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Lurie KL, Angst R, Zlatev DV, Liao JC, Ellerbee Bowden AK. 3D reconstruction of cystoscopy videos for comprehensive bladder records. Biomed Opt Express 2017; 8:2106-2123. [PMID: 28736658 PMCID: PMC5516821 DOI: 10.1364/boe.8.002106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
White light endoscopy is widely used for diagnostic imaging of the interior of organs and body cavities, but the inability to correlate individual 2D images with 3D organ morphology limits its utility for quantitative or longitudinal studies of disease physiology or cancer surveillance. As a result, most endoscopy videos, which carry enormous data potential, are used only for real-time guidance and are discarded after collection. We present a computational method to reconstruct and visualize a 3D model of organs from an endoscopic video that captures the shape and surface appearance of the organ. A key aspect of our strategy is the use of advanced computer vision techniques and unmodified, clinical-grade endoscopy hardware with few constraints on the image acquisition protocol, which presents a low barrier to clinical translation. We validate the accuracy and robustness of our reconstruction and co-registration method using cystoscopy videos from tissue-mimicking bladder phantoms and show clinical utility during cystoscopy in the operating room for bladder cancer evaluation. As our method can powerfully augment the visual medical record of the appearance of internal organs, it is broadly applicable to endoscopy and represents a significant advance in cancer surveillance opportunities for big-data cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Lurie
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
- Dept. of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | | | | | - Joseph C. Liao
- Dept. of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
- Corresponding author:
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Lurie KL, Angst R, Seibel EJ, Liao JC, Ellerbee Bowden AK. Registration of free-hand OCT daughter endoscopy to 3D organ reconstruction. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:4995-5009. [PMID: 28018720 PMCID: PMC5175547 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.004995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite the trend to pair white light endoscopy with secondary image modalities for in vivo characterization of suspicious lesions, challenges remain to co-register such data. We present an algorithm to co-register two different optical imaging modalities as a mother-daughter endoscopy pair. Using white light cystoscopy (mother) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) (daughter) as an example, we developed the first forward-viewing OCT endoscope that fits in the working channel of flexible cystoscopes and demonstrated our algorithm's performance with optical phantom and clinical imaging data. The ability to register multimodal data opens opportunities for advanced analysis in cancer imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Lurie
- Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
- Dept. of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
| | | | - Eric J. Seibel
- Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA,
USA
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Dept. of Urology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA,
USA
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Guay-Lord R, Attendu X, Lurie KL, Majeau L, Godbout N, Bowden AKE, Strupler M, Boudoux C. Combined optical coherence tomography and hyperspectral imaging using a double-clad fiber coupler. J Biomed Opt 2016; 21:116008. [PMID: 27829103 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.21.11.116008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the combination of optical coherence tomography (OCT) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI) using a double-clad optical fiber coupler. The single-mode core of the fiber is used for OCT imaging, while the inner cladding of the double-clad fiber provides an efficient way to capture the reflectance spectrum of the sample. The combination of both methods enables three-dimensional acquisition of the sample morphology with OCT, enhanced with complementary molecular information contained in the hyperspectral image. The HSI data can be used to highlight the presence of specific molecules with characteristic absorption peaks or to produce true color images overlaid on the OCT volume for improved tissue identification by the clinician. Such a system could be implemented in a number of clinical endoscopic applications and could improve the current practice in tissue characterization, diagnosis, and surgical guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guay-Lord
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Xavier Attendu
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kristen L Lurie
- Stanford University, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, 350 Serra Mall, Packa Road, Room 361, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lucas Majeau
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Godbout
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, CanadacCastor Optics, 5155 Avenue Decelles 1251, Pavillon J-Armand Bombardier, Montréal, Québec H3T 2B1, Canada
| | - Audrey K Ellerbee Bowden
- Stanford University, E.L. Ginzton Laboratory, 350 Serra Mall, Packa Road, Room 361, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Mathias Strupler
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Canada
| | - Caroline Boudoux
- École Polytechnique Montreal, Department of Engineering Physics, C.P. 6079 Succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, CanadacCastor Optics, 5155 Avenue Decelles 1251, Pavillon J-Armand Bombardier, Montréal, Québec H3T 2B1, Canada
