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Rinta-Antila K, Koski P, Aira T, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Toivo K, Uusitalo A, Valtonen M, Vasankari T, Villberg J, Kokko S. Perceived coaches' health promotion activity, maintenance of participation in sports, and lifestyle habits among emerging adults: a four-year follow-up study. Ann Med 2024; 56:2321327. [PMID: 38658832 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2024.2321327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study focused on how adolescents' perceptions of coaches' health promotion activity predict maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood. In addition, differences in lifestyle habits between maintainers, dropouts, and nonparticipants in organized sports were explored. MATERIALS AND METHODS Overall, 616 adolescents reported organized sports participation in the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study at ages 15 and 19. Of these, 323 reported coach's health promotion activity on health topics at the age of 15. An index of a coach's general health promotion activity was formed. At age 19, all study participants reported their lifestyle habits. RESULTS Among males, those who had perceived coaches' general health promotion activity as frequent were more likely to be maintainers than dropouts (48.6% vs. 20.0%) (p = .002). Among females, there was no significant difference (32.0% vs. 28.4%). Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender showed that perceiving coach's general health promotion activity as frequent increased the odds of being a maintainer rather than a dropout. Moreover, maintainers had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits when compared to nonparticipants (related to physical activity; sleep; fruit and vegetable consumption; and cigarette use) or dropouts (related to physical activity; and cigarette use). In addition, dropouts had higher odds of having healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants (related to sleep; and cigarette use). CONCLUSIONS Perceiving coaches' health promotion activity as frequent was related to maintained participation in organized sports among males. Maintainers were more likely to have more healthy lifestyle habits than nonparticipants and dropouts. There is a need to invest in coaches' health promotion activity when it is infrequent. A more detailed understanding is needed of coaches' health promotion activity that supports both maintained participation in sports, especially among females, and healthy lifestyle habits in emerging adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rinta-Antila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
| | - Tuula Aira
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Rinta-Antila K, Koski P, Aira T, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Toivo K, Uusitalo A, Valtonen M, Vasankari T, Villberg JJ, Kokko S. Sports-related factors predicting maintained participation and dropout in organized sports in emerging adulthood: A four-year follow-up study. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14523. [PMID: 37852930 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
This study explored sports-related factors predicting organized sports participation in emerging adulthood. In the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study, 354 sports club participants aged 15 at baseline reported their main sport, onset age, training volume, current competitive level, and future competitive orientation and participated in the follow-up study at age 19. There were differences in the proportions of maintainers and dropouts in a few sports: football (maintainers 58.6%), and among females, skating (maintainers 60.7%), and swimming (dropouts 80.0%). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that those who had started their main sport by school age (females OR 3.05/95% CI 1.34, 6.98; males OR 3.97/95% CI 1.48, 10.64) and had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at the adult level competitions in future (females OR 3.42/95% CI 1.16, 10.09; males OR 3.58/95% CI 1.12, 11.41; among females, also had competed at national top level plus had aimed at success at junior level competitions [OR 3.42/95% CI 1.20, 9.78]) were more likely maintainers than dropouts. Early onset in the main sport and competitiveness were related to maintained sports participation while the opposites were related to dropouts in the current organized sports system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Rinta-Antila
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pasi Koski
- Department of Teacher Education, University of Turku, Rauma, Finland
| | - Tuula Aira
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre and Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine Alppikatu 2, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari J Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Heikkilä L, Korpelainen R, Aira T, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Kokko S, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Toivo K, Valtonen M, Vasankari T, Villberg J, Vanhala M. Is health promotion in sports clubs associated with adolescent participants' fruit and vegetable consumption? Eur J Public Health 2023; 33:1102-1108. [PMID: 37665763 PMCID: PMC10710333 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckad158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although sports clubs' potential for health promotion is acknowledged, research on whether they promote healthy eating is limited. We aimed to evaluate Finnish youth sports clubs' health promotion orientation, as well as associations between sports clubs' health promotion orientation, coaches' nutritional discussions and sports club participants' (SPs') fruit and/or vegetable consumption. METHODS The cross-sectional study included 554 SPs aged 14-16 years, 275 club officials and 311 coaches. Participants replied to questionnaires about sports clubs' health promotion and their own health behaviours, including dietary habits. Health promotion orientation was estimated using a Health Promoting Sports Club (HPSC) index (range 0-22) and nutritional discussions and fruit and/or vegetable consumption as frequencies. A mixed-effects multivariable logistic regression was used to analyse the associations. RESULTS Most sports clubs (69%) had a high health promotion orientation, but the variation between the clubs was wide (HPSC index range 5-21). SPs' daily fruit and/or vegetable consumption was associated with female gender [odds ratio (OR) 3.48, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.23-5.42, P < 0.001], better self-rated health (OR 3.26, 95% CI 1.13-9.41, P = 0.03), higher average school grades (OR 1.67, 95% CI 1.04-2.67, P = 0.03), and SPs' responses that their coach had often discussed nutrition (OR 2.11, 95% CI 1.41-3.14, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION Although sports clubs' orientation towards health promotion was mostly high, it seems not to be enough to promote healthy eating among adolescent participants. Instead, coaches' nutritional discussions were associated with adolescents' fruit and/or vegetable consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Heikkilä
