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Abraham KM, Dent KR, Resnick SG, McCarthy JF, Zivin K. Associations of Mortality Outcomes With Employment Status at Discharge From VA Vocational Rehabilitation Service Programs. Psychiatr Serv 2024:appips20230489. [PMID: 38693833 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.20230489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors evaluated associations between employment at discharge from Veterans Health Administration Vocational Rehabilitation Service (VR) programs and suicide and other causes of death. METHODS For veterans receiving VR between October 1, 2005, and September 30, 2014 (N=78,293), proportional hazards analyses were used to test associations of employment with suicide, drug overdose, and external and natural cause mortality rates over 1 and 5 years postdischarge and through December 31, 2019. The analyses were adjusted for clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and propensity for employment. RESULTS Of the veterans, 94.1% had a psychiatric diagnosis, and 35.5% were employed at VR discharge. In proportional hazards analyses, employment was associated with lower mortality rates through 1 year (suicide, hazard ratio [HR]=0.54; overdose, HR=0.70; external causes, HR=0.62; and natural causes, HR=0.51) and 5 years postdischarge (overdose, HR=0.72; external causes, HR=0.81; and natural causes, HR=0.72). Through December 31, 2019, employment was associated with lower risks for overdose (HR=0.80) and death by external (HR=0.81) and natural (HR=0.80) causes. CONCLUSIONS Employment at VR discharge was associated with lower mortality risk among veterans with psychiatric diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor (Abraham, Dent, McCarthy); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham); Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, West Haven, Connecticut (Resnick); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven (Resnick); Suicide Prevention Program, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, Washington, D.C. (McCarthy); Center for Clinical Management Research, VA, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Zivin)
| | - Kallisse R Dent
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor (Abraham, Dent, McCarthy); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham); Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, West Haven, Connecticut (Resnick); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven (Resnick); Suicide Prevention Program, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, Washington, D.C. (McCarthy); Center for Clinical Management Research, VA, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Zivin)
| | - Sandra G Resnick
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor (Abraham, Dent, McCarthy); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham); Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, West Haven, Connecticut (Resnick); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven (Resnick); Suicide Prevention Program, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, Washington, D.C. (McCarthy); Center for Clinical Management Research, VA, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Zivin)
| | - John F McCarthy
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor (Abraham, Dent, McCarthy); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham); Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, West Haven, Connecticut (Resnick); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven (Resnick); Suicide Prevention Program, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, Washington, D.C. (McCarthy); Center for Clinical Management Research, VA, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Zivin)
| | - Kara Zivin
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor (Abraham, Dent, McCarthy); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham); Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, West Haven, Connecticut (Resnick); Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven (Resnick); Suicide Prevention Program, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, VA, Washington, D.C. (McCarthy); Center for Clinical Management Research, VA, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Zivin)
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Abraham KM, Merrill SL, Patterson SM, Aysta SL. Care Retention Among Veterans with Serious Mental Illness who were once lost-to-Veterans Health Administration care. Psychiatr Q 2023; 94:633-644. [PMID: 37676451 DOI: 10.1007/s11126-023-10049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate care retention among Veterans with serious mental illness (SMI) who were lost to Veterans Health Administration (VHA) care for at least one year and subsequently returned to VHA care via the SMI Re-Engagement program, an outreach program for Veterans with SMI who are lost-to-care. METHODS For the 410 Veterans with SMI who returned to care via SMI Re-Engagement between April 4th, 2016 and January 31, 2018, we assessed VHA in-person and telehealth utilization (overall, primary care, mental health care) for two years following the date of return to care. RESULTS Care retention was common: 70.2% of Veterans had at least one encounter in each year of the two-year follow-up period and an additional 22.7% had at least one encounter during one of the two years. During the two-year follow-up period, 72.4% of Veterans had at least one primary care encounter and 70.7% of Veterans had at least one mental health care encounter. Adjusted binomial logistic regression analyses found a return-to-care encounter in primary care (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.34, 5.42) predicted primary care retention, and a return-to-care encounter in mental health care (OR = 4.01; 95% CI: 2.38, 6.75) predicted mental health care retention. CONCLUSION Most Veterans who return to care via the SMI Re-Engagement program remain in VHA care for the subsequent two years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, University of Michigan North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 W. McNichols Road, Detroit, MI, 48221, USA.