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Smith GT, Lurie KL, Zlatev DV, Liao JC, Ellerbee Bowden AK. Multimodal 3D cancer-mimicking optical phantom. Biomed Opt Express 2016; 7:648-62. [PMID: 26977369 PMCID: PMC4771478 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.000648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) organ-mimicking phantoms provide realistic imaging environments for testing various aspects of optical systems, including for evaluating new probe designs, characterizing the diagnostic potential of new technologies, and assessing novel image processing algorithms prior to validation in real tissue. We introduce and characterize the use of a new material, Dragon Skin (Smooth-On Inc.), and fabrication technique, air-brushing, for fabrication of a 3D phantom that mimics the appearance of a real organ under multiple imaging modalities. We demonstrate the utility of the material and technique by fabricating the first 3D, hollow bladder phantom with realistic normal and multi-stage pathology features suitable for endoscopic detection using the gold standard imaging technique, white light cystoscopy (WLC), as well as the complementary imaging modalities of optical coherence tomography and blue light cystoscopy, which are aimed at improving the sensitivity and specificity of WLC to bladder cancer detection. The flexibility of the material and technique used for phantom construction allowed for the representation of a wide range of diseased tissue states, ranging from inflammation (benign) to high-grade cancerous lesions. Such phantoms can serve as important tools for trainee education and evaluation of new endoscopic instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennifer T. Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
| | - Kristen L. Lurie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
| | - Dimitar V. Zlatev
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
USA
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Department of Urology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305,
USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA 94304,
USA
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Smith GT, Dwork N, O’Connor D, Sikora U, Lurie KL, Pauly JM, Ellerbee AK. Automated, Depth-Resolved Estimation of the Attenuation Coefficient From Optical Coherence Tomography Data. IEEE Trans Med Imaging 2015; 34:2592-602. [PMID: 26126286 PMCID: PMC4714956 DOI: 10.1109/tmi.2015.2450197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We present a method for automated, depth-resolved extraction of the attenuation coefficient from Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) data. In contrast to previous automated, depth-resolved methods, the Depth-Resolved Confocal (DRC) technique derives an invertible mapping between the measured OCT intensity data and the attenuation coefficient while considering the confocal function and sensitivity fall-off, which are critical to ensure accurate measurements of the attenuation coefficient in practical settings (e.g., clinical endoscopy). We also show that further improvement of the estimated attenuation coefficient is possible by formulating image denoising as a convex optimization problem that we term Intensity Weighted Horizontal Total Variation (iwhTV). The performance and accuracy of DRC alone and DRC+iwhTV are validated with simulated data, optical phantoms, and ex-vivo porcine tissue. Our results suggest that implementation of DRC+iwhTV represents a novel way to improve OCT contrast for better tissue characterization through quantitative imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennifer T. Smith
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas Dwork
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Daniel O’Connor
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Uzair Sikora
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kristen L. Lurie
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John M. Pauly
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Audrey K. Ellerbee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Lurie KL, Gurjarpadhye AA, Seibel EJ, Ellerbee AK. Rapid scanning catheterscope for expanded forward-view volumetric imaging with optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett 2015; 40:3165-3168. [PMID: 26125393 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel catheterscope, based on scanning fiber endoscopy, for volumetric imaging with optical coherence tomography (OCT), which possesses a high resonance frequency (>2 kHz) and a small outer diameter (OD) (1.07 mm). Our design is the fastest volumetric-scanning, forward-viewing catheterscope for OCT, and the scanning package has the smallest OD of any such OCT package published to date. Using a proof-of-operation catheterscope with commercial lenses, we demonstrate high-quality in vivo and ex vivo volumetric imaging and extend the 1.1 mm diameter field of view more than 200-fold by mosaicking. Due to its small OD, short rigid tip length, and fast scan rate, this scope is the leading candidate design to enable early detection and staging of bladder cancer during flexible white light cystoscopy.
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Lurie KL, Zlatev DV, Angst R, Gao J, Li S, Mach KE, Ellerbee AK, Liao JC. PD25-04 VIRTUAL 3D BLADDER RECONSTRUCTION FROM WHITE LIGHT CYSTOSCOPY. J Urol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2015.02.1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marvdashti T, Duan L, Lurie KL, Smith GT, Ellerbee AK. Quantitative measurements of strain and birefringence with common-path polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography. Opt Lett 2014; 39:5507-10. [PMID: 25360914 DOI: 10.1364/ol.39.005507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the first system for optical coherence tomography (OCT) that enables simultaneous measurement of quantitative birefringence and strain in biological samples using a common-path configuration. Owing to its superior phase stability, common-path polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography (CoPPSe-OCT) achieves a sub-nanometer displacement sensitivity of 0.52 nm at an SNR of 48 dB. We utilize CoPPSe-OCT to measure reflectance, birefringence, and strain for distinguishing burnt regions in a birefringent biological sample (chicken breast muscle).
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Lurie KL, Angst R, Ellerbee AK. Automated Mosaicing of Feature-Poor Optical Coherence Tomography Volumes With an Integrated White Light Imaging System. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2014; 61:2141-53. [DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2014.2316535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Lurie KL, Smith GT, Khan SA, Liao JC, Ellerbee AK. Three-dimensional, distendable bladder phantom for optical coherence tomography and white light cystoscopy. J Biomed Opt 2014; 19:36009. [PMID: 24623158 PMCID: PMC3951584 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.3.036009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We describe a combination of fabrication techniques and a general process to construct a three-dimensional (3-D) phantom that mimics the size, macroscale structure, microscale surface topology, subsurface microstructure, optical properties, and functional characteristics of a cancerous bladder. The phantom also includes features that are recognizable in white light (i.e., the visual appearance of blood vessels), making it suitable to emulate the bladder for emerging white light+optical coherence tomography (OCT) cystoscopies and other endoscopic procedures of large, irregularly shaped organs. The fabrication process has broad applicability and can be generalized to OCT phantoms for other tissue types or phantoms for other imaging modalities. To this end, we also enumerate the nuances of applying known fabrication techniques (e.g., spin coating) to contexts (e.g., nonplanar, 3-D shapes) that are essential to establish their generalizability and limitations. We anticipate that this phantom will be immediately useful to evaluate innovative OCT systems and software being developed for longitudinal bladder surveillance and early cancer detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L. Lurie
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Gennifer T. Smith
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Saara A. Khan
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Joseph C. Liao
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Urology, Stanford, California 94305
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
| | - Audrey K. Ellerbee
- Stanford University, Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford, California 94305
- Address all correspondence to: Audrey K. Ellerbee, E-mail:
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Gu RY, Lurie KL, Pipes M, Ellerbee AK. Variable-sized bar targets for characterizing three-dimensional resolution in OCT. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:2317-25. [PMID: 23024923 PMCID: PMC3447571 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Resolution is an important figure of merit for imaging systems. We designed, fabricated and tested an optical phantom that mimics the simplicity of an Air Force Test Chart but can characterize both the axial and lateral resolution of optical coherence tomography systems. The phantom is simple to fabricate, simple to use and functions in versatile environments.
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Lurie KL, Moritz TJ, Ellerbee AK. Design considerations for polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography with a single input polarization state. Biomed Opt Express 2012; 3:2273-87. [PMID: 23024919 PMCID: PMC3447567 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Using a generalized design for a polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) system with a single input polarization state (SIPS), we prove the existence of an infinitely large design space over which it is possible to develop simple PS-OCT systems that yield closed form expressions for birefringence. Through simulation and experiment, we validate this analysis by demonstrating new configurations for PS-OCT systems, and present guidelines for the general design of such systems in light of their inherent inaccuracies. After accounting for systemic errors, alternative designs exhibit similar performance on average to the traditional SIPS PS-OCT system. This analysis could be extended to systems with multiple input polarization states and could usher in a new generation of PS-OCT systems optimally designed to probe specific birefringent samples with high accuracy.
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Shull PB, Lurie KL, Cutkosky MR, Besier TF. Training multi-parameter gaits to reduce the knee adduction moment with data-driven models and haptic feedback. J Biomech 2011; 44:1605-9. [PMID: 21459384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2011.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate gait retraining for reducing the knee adduction moment. Our primary objective was to determine whether subject-specific altered gaits aimed at reducing the knee adduction moment by 30% or more could be identified and adopted in a single session through haptic (touch) feedback training on multiple kinematic gait parameters. Nine healthy subjects performed gait retraining, in which data-driven models specific to each subject were determined through experimental trials and were used to train novel gaits involving a combination of kinematic changes to the tibia angle, foot progression and trunk sway angles. Wearable haptic devices were used on the back, knee and foot for real-time feedback. All subjects were able to adopt altered gaits requiring simultaneous changes to multiple kinematic parameters and reduced their knee adduction moments by 29-48%. Analysis of single parameter gait training showed that moving the knee medially by increasing tibia angle, increasing trunk sway and toeing in all reduced the first peak of the knee adduction moment with tibia angle changes having the most dramatic effect. These results suggest that individualized data-driven gait retraining may be a viable option for reducing the knee adduction moment as a treatment method for early-stage knee osteoarthritis patients with sufficient sensation, endurance and motor learning capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete B Shull
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Center for Design Research, Stanford, CA 94305-2232, USA.
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