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tuula Aira
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Clinic, Helsinki, Finland
- Sports and Exercise Medicine Clinic, Central Finland Hospital Nova, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Science Service Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Finnish Institute of High Performance Sports KIHU, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Marja Vanhala
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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Aira T, Vasankari T, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Kotkajuuri J, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Toivo K, Uusitalo A, Valtonen M, Villberg J, Vähä-Ypyä H, Kokko SP. Psychosocial and health behavioural characteristics of longitudinal physical activity patterns: a cohort study from adolescence to young adulthood. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:2156. [PMID: 37924075 PMCID: PMC10625285 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-17122-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decline in physical activity (PA) during adolescence is well-established. However, while some subgroups of adolescents follow the general pattern of decreased activity, others increase or maintain high or low activity. The correlates and determinants of different PA patterns may vary, offering valuable information for targeted health promotion. This study aimed to examine how psychosocial factors, health behaviours, and PA domains are associated with longitudinal PA patterns from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS This prospective study encompassed 254 participants measured at mean ages 15 and 19. Device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA was grouped into five patterns (activity maintainers, inactivity maintainers, decreasers from moderate to low PA, decreasers from high to moderate PA, increasers) via a data-driven method, K-Means for longitudinal data. Multinomial logistic regression was used to analyse the associations between health behaviours, psychosocial factors, PA domains, and different PA patterns. RESULTS A lack of sports club participation characterised inactivity maintainers throughout adolescence. Difficulties in communicating with one's father at age 15 were associated with higher odds of belonging to inactivity maintainers and to decreasers from moderate to low PA. Lower fruit and vegetable consumption at age 19 was also related to increased odds of belonging to the groups of inactivity maintainers and decreasers from moderate to low PA. Smoking at age 19 was associated with being a decreaser from moderate to low PA. CONCLUSIONS Diverse factors characterise longitudinal PA patterns over the transition to young adulthood. Sports club participation contributes to maintained PA. Moreover, a father-adolescent relationship that supports open communication may be one determinant for sustained PA during adolescence. A healthier diet and non-smoking as a young adult are associated with more favourable PA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Aira
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, PL 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland.
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500, Tampere, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Kiinamyllykatu 10, FI-20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr, P.O. Box 365, FI-90101, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Population Health, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jimi Kotkajuuri
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, PL 35, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FI-70100, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Mäkelänkatu 47, FI-00550, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Helsinki, Clinicum, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Finnish Institute for High Performance Sport KIHU, Jyväskylä Finland, Rautpohjankatu 6, FI-40700, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, PL 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Kaupinpuistonkatu 1, FI-33500, Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami P Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, PL 35, Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Finland
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5
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Aira T, Kokko SP, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Kotkajuuri J, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Toivo K, Uusitalo A, Valtonen M, Villberg J, Niemelä O, Vähä-Ypyä H, Vasankari T. Longitudinal physical activity patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors during adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1807-1820. [PMID: 37254479 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine the associations between longitudinal physical activity (PA) patterns and the development of cardiometabolic risk factors from adolescence to young adulthood. METHODS This cohort study encompassed 250 participants recruited from sports clubs and schools, and examined at mean age 15 and 19. Device-measured moderate-to-vigorous PA was grouped into five patterns (via a data-driven method, using inactivity maintainers as a reference). The outcomes were: glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), total cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, and body mass index (BMI). Linear growth curve models were applied with adjustment for sex, age, fruit/vegetable consumption, cigarette/snuff use, and change in the device wear-time. RESULTS Insulin and BMI increased among decreasers from moderate to low PA (β for insulin 0.23, 95% CI 0.03-0.46; β for BMI 0.90; CI 0.02-1.78). The concentration of HDL cholesterol decreased (β -0.18, CI -0.31 to -0.05) and that of glucose increased (β 0.18, CI 0.02-0.35) among decreasers from high to moderate PA. By contrast, among increasers, blood pressure declined (systolic β -6.43, CI -12.16 to -0.70; diastolic β -6.72, CI -11.03 to -2.41). CONCLUSIONS Already during the transition to young adulthood, changes in PA are associated with changes in cardiometabolic risk factors. Favorable blood pressure changes were found among PA increasers. Unfavorable changes in BMI, insulin, glucose, and HDL cholesterol were found in groups with decreasing PA. The changes were dependent on the baseline PA and the magnitude of the PA decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuula Aira
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sami Petteri Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Juhani Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Medical Research Center (MRC), University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., Oulu, Finland
- Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jimi Kotkajuuri
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Arja Uusitalo
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Valtonen
- Research Institute for Olympic Sports, Jyväskylä Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Research Centre for Health Promotion, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Medical Research Unit and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Henri Vähä-Ypyä
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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Toivo K, Vähä-Ypyä H, Kannus P, Tokola K, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Parkkari J, Savonen K, Selänne H, Kokko S, Kujala UM, Villberg J, Vasankari T. Physical activity measured by accelerometry among adolescents participating in sports clubs and non-participating peers. Eur J Sport Sci 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35861140 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2103740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe purpose of this descriptive cross-sectional study is to describe the amount and intensity of physical activity (PA) measured by accelerometry among adolescents participating in organized sports (SCP) and age-matched non-participating peers (NP). SCPs (332) and NPs (139) wore an accelerometer on the hip for 7 days. PA was reported using the 1 min exponential moving average. The current moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) recommendation of at least an average of 60 minutes of MVPA daily was reached by 85% of SCPs and 45% of NPs (p < 0.001). During training days, the MVPA times among SCPs ranged from 153 ± 39 min in males and 109 ± 35 min in females participating in basketball to 113 ± 33 min in males participating in floorball and 83 ± 32 min in females participating in gymnastics. -Sports participation contributes rather strongly to the accumulation of the recommended amount of MVPA. During training days SCPs, except for females participating in gymnastics, accumulated more MVPA than NPs. During non-training days only males participating in cross country skiing and females participating in track and field accumulated more MVPA than NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - H Vähä-Ypyä
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - P Kannus
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - K Tokola
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.,Central Finland Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - O J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Korpelainen
- Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation sr., Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu, Finland.,University of Oulu, Center for Life Course Health Research, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - J Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - K Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Selänne
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä
| | - S Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - U M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Finland
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7
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Pentikäinen H, Toivo K, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Nylander T, Selänne H, Vasankari T, Kujala UM, Villberg J, Parkkari J, Savonen K. Resting Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure in Young Athletes and Non-Athletes: A 4-year follow-up. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2022; 42:200-207. [PMID: 35180329 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A follow-up data on electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) changes in adolescent athletes are scarce. We compared ECG and BP between adolescent athletes and non-athletes in a 4-year follow-up. A total of 154 youth sports clubs (SC) in Finland and 100 secondary schools for comparison data participated in this observational follow-up study. Those who maintained or adopted SC participation are referred to as "Always athletes" (n=137), those who never participated in SC as "Never athletes" (n=108) and those who dropped out of SC during the follow-up as "Changers" (n=116). The mean age of the participants was 15.5 (0.6) years in all study groups at baseline. Resting ECG including heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QRS axis, QRS amplitude, T axis and QT interval and BP were measured from all participants at baseline and after follow-up. "Always athletes" had lower resting heart rate, more negative T-wave axis and higher QRS amplitude than "Never athletes" at baseline and at 4-years (P < 0.05). "Changers" had lower resting heart rate, more negative T-wave axis and higher QRS amplitude, systolic BP and pulse pressure than "Never athletes" at baseline (P < 0.05). None of the observed differences at baseline, were visible at 4-years (P > 0.05) except the difference in T-wave axis (P = 0.028). The significant group x time interaction between "Changers" and "Never athletes" was found for QRS amplitude (P = 0.017). Adolescent athletes have several training-induced cardiovascular adaptations, which return towards the levels of non-athletes after cessation of regular training. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heikki Pentikäinen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FI-70100, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Tiina Nylander
- Department of Sports and Exercise Clinic, Oulu Deaconess Institute Foundation, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Haapaniementie 16, FI-70100, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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8
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Pentikäinen H, Toivo K, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Selänne H, Vasankari T, Kujala UM, Villberg J, Parkkari J, Savonen K. Resting Electrocardiogram and Blood Pressure in Young Endurance and Nonendurance Athletes and Nonathletes. J Athl Train 2021; 56:484-490. [PMID: 33150370 DOI: 10.4085/78-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Much information is available on electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood pressure (BP) changes in senior athletes. However, corresponding data on adolescent athletes are scarce. OBJECTIVE To study the differences in resting ECG and BP values among adolescent endurance athletes, nonendurance athletes, and nonathletes. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING A total of 154 youth sports clubs in Finland and 100 secondary schools for comparison data. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS We recruited young athletes (n = 410) aged 14 to 16 years in 10 popular sport disciplines, including winter and summer as well as team and individual sports, and categorized them as endurance or nonendurance sports. Comparison data for age-matched, non-sports club participants (n = 164) were collected via secondary schools. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Resting ECG, including heart rate, PR interval, QRS duration, QRS axis, QRS amplitude, T axis, and QT interval as well as systolic and diastolic BPs. RESULTS No differences in any ECG variable of interest were found between the endurance and nonendurance athletes. The PR interval was longer in endurance athletes than in nonathletes (P = .05). The QRS amplitude (P = .03) was higher among nonendurance athletes than among nonathletes. Diastolic BP was lower among endurance (P = .002) and nonendurance (P = .02) athletes than among nonathletes. Endurance athletes (odds ratio [OR] = 2.85; 95% CI = 1.81, 4.50) and nonendurance athletes (OR = 2.19; 95% CI = 1.43, 3.35) were more likely to have sinus bradycardia than were nonathletes. Nonendurance athletes were more likely to have elevated systolic BP than were endurance athletes (OR = 1.70; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.72) and nonathletes (OR = 1.73; 95% CI = 1.04, 2.87). CONCLUSIONS Young athletes had similar ECG and BP findings independent of their sports. Physiological adaptations including sinus bradycardia, higher QRS amplitude, and lower diastolic BP, which are commonly seen in adult athletes, were also present in adolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Center & Unit of Health and Physical Activity University of Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Finland
| | - Harri Selänne
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Finland
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9
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Toivo K, Kannus P, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Savonen K, Selänne H, Vasankari T, Kannas L, Kujala UM, Villberg J, Niemelä O, Parkkari J. Haemoglobin, iron status and lung function of adolescents participating in organised sports in the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club Study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2020; 6:e000804. [PMID: 33062301 PMCID: PMC7520547 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2020-000804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare laboratory test results and lung function of adolescent organised sports participants (SP) with non-participants (NP). Methods In this cross-sectional study, laboratory tests (haemoglobin, iron status), and flow-volume spirometry were performed on SP youths (199 boys, 203 girls) and their NP peers (62 boys, 114 girls) aged 14–17. Results Haemoglobin concentration <120/130 g/L was found in 5.8% of SP and 5.1% NP (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.68). Ferritin concentration below 15 µg/L was found in 22.7% of both SP and NP girls. Among boys ferritin <30 µg/L was found in 26.5% of SP and 30.2% of NP (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.47). Among SP iron supplement use was reported by 3.5% of girls and 1.5% of boys. In flow-volume spirometry with bronchodilation test, 7.0% of SP and 6.4% of NP had asthma-like findings (OR 1.17, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.54); those using asthma medication, that is, 9.8% of SP and 5.2% of NP were excluded from the analysis. Conclusions Screening for iron deficiency is recommended for symptomatic persons and persons engaging in sports. Lung function testing is recommended for symptomatic persons and persons participating in sports in which asthma is more prevalent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Ukk Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsingin Yliopisto, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Central Finland Central Hospital, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit for Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Clinic, Oulu Deaconess Foundation, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Selänne
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- Ukk Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Kannas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinajoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinajoki, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Ukk Institute, Tampere, Finland.,Ukk Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland.,The Research Services, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Ristolainen L, Toivo K, Parkkari J, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Savonen K, Selänne H, Vasankari T, Kannas L, Villberg J, Kujala UM. Acute and overuse injuries among sports club members and non-members: the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:32. [PMID: 30660197 PMCID: PMC6339310 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical activity in adolescence is promoted for its multi-dimensional health benefits. However, too intensive sports participation is associated with an increased injury risk. Our aim was to compare the occurrence of acute and overuse injuries in Finnish sports club members and non-members and to report training and competing habits associated with a higher injury risk in sports club members. Methods In this cross-sectional survey targeted at 14–16-year-old adolescents, a structured questionnaire was completed by 1077 sports club members and 812 non-members. The main outcome measures were self-reported acute and overuse injuries, their location and type. Results At least one acute injury in the past year was reported by 44.0% of sports club members and 19.8% of non-members (P < 0.001). The sex-adjusted odds ratio (OR) for acute injury in sports club members compared to non-members was 3.13 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 2.54–3.87). Thirty-five percent of sports club members and 17.4% of non-members (P < 0.001) reported at least one overuse injury during the past year. The overuse injury OR for sports club members was 2.61 (95% CI 2.09–3.26). Sports club members who trained 7–14 h per week during training (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.21–2.12, P = 0.001) or competition season (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.18–2.06, P = 0.002) were more likely to report an injury compared to members who trained 3–6 h per week. Those sports club members who participated in forty competitions or more compared to 7–19 competitions per year were more likely to report an acute injury (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.05–2.08, P = 0.028) or for an overuse injury (OR 1.53, 95% CI 1.02–2.30, P = 0.038). Conclusions Both acute and overuse injuries are common among youth sports club members, and the number increases along with increasing amounts of training and competitions. More effective injury prevention is needed both for adolescents engaging in sports club activities and for other adolescents. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-019-2417-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ristolainen
- Orton Orthopaedic Hospital, Orton, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - K Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - J Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - S Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - L Alanko
- Sports Medicine Clinic, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Clinic, Helsinki, Finland
| | - O J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Department of Physical Activity and Health, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - R Korpelainen
- Oulu Deaconess Institute, Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - K Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H Selänne
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Vasankari
- UKK Institute of Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - L Kannas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - U M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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11
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Toivo K, Kannus P, Kokko S, Alanko L, Heinonen OJ, Korpelainen R, Savonen K, Selänne H, Vasankari T, Kannas L, Kujala UM, Villberg J, Parkkari J. Musculoskeletal examination in young athletes and non-athletes: the Finnish Health Promoting Sports Club (FHPSC) study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2018; 4:e000376. [PMID: 29955377 PMCID: PMC6018865 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2018-000376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the inter-rater repeatability of a musculoskeletal examination and to compare findings between adolescent athletes and non-athletes in Finland. Methods In this cross-sectional study, a musculoskeletal examination assessing posture, mobility and movement control was carried out by a sports and exercise medicine physician on 399 athletes aged 14–17 years and 177 non-athletes. Within 2 weeks another sports and exercise medicine physician repeated the examination for 41 adolescents to test the inter-rater repeatability. Results In total, 10 of the 11 tests performed had at least moderate inter-rater reliability (κ ≥0.4 or percentage agreement >80%). Athletes more often than non-athletes had one shoulder protruded (8.0% vs 4.0%, OR 2.81, 95% CI 1.16 to 6.81). Forty-six per cent of athletes had good knee control in the two-legged vertical drop jump test compared with 32% of non-athletes (OR 1.99, 95% CI 1.29 to 3.06). Athletes had better core muscle control with 86.3% being able to remain in the correct plank position for 30 s compared with 68.6% of non-athletes (OR 2.70, 95% CI 1.67 to 4.36). In the deep squat test, good lumbar spine control was maintained only by 35.8% of athletes and 38.4% of non-athletes. Conclusion A basic musculoskeletal examination is sufficiently reliable to be performed by trained physicians as a part of a periodic health evaluation. Shortfalls in mobility, posture and movement control are common in both athletes and non-athletes. These deficits could have been caused by sedentary behaviour, monotonous training, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerttu Toivo
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Pekka Kannus
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Kokko
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Lauri Alanko
- Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli J Heinonen
- Paavo Nurmi Centre & Unit of Health and Physical Activity, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Raija Korpelainen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Clinic, Oulu Deaconess Institute, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center, University of Oulu and University Hospital of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Kai Savonen
- Kuopio Research Institute of Exercise Medicine, Kuopio, Finland.,Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Selänne
- Department of Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tommi Vasankari
- UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
| | - Lasse Kannas
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Villberg
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jari Parkkari
- Tampere Research Center of Sports Medicine, Tampere, Finland.,UKK Institute for Health Promotion Research, Tampere, Finland
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