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Phalnikar K, Srividya M, Mythri SV, Vasavi NS, Ganguly A, Kumar A, S P, Kalia K, Mishra SS, Dhanya SK, Paul P, Holla B, Ganesh S, Reddy PC, Sud R, Viswanath B, Muralidharan B. Altered neuroepithelial morphogenesis and migration defects in iPSC-derived cerebral organoids and 2D neural stem cells in familial bipolar disorder. Oxf Open Neurosci 2024; 3:kvae007. [PMID: 38638145 PMCID: PMC11024480 DOI: 10.1093/oons/kvae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a severe mental illness that can result from neurodevelopmental aberrations, particularly in familial BD, which may include causative genetic variants. In the present study, we derived cortical organoids from BD patients and healthy (control) individuals from a clinically dense family in the Indian population. Our data reveal that the patient organoids show neurodevelopmental anomalies, including organisational, proliferation and migration defects. The BD organoids show a reduction in both the number of neuroepithelial buds/cortical rosettes and the ventricular zone size. Additionally, patient organoids show a lower number of SOX2-positive and EdU-positive cycling progenitors, suggesting a progenitor proliferation defect. Further, the patient neurons show abnormal positioning in the ventricular/intermediate zone of the neuroepithelial bud. Transcriptomic analysis of control and patient organoids supports our cellular topology data and reveals dysregulation of genes crucial for progenitor proliferation and neuronal migration. Lastly, time-lapse imaging of neural stem cells in 2D in vitro cultures reveals abnormal cellular migration in BD samples. Overall, our study pinpoints a cellular and molecular deficit in BD patient-derived organoids and neural stem cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kruttika Phalnikar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - M Srividya
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - S V Mythri
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - N S Vasavi
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Archisha Ganguly
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Aparajita Kumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Padmaja S
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Kishan Kalia
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Srishti S Mishra
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Sreeja Kumari Dhanya
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
| | - Pradip Paul
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Bharath Holla
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Suhas Ganesh
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India-201314
| | - Reeteka Sud
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Biju Viswanath
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Hosur Road Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560029
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), GKVK - Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India-560065
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Channakkar AS, D’Souza L, Kumar A, Kalia K, Prabhu S, Phalnikar K, Reddy PC, Muralidharan B. LSD1 Regulates Neurogenesis in Human Neural Stem Cells Through the Repression of Human-Enriched Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion Genes. Stem Cells 2024; 42:128-145. [PMID: 38152966 PMCID: PMC10852026 DOI: 10.1093/stmcls/sxad088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis begins with neural stem cells undergoing symmetric proliferative divisions to expand and then switching to asymmetric differentiative divisions to generate neurons in the developing brain. Chromatin regulation plays a critical role in this switch. Histone lysine-specific demethylase LSD1 demethylates H3K4me1/2 and H3K9me1/2 but the mechanisms of its global regulatory functions in human neuronal development remain unclear. We performed genome-wide ChIP-seq of LSD1 occupancy, RNA-seq, and Histone ChIP-seq upon LSD1 inhibition to identify its repressive role in human neural stem cells. Novel downstream effectors of LSD1 were identified, including the Notch signaling pathway genes and human-neural progenitor-enriched extracellular matrix (ECM) pathway/cell adhesion genes, which were upregulated upon LSD1 inhibition. LSD1 inhibition led to decreased neurogenesis, and overexpression of downstream effectors mimicked this effect. Histone ChIP-seq analysis revealed that active and enhancer markers H3K4me2, H3K4me1, and H3K9me1 were upregulated upon LSD1 inhibition, while the repressive H3K9me2 mark remained mostly unchanged. Our work identifies the human-neural progenitor-enriched ECM pathway/cell adhesion genes and Notch signaling pathway genes as novel downstream effectors of LSD1, regulating neuronal differentiation in human neural stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asha S Channakkar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad, India
| | - Leora D’Souza
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Aparajita Kumar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Kishan Kalia
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Srilekha Prabhu
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Kruttika Phalnikar
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
| | - Puli Chandramouli Reddy
- Centre of Excellence in Epigenetics, Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi, NCR, India
| | - Bhavana Muralidharan
- Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India
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Kalia K, Walker-Smith P, Ordoñez MV, Barlatay FG, Chen Q, Weaver H, Caputo M, Stoica S, Parry A, Tulloh RMR. Does Maintenance of Pulmonary Blood Flow Pulsatility at the Time of the Fontan Operation Improve Hemodynamic Outcome in Functionally Univentricular Hearts? Pediatr Cardiol 2021; 42:1180-1189. [PMID: 33876263 PMCID: PMC8192359 DOI: 10.1007/s00246-021-02599-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear whether residual anterograde pulmonary blood flow (APBF) at the time of Fontan is beneficial. Pulsatile pulmonary flow may be important in maintaining a compliant and healthy vascular circuit. We, therefore, wished to ascertain whether there was hemodynamic evidence that residual pulsatile flow at time of Fontan promotes clinical benefit. 106 consecutive children with Fontan completion (1999-2018) were included. Pulmonary artery pulsatility index (PI, (systolic pressure-diastolic pressure)/mean pressure)) was calculated from preoperative cardiac catheterization. Spectral analysis charted PI as a continuum against clinical outcome. The population was subsequently divided into three pulsatility subgroups to facilitate further comparison. Median PI prior to Fontan was 0.236 (range 0-1). 39 had APBF, in whom PI was significantly greater (median: 0.364 vs. 0.177, Mann-Whitney p < 0.0001). There were four early hospital deaths (3.77%), and PI in these patients ranged from 0.214 to 0.423. There was no correlation between PI and standard cardiac surgical outcomes or systemic oxygen saturation at discharge. Median follow-up time was 4.33 years (range 0.0273-19.6), with no late deaths. Increased pulsatility was associated with higher oxygen saturations in the long term, but there was no difference in reported exercise tolerance (Ross), ventricular function, or atrioventricular valve regurgitation at follow-up. PI in those with Fontan-associated complications or the requiring pulmonary vasodilators aligned with the overall population median. Maintenance of pulmonary flow pulsatility did not alter short-term outcomes or long-term prognosis following Fontan although it tended to increase postoperative oxygen saturations, which may be beneficial in later life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kalia
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - P Walker-Smith
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - M V Ordoñez
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - F G Barlatay
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - Q Chen
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - H Weaver
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - M Caputo
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - S Stoica
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - A Parry
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK
| | - R M R Tulloh
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8BJ, UK.