| | - Stephanie L Merrill
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, University of Michigan North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA
| | - Scott M Patterson
- Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, 1481 W. 10th Street, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 355 W. 16th Street, Ste 4800, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA
| | - Shanyn L Aysta
- W.G. (Bill) Hefner VA Medical Center, 1601 Brenner Ave, Salisbury, NC, 28144, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Wake Forest School of Medicine, 791 Jonestown Road, Winston- Salem, NC, 27103, USA
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Zivin K, Van T, Osatuke K, Boden M, Pfeiffer PN, Sripada RK, Abraham KM, Burgess J, Kim HM. Behavioral Health Provider Burnout and Mental Health Care in the Veterans Health Administration. J Gen Intern Med 2023; 38:2254-2261. [PMID: 37227659 PMCID: PMC10211276 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-023-08235-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although many studies assess predictors of provider burnout, few analyses provide high-quality, consistent evidence on the impact of provider burnout on patient outcomes exist, particularly among behavioral health providers (BHPs). OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of burnout among psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers on access-related quality measures in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). DESIGN This study used burnout in VA All Employee Survey (AES) and Mental Health Provider Survey (MHPS) data to predict metrics assessed by the Strategic Analytics for Improvement and Learning Value, Mental Health Domain (MH-SAIL), VHA's quality monitoring system. The study used prior year (2014-2018) facility-level burnout proportion among BHPs to predict subsequent year (2015-2019) facility-level MH-SAIL domain scores. Analyses used multiple regression models, adjusting for facility characteristics, including BHP staffing and productivity. PARTICIPANTS Psychologists, psychiatrists, and social workers who responded to the AES and MHPS at 127 VHA facilities. MAIN MEASURES Four compositive outcomes included two objective measures (population coverage, continuity of care), one subjective measure (experience of care), and one composite measure of the former three measures (mental health domain quality). KEY RESULTS Adjusted analyses showed prior year burnout generally had no impact on population coverage, continuity of care, and patient experiences of care but had a negative impact on provider experiences of care consistently across 5 years (p < 0.001). Pooled across years, a 5% higher facility-level burnout in AES and MHPS had a 0.05 and 0.09 standard deviation worse facility experiences of care from the prior year, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Burnout had a significant negative impact on provider-reported experiential outcome measures. This analysis showed that burnout had a negative effect on subjective but not on objective quality measures of Veteran access to care, which could inform future policies and interventions regarding provider burnout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Zivin
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Tony Van
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katerine Osatuke
- VHA National Center for Organization Development, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matt Boden
- Program Evaluation and Resource Center and VA Office of Mental Health Operations, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Paul N Pfeiffer
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca K Sripada
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Burgess
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Hyungjin Myra Kim
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abraham KM, Vu T, Chavis CD, Dykhuis KE, Sata MJ. An examination of predisposing and enabling factors that predict dental utilization among individuals with serious mental illness in Detroit, Michigan. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2022; 51:399-407. [PMID: 35607884 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated which predisposing and enabling factors prospectively predicted dental utilization over 6 months among people with serious mental illness. METHODS A sample of individuals with serious mental illness (86.3% African American; 97.4% with public health insurance) was recruited from community mental health centres in Detroit, Michigan, and responded to questionnaires at baseline and at least one follow-up visit at 3 or 6 months (N = 190). Baseline assessments included demographic and clinical information, established measures of health literacy, health insurance literacy, stigma related to mental illness, experiences of racial discrimination and medical mistrust. Insurance coverage for dental care and the availability of dental services at the participants' mental health centres was recorded. At follow-up visits, participants reported healthcare utilization, including dental and primary care, since baseline. RESULTS Three factors emerged as meaningful predictors of having a dental visit in bivariate and multivariate analyses: more medical comorbidities and dental care co-located with mental health care predicted increased likelihood of a dental visit, whereas having experienced racial discrimination in a medical setting predicted lower odds of having a dental visit in the follow-up period. Co-location of dental care with mental health care was the strongest predictor of having a dental visit. CONCLUSIONS Co-locating dental care with mental health care may increase dental utilization among people with serious mental illness, possibly by mitigating known barriers to dental care for this population. Among African Americans, the co-location of dental care with mental health care may also attenuate the negative effect of prior racial discrimination in a medical setting on dental utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tiffany Vu
- University of Detroit Mercy Detroit Michigan USA
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5
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Zivin K, Chang MUM, Van T, Osatuke K, Boden M, Sripada RK, Abraham KM, Pfeiffer PN, Kim HM. Relationships between work-environment characteristics and behavioral health provider burnout in the Veterans Health Administration. Health Serv Res 2022; 57 Suppl 1:83-94. [PMID: 35230714 PMCID: PMC9108225 DOI: 10.1111/1475-6773.13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To identify work–environment characteristics associated with Veterans Health Administration (VHA) behavioral health provider (BHP) burnout among psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers. Data Sources The 2015–2018 data from Annual All Employee Survey (AES); Mental Health Provider Survey (MHPS); N = 57,397 respondents; facility‐level Mental Health Onboard Clinical (MHOC) staffing and productivity data, N = 140 facilities. Study Design For AES and MHPS separately, we used mixed‐effects logistic regression to predict BHP burnout using surveys from year pairs (2015–2016, 2016–2017, 2017–2018; six models). Within each year‐pair, we used the earlier year of data to train models and tested the model in the later year, with burnout (emotional exhaustion and/or depersonalization) as the outcome for each survey. We used potentially modifiable work–environment characteristics as predictors, controlling for employee demographic characteristics as covariates, and employment facility as random intercepts. Data Collection/Extraction Methods We included work–environment predictors that appeared in all 4 years (11 in AES; 17 in MHPS). Principal Findings In 2015–2018, 31.0%–38.0% of BHPs reported burnout in AES or MHPS. Work characteristics consistently associated with significantly lower burnout were included for AES: reasonable workload; having appropriate resources to perform a job well; supervisors address concerns; given an opportunity to improve skills. For MHPS, characteristics included: reasonable workload; work improves veterans' lives; mental health care provided is well‐coordinated; and three reverse‐coded items: staffing vacancies; daily work that clerical/support staff could complete; and collateral duties reduce availability for patient care. Facility‐level staffing ratios and productivity did not significantly predict individual‐level burnout. Workload represented the strongest predictor of burnout in both surveys. Conclusions This study demonstrated substantial, ongoing impacts that having appropriate resources including staff, workload, and supervisor support had on VHA BHP burnout. VHA may consider investing in approaches to mitigate the impact of BHP burnout on employees and their patients through providing staff supports, managing workload, and goal setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Zivin
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Ming-Un Myron Chang
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Tony Van
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Katerine Osatuke
- VHA National Center for Organization Development, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States
| | - Matthew Boden
- Program Evaluation and Resource Center and VA Office of Mental Health Operations, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rebecca K Sripada
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, United States
| | - Paul N Pfeiffer
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
| | - Hyungjin Myra Kim
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.,Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States
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Klim C, Vitous CA, Keller-Cohen D, Vega E, Forman J, Lapidos A, Abraham KM, Pfeiffer PN. Characterizing suicide-related self-disclosure by peer specialists: a qualitative analysis of audio-recorded sessions. Adv Ment Health 2022; 20:170-180. [PMID: 35756076 PMCID: PMC9231833 DOI: 10.1080/18387357.2021.2010585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective We characterized peer support specialists' self-disclosures related to suicide and recipient responses to inform services for high-risk individuals that may include peer support. Method We used an inductive approach and thematic analysis to identify themes from audio recordings of initial sessions between peer support specialists trained in suicide-related self-disclosure and 10 study participants who were admitted to inpatient psychiatry units with suicidal ideation or a suicide attempt. Results The first theme, "I've been suicidal, but those details are not important", reflects that peers mentioned suicide-related aspects of their histories briefly, often as part of introductions, without participants responding specifically to those aspects. The second theme, "Being suicidal is one of the challenges I've faced", reflects that in more detailed disclosures by peer specialists and in participant responses, suicide is a part of the mental health challenges and life stressors discussed, not the focus. The third theme "Let's focus on my recovery and what I've learned" reflects that peers steered their self-disclosures away from suicide and towards what was helpful in their recovery. Conclusions Suicide-related self-disclosures embedded within peer specialists' introduction or overall recovery narrative convey a shared experience while focusing conversation on mental health challenges other than suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casimir Klim
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic Center for Graduate Medical Education
| | - C. Ann Vitous
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School
| | | | | | - Jane Forman
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System
| | | | | | - Paul N. Pfeiffer
- VA Health Services Research and Development Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School
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Becerra LA, Hill EM, Abraham KM. Self-Portraits: Literal Self-Portraits, Mandalas, and Free Drawings to Reduce Anxiety. Art Therapy 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07421656.2021.1976024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abraham KM, Merrill SL, Quasarano JG, Mach J, Harrod M, Takamine L. Outreach to facilitate return to VA care for veterans with serious mental illness: A mixed-methods evaluation of best practices. Psychol Serv 2021; 19:573-584. [PMID: 34351208 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Outreach to people with serious mental illness who are disengaged from treatment can facilitate return to care. However, little is known regarding what outreach strategies are effective. This mixed-methods evaluation assessed best practices for conducting outreach to Veterans with serious mental illness via the national Veterans Health Administration Re-Engaging Veterans with Serious Mental Illness program by comparing the strategies used by high-performing sites and low-performing sites. Quantitative data included the types and number of contact attempts used to reach Veterans. Qualitative data included interviews with clinicians from high- and low-performing sites. Results indicated making at least four contact attempts using methods of phone, certified letter, and next of kin differentiated high from low-performing facilities. Clinicians from high-performing sites also differed from low-performing sites in their expressed philosophy about outreach, demonstrated a broader array of strategies in attempting to contact Veterans, and described greater connections with others at their site, with clinicians around the country, and with national program resources. Implications of evaluation findings for outreach programs and research are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Nelson SM, Mach JJ, Hein TC, Abraham KM, Jedele JM, Bowersox NW. Access to timely mental health care treatment initiation among Veterans Health Administration patients with and without serious mental illness. Psychol Serv 2021; 19:488-493. [PMID: 34081526 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Timely care initiation is a priority within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). Patients with serious mental illnesses (SMI) are a group that benefits from timely care initiation due to elevated risks of negative outcomes with delayed care. However, no evaluation has assessed whether VHA SMI patients disproportionately experience delays in mental health care initiation. VHA administrative care data were used to compare delays in mental health care initiation for VHA patients with and without SMI who had newly identified mental health needs. Analyses assessed rates of delayed initial mental health appointments within five settings (General Mental Health [GMH], Primary Care Mental Health Integration [PC-MHI], Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder [PTSD], Substance Use Disorder [SUD], and Psychosocial Rehabilitation clinics [PSR]). SMI patients were more likely to receive delayed initial appointments in three of five clinical settings (PTSD, SUD, PSR) and had significantly longer average wait times for an initial appointment when referred to the PTSD clinic for an initial appointment. Overall, SMI patients were equally as likely to receive delayed initial appointments. While VHA SMI patients were not more likely to experience delayed mental health care initiation overall, they were more likely to experience delays within three of the five treatment settings. Findings suggest that the majority of VHA SMI patients experience equivalent timeliness, though those with more complex needs, and particularly those with trauma-related care needs, may be more likely to experience treatment initiation delays. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon M Nelson
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC)
| | - Jennifer J Mach
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC)
| | - Tyler C Hein
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC)
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC)
| | - Jenefer M Jedele
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC)
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Abraham KM, Chang MUM, Van T, Resnick SG, Zivin K. Employment After Vocational Rehabilitation Predicts Decreased Health Care Utilization in Veterans With Mental Health Diagnoses. Mil Med 2021; 186:850-857. [PMID: 33825897 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usab113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although the benefits of employment for veterans with mental health conditions are well-known, the effect of veterans' employment on a health system has not been evaluated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of veterans' employment (versus unemployment) on subsequent health care utilization in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study used a sample of 29,022 veterans with mental health and substance use disorders who were discharged from VHA's employment services programs between fiscal years 2006 and 2010. Veterans' employment status (employed/unemployed) upon discharge from VHA employment programs was ascertained from program discharge forms and linked with VHA administrative health care utilization data for the subsequent 1- and 5-year periods. RESULTS Multivariable ordinary least-squares and logistic regression models adjusted for site clustering and covariates indicated that employment (versus unemployment) predicted less health care utilization 1 year and 5 years post-discharge from employment services, including fewer outpatient mental health visits, homelessness services visits, employment services visits, primary care visits, and lower odds of mental health hospitalizations, mental health or vocational rehabilitation residential stays, and medical hospitalizations. Employment did not predict emergency department visits. CONCLUSIONS VHA's investment in employment services for veterans with mental health and substance use disorders could reduce health care utilization system wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI 48221, USA
| | - Ming-Un Myron Chang
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Tony Van
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Sandra G Resnick
- Northeast Program Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Veterans Health Administration, West Haven, CT 06516, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kara Zivin
- Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Pfeiffer PN, Pope B, Houck M, Benn-Burton W, Zivin K, Ganoczy D, Kim HM, Walters H, Emerson L, Nelson CB, Abraham KM, Valenstein M. Effectiveness of Peer-Supported Computer-Based CBT for Depression Among Veterans in Primary Care. Psychiatr Serv 2020; 71:256-262. [PMID: 31931686 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study tested whether computerized cognitive-behavioral therapy for depression supported by a peer specialist with lived experience of depression (PS-cCBT) improves mental health-related outcomes for primary care patients. METHODS In the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, primary care patients with a new diagnosis of depression (N=330) were randomly assigned to 3 months of PS-cCBT or a usual-care control condition. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess differences in depression symptoms, general mental health status, quality of life, and mental health recovery measured at baseline and 3 and 6 months. RESULTS In adjusted analyses, participants who received PS-cCBT experienced 1.4 points' (95% confidence interval [CI]=0.3-2.5, p=0.01) greater improvement in depression symptoms on the Quick Inventory of Depression Symptomatology-Self Report at 3 months, compared with the control group, but no significant difference was noted at 6 months. PS-cCBT recipients also had 2.6 points' (95% CI=0.5-4.8, p=0.02) greater improvement in quality of life at 3 months on the Quality of Life Enjoyment and Satisfaction Questionnaire Short Form and greater improvement in recovery on the Recovery Assessment Scale at 3 months (3.6 points; 95% CI=0.9-6.2, p=0.01) and 6 months (4.5 points; 95% CI=1.2-7.7, p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS PS-cCBT is an effective option for improving short-term depression symptoms and longer-term recovery among primary care patients newly diagnosed as having depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Pfeiffer
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Brooke Pope
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Marc Houck
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Wendy Benn-Burton
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Kara Zivin
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Dara Ganoczy
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - H Myra Kim
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Heather Walters
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Lauren Emerson
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - C Beau Nelson
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
| | - Marcia Valenstein
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Ganoczy, Kim, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Abraham, Valenstein); Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (Pfeiffer, Zivin, Walters, Emerson, Nelson, Valenstein); Battle Creek VA Medical Center, Battle Creek, Michigan (Pope, Houck); John D. Dingell VA Medical Center, Detroit (Benn-Burton); Consulting for Statistics, Computing and Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Kim); Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit (Abraham)
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Lapidos A, Abraham KM, Jagusch J, Garlick J, Walters H, Kim HM, Vega E, Damschroder L, Forman J, Ahmedani B, King CA, Pfeiffer PN. Peer mentorship to reduce suicide attempts among high-risk adults (PREVAIL): Rationale and design of a randomized controlled effectiveness-implementation trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2019; 87:105850. [PMID: 31525489 PMCID: PMC7035877 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2019.105850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Novel approaches to suicide prevention are needed to address increasing rates of suicide deaths. Research suggests that interventions led by certified Peer Specialists may improve suicide protective factors such as hope and connectedness; however, the effectiveness of a Peer Specialist intervention for reducing suicidal thoughts or behaviors has not previously been tested empirically. DESIGN We describe the methodology of a randomized controlled hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a peer specialist intervention known as PREVAIL (Peers for Valued Living). The primary effectiveness aim is to determine whether the 3-month peer mentorship intervention compared to a minimally enhanced usual care condition reduces suicide attempts and suicidal ideation among adults at high risk for suicide who have been psychiatrically hospitalized. Secondary effectiveness outcomes include medically serious suicide attempts according to chart review and self-reported self-efficacy to avoid suicide. We also describe suicide risk management, supervision, and fidelity monitoring in the context of Peer Specialist providers and our methods for assessing implementation barriers and facilitators. CONCLUSION The PREVAIL trial will demonstrate novel methods for incorporating peer providers into a suicide prevention effectiveness trial with high-risk study participants. PREVAIL's hybrid effectiveness-implementation design aims to maximize the likelihood of rapid implementation in the community if shown to be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne Lapidos
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; University of Detroit Mercy, Department of Psychology, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Jennifer Jagusch
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - James Garlick
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Heather Walters
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - H Myra Kim
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Consulting for Statistics, Computing & Analytics Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Laura Damschroder
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jane Forman
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Cheryl A King
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Paul N Pfeiffer
- University of Michigan Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Liu E, Li J, Jiao L, Doan HTT, Liu Z, Zhao Z, Huang Y, Abraham KM, Mukerjee S, Jia Q. Unifying the Hydrogen Evolution and Oxidation Reactions Kinetics in Base by Identifying the Catalytic Roles of Hydroxyl-Water-Cation Adducts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:3232-3239. [PMID: 30673227 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fundamental and practical significance of the hydrogen evolution and oxidation reactions (HER/HOR), their kinetics in base remain unclear. Herein, we show that the alkaline HER/HOR kinetics can be unified by the catalytic roles of the adsorbed hydroxyl (OHad)-water-alkali metal cation (AM+) adducts, on the basis of the observations that enriching the OHad abundance via surface Ni benefits the HER/HOR; increasing the AM+ concentration only promotes the HER, while varying the identity of AM+ affects both HER/HOR. The presence of OHad-(H2O) x-AM+ in the double-layer region facilitates the OHad removal into the bulk, forming OH--(H2O) x-AM+ as per the hard-soft acid-base theory, thereby selectively promoting the HER. It can be detrimental to the HOR as per the bifunctional mechanism, as the AM+ destabilizes the OHad, which is further supported by the CO oxidation results. This new notion may be important for alkaline electrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ershuai Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jingkun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Huong Thi Thanh Doan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Zeyan Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Zipeng Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States.,California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI) , University of California , Los Angeles , California 90095 , United States
| | - K M Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Sanjeev Mukerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Qingying Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Northeastern University , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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14
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Abraham KM, Mach J, Visnic S, McCarthy JF. Enhancing Treatment Reengagement for Veterans With Serious Mental Illness: Evaluating the Effectiveness of SMI Re-Engage. Psychiatr Serv 2018; 69:887-895. [PMID: 29793395 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201700407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This evaluation assessed the effectiveness of the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) program Reengaging Veterans With Serious Mental Illness in Treatment (SMI Re-Engage). The program serves veterans with serious mental illness who experience extended gaps in use of VHA care. METHODS Propensity score-weighted survival analysis that adjusted for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors assessed whether being contacted via SMI Re-Engage predicted return to VHA care within 18 months of when clinicians received patient contact information and, among veterans contacted, whether return to VHA care was associated with mortality risk within the 18-month follow-up period. Among all veterans who returned to care, a post hoc propensity score-weighted logistic regression that adjusted for demographic, clinical, and utilization factors assessed whether being contacted via SMI Re-Engage was associated with returning to outpatient care versus inpatient or emergency care. RESULTS Of veterans contacted (N=886), 42% returned to care, compared with 27% of veterans whom providers attempted to contact but could not reach (N=2,059). When analyses adjusted for covariates, veterans who were contacted had a higher risk of returning to care (hazard ratio (HR)=3.40, 95% confidence interval [CI]=2.70-4.28). Among veterans contacted, the association between return to VHA care and mortality risk was not significant. Post hoc analyses for veterans who returned to care (N=941) indicated that being contacted (versus not being contacted) was associated with higher odds of returning to outpatient care (versus inpatient or emergency care) (odds ratio=2.42, CI=1.68-3.47). CONCLUSIONS SMI Re-Engage contact facilitated return to VHA care. SMI Re-Engage exemplifies how population health strategies can address health care discontinuities among people with serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- The authors are with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dr. Abraham is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. McCarthy is also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Jennifer Mach
- The authors are with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dr. Abraham is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. McCarthy is also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - Stephanie Visnic
- The authors are with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dr. Abraham is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. McCarthy is also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
| | - John F McCarthy
- The authors are with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center (SMITREC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Dr. Abraham is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. McCarthy is also with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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15
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Smith SN, Almirall D, Prenovost K, Goodrich DE, Abraham KM, Liebrecht C, Kilbourne AM. Organizational culture and climate as moderators of enhanced outreach for persons with serious mental illness: results from a cluster-randomized trial of adaptive implementation strategies. Implement Sci 2018; 13:93. [PMID: 29986765 PMCID: PMC6038326 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-018-0787-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Organizational culture and climate are considered key factors in implementation efforts but have not been examined as moderators of implementation strategy comparative effectiveness. We investigated organizational culture and climate as moderators of comparative effectiveness of two sequences of implementation strategies (Immediate vs. Delayed Enhanced Replicating Effective Programs [REP]) combining Standard REP and REP enhanced with facilitation on implementation of an outreach program for Veterans with serious mental illness lost to care at Veterans Health Administration (VA) facilities nationwide. Methods This study is a secondary analysis of the cluster-randomized Re-Engage implementation trial that assigned 3075 patients at 89 VA facilities to either the Immediate or Delayed Enhanced REP sequences. We hypothesized that sites with stronger entrepreneurial culture, task, or relational climate would benefit more from Enhanced REP than Standard REP. Veteran- and site-level data from the Re-Engage trial were combined with site-aggregated measures of entrepreneurial culture and task and relational climate from the 2012 VA All Employee Survey. Longitudinal mixed-effects logistic models examined whether the comparative effectiveness of the Immediate vs. Delayed Enhanced REP sequences were moderated by culture or climate measures at 6 and 12 months post-randomization. Three Veteran-level outcomes related to the engagement with the VA system were assessed: updated documentation, attempted contact by coordinator, and completed contact. Results For updated documentation and attempted contact, Veterans at sites with higher entrepreneurial culture and task climate scores benefitted more from Enhanced REP compared to Standard REP than Veterans at sites with lower scores. Few culture or climate moderation effects were detected for the comparative effectiveness of the full sequences of implementation strategies. Conclusions Implementation strategy effectiveness is highly intertwined with contextual factors, and implementation practitioners may use knowledge of contextual moderation to tailor strategy deployment. We found that facilitation strategies provided with Enhanced REP were more effective at improving uptake of a mental health outreach program at sites with stronger entrepreneurial culture and task climate; Veterans at sites with lower levels of these measures saw more similar improvement under Standard and Enhanced REP. Within resource-constrained systems, practitioners may choose to target more intensive implementation strategies to sites that will most benefit from them. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN21059161. Date registered: April 11, 2013. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13012-018-0787-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawna N Smith
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of General Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Daniel Almirall
- Institute for Social Research and Department of Statistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Prenovost
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David E Goodrich
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Celeste Liebrecht
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Amy M Kilbourne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Health Services Research and Development, Veterans Health Administration, US Department of Veterans, Washington DC, USA
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16
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Burton CZ, Abraham KM, Grindle CM, Visnic S, Hack SM, McCarthy JF, Bowersox NW. Outreach to veterans with serious mental illness who are lost to care: Predictors of outreach contact. Psychol Serv 2018; 15:40-44. [DOI: 10.1037/ser0000140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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17
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Barry CN, Abraham KