Rickenbacker Cswy., Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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Schaefer JK, Goodwin KD, McDonald IR, Murrell JC, Oremland RS. Leisingera methylohalidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a marine methylotroph that grows on methyl bromide. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2002; 52:851-859. [PMID: 12054249 DOI: 10.1099/00207713-52-3-851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A marine methylotroph, designated strain MB2T, was isolated for its ability to grow on methyl bromide as a sole carbon and energy source. Methyl chloride and methyl iodide also supported growth, as did methionine and glycine betaine. A limited amount of growth was observed with dimethyl sulfide. Growth was also noted with unidentified components of the complex media marine broth 2216, yeast extract and Casamino acids. No growth was observed on methylated amines, methanol, formate, acetate, glucose or a variety of other substrates. Growth on methyl bromide and methyl iodide resulted in their oxidation to CO2 with stoichiometric release of bromide and iodide, respectively. Strain MB2T exhibited growth optima at NaCl and Mg2+ concentrations similar to that of seawater. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rDNA sequence placed this strain in the alpha-Proteobacteria in proximity to the genera Ruegeria and Roseobacter. It is proposed that strain MB2T (= ATCC BAA-92T = DSM 14336T) be designated Leisingera methylohalidivorans gen. nov., sp. nov..
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Goodwin KD, Varner RK, Crill PM, Oremland RS. Consumption of tropospheric levels of methyl bromide by C(1) compound-utilizing bacteria and comparison to saturation kinetics. Appl Environ Microbiol 2001; 67:5437-43. [PMID: 11722890 PMCID: PMC93327 DOI: 10.1128/aem.67.12.5437-5443.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pure cultures of methylotrophs and methanotrophs are known to oxidize methyl bromide (MeBr); however, their ability to oxidize tropospheric concentrations (parts per trillion by volume [pptv]) has not been tested. Methylotrophs and methanotrophs were able to consume MeBr provided at levels that mimicked the tropospheric mixing ratio of MeBr (12 pptv) at equilibrium with surface waters ( approximately 2 pM). Kinetic investigations using picomolar concentrations of MeBr in a continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) were performed using strain IMB-1 and Leisingeria methylohalidivorans strain MB2(T) - terrestrial and marine methylotrophs capable of halorespiration. First-order uptake of MeBr with no indication of threshold was observed for both strains. Strain MB2(T) displayed saturation kinetics in batch experiments using micromolar MeBr concentrations, with an apparent K(s) of 2.4 microM MeBr and a V(max) of 1.6 nmol h(-1) (10(6) cells)(-1). Apparent first-order degradation rate constants measured with the CSTR were consistent with kinetic parameters determined in batch experiments, which used 35- to 1 x 10(7)-fold-higher MeBr concentrations. Ruegeria algicola (a phylogenetic relative of strain MB2(T)), the common heterotrophs Escherichia coli and Bacillus pumilus, and a toluene oxidizer, Pseudomonas mendocina KR1, were also tested. These bacteria showed no significant consumption of 12 pptv MeBr; thus, the ability to consume ambient mixing ratios of MeBr was limited to C(1) compound-oxidizing bacteria in this study. Aerobic C(1) bacteria may provide model organisms for the biological oxidation of tropospheric MeBr in soils and waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Goodwin
- Cooperative Institute for Marine and Atmospheric Studies, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA.
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