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Parlikar A, Kalia K, Sinha S, Patnaik S, Sharma N, Vemuri SG, Sharma G. Understanding genomic diversity, pan-genome, and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9576. [PMID: 32742815 PMCID: PMC7370936 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronovirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, which originated from Wuhan, China, has seized the whole world in its grasp and created a huge pandemic situation before humanity. Since December 2019, genomes of numerous isolates have been sequenced and analyzed for testing confirmation, epidemiology, and evolutionary studies. In the first half of this article, we provide a detailed review of the history and origin of COVID-19, followed by the taxonomy, nomenclature and genome organization of its causative agent Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). In the latter half, we analyze subgenus Sarbecovirus (167 SARS-CoV-2, 312 SARS-CoV, and 5 Pangolin CoV) genomes to understand their diversity, origin, and evolution, along with pan-genome analysis of genus Betacoronavirus members. Whole-genome sequence-based phylogeny of subgenus Sarbecovirus genomes reasserted the fact that SARS-CoV-2 strains evolved from their common ancestors putatively residing in bat or pangolin hosts. We predicted a few country-specific patterns of relatedness and identified mutational hotspots with high, medium and low probability based on genome alignment of 167 SARS-CoV-2 strains. A total of 100-nucleotide segment-based homology studies revealed that the majority of the SARS-CoV-2 genome segments are close to Bat CoV, followed by some to Pangolin CoV, and some are unique ones. Open pan-genome of genus Betacoronavirus members indicates the diversity contributed by the novel viruses emerging in this group. Overall, the exploration of the diversity of these isolates, mutational hotspots and pan-genome will shed light on the evolution and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and help in developing putative methods of diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arohi Parlikar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Kishan Kalia
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Shruti Sinha
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sucheta Patnaik
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sai Gayatri Vemuri
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Joshi DN, Patel JS, Flora SJS, Kalia K. Arsenic accumulation by Pseudomonas stutzeri and its response to some thiol chelators. Environ Health Prev Med 2008; 13:257-63. [PMID: 19568912 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-008-0038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to examine arsenic accumulation by Pseudomonas stutzeri and its response to some thiol chelators, DMPS and MiADMSA. METHODS Determination of arsenic accumulation by Pseudomonas sp. was carried out using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, a TEM and an EDAX. Arsenate reductase enzyme assay was carried out from a cell-free extract of Pseudomonas sp. The effect of chelating agents on arsenite accumulation was analyzed. Total cellular proteins were analyzed using 1-D SDS-PAGE. RESULTS Pseudomonas sp. exhibited a maximum accumulation of 4 mg As g(-1) (dry weight). TEM and EDAX analysis showed the presence of As-containing electron-dense particles inside the cells. Data on arsenate reductase enzyme kinetics yielded a K (m) of 0.40 mM for arsenate and a V (max) of 5,952 mumol arsenate reduced per minute per milligram of protein. The chelating agents MiADMSA and DMPS were found to reduce the arsenic accumulation by 60 and 35%, respectively, whereas the presence of both chelating agents in medium containing cells pretreated with arsenite reduced it by up to 90%. The total protein profile of the cellular extract, obtained by 1-D SDS-PAGE, indicated five upregulated proteins, and three of these proteins exhibited differential expression when the cells were grown with MiADMSA and DMPS. CONCLUSION This study shows a new approach towards arsenic detoxification. A combination treatment with MiADMSA and DMPS may be useful for removing intracellular arsenic. The proteins that were found to be induced in this study may play an important role in the extrusion of arsenic from the cells, and this requires further characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- D N Joshi
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, B.R.D. School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India
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Dave GS, Kalia K. Hyperglycemia induced oxidative stress in type-1 and type-2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand) 2007; 53:68-78. [PMID: 17543235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is associated with hyperglycemia, hyperlipoproteinaemia and oxidative stress at cellular level. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between anti-oxidative system of cells and hyperglycemia induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in type-1 and type-2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy. ROS are anihilated by an intracellular enzymatic system such as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase and the reduced glutathione (GSH) is the major antioxidant of erythrocytes and plasma. Total of 200 diabetic patients and 50 of normal healthy control individuals were recruited for the present study. Erythrocytes and plasma activities of GPx, catalase and GSH were measured as a part of anti-oxidative system and TBARS for the marker of oxidative stress in type-1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type-2 diabetic mellitus (T2DM), type-1 diabetes with nephropathy (T1DN) and type-2 diabetes with nephropathy (T2DN) patients. GPx, catalase and GSH activity was significantly decreased, whereas TBARS level was significantly increased in both type-1 and type-2 diabetic groups with and without nephropathy than the normal healthy individuals. T1DM patients had shown decreased level of GSH and activity of anti-oxidative enzymes than T2 DM patients, whereas TBARS level was higher in T1DM than T2DM patients, suggesting that T1DM patients are more prone to secondary complications such as nephropathy than T2DM patients. Obtained results have shown positive correlation of GSH with GPx and catalase activity in erythrocytes and plasma, whereas, negative correlation was observed between TBARS and catalase in erythrocytes and plasma indicative of the relationship of various anti-oxidative enzymes and key antioxidant such as GSH in erythrocytes and plasma responsible for increased oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Dave
- Department of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Vallabh Vidyanagar, Gujarat, India
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Pack M, Constantinou CD, Kalia K, Nielsen KB, Prockop DJ. Substitution of serine for alpha 1(I)-glycine 844 in a severe variant of osteogenesis imperfecta minimally destabilizes the triple helix of type I procollagen. The effects of glycine substitutions on thermal stability are either position of amino acid specific. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:19694-9. [PMID: 2511192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have demonstrated that a series of probands with severe osteogenesis imperfecta had single base mutations in one of the two structural genes for type I procollagen that substituted amino acids with bulkier side chains for glycine residues and decreased the melting temperature of the triple helix. Here we demonstrate that the type I procollagen synthesized by cultured fibroblasts from a proband with a severe form of osteogenesis imperfecta consisted of normal molecules and molecules over-modified by post-translational reactions. The thermal stability of the intact type I collagen was normal as assayed by protease digestion under conditions in which a decrease in thermal stability was previously observed with eight other substitutions for glycine in the alpha 1(I) chain. In contrast, the thermal stability of the one-quarter length B fragment generated by digestion with vertebrate collagenase was decreased by 2-3 degrees C under the same conditions. Nucleotide sequencing of cDNAs and genomic DNA established that the proband had a substitution of A for G in one allele of the pro alpha 1(I) gene that converted the codon for alpha 1-glycine 844 to a codon for serine. The results also established that the alpha 1-serine 844 was the only mutation that could account for the decrease in thermal stability of the collagenase B fragment. There are at least two possible explanations for the failure of the alpha 1-serine 844 substitution to decrease the thermal stability of the collagen molecule whereas eight similar mutations decreased the melting temperature. One possibility is that the effects of glycine substitutions are position specific because not all glycine residues make equivalent contributions to cooperative blocks of the triple helix that unfold in the predenaturation range of temperatures. A second possible explanation is that substitutions of glycine by serine have much less effect on the stability of protein than the substitutions by arginine, cysteine, and aspartate previously studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pack
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
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Abstract
Diabetic rats (alloxan diabetes) were exposed to cadmium (2 mg kg-1 i.p.) daily for 21 days to investigate the levels of blood glucose, biogenic amines and iron, copper, zinc and cadmium in the brain. Cadmium exposure to diabetic rats produced a significant exacerbation in the hyperglycemic effect and accumulation of cadmium in the blood compared with that observed after diabetes or cadmium exposure alone. The elevation in the levels of brain dopamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine were also more pronounced in cadmium-exposed diabetic rats compared with either cadmium exposure or diabetes alone. Cadmium exposure to diabetic rats also produced significant changes in the concentrations of copper in the blood. These results indicated enhanced cadmium toxicity in diabetic rats.
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Abstract
Studies were undertaken to investigate the 54Mn binding protein in rat serum, liver and brain. Equilibrium dialysis pattern in three biological media with 54Mn against distilled water showed a rectangular hyperbola after 24 hr dialysis. 54Mn in the bag was in the non-dialysable form, presumably bound to protein. Gel filtration studies with 54Mn bound protein showed that 54Mn had a specific carrier protein, which was identical for all the three biological media tested. The electrophorogram of concentrated 54Mn protein with Comassie blue stain for protein and PAS stain for glycoprotein showed a single band with an equal RF value clearly indicating the glycoprotein nature of 54Mn binding protein. Sulphydryl groups were absent and it had molecular weight of 6.3 X 10(4) dalton.
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Kalia K, Chandra SV, Viswanathan PN. Effect of 54Mn and lead interaction on their binding with tissue proteins: in vitro studies. Ind Health 1984; 22:207-218. [PMID: 6501006 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.22.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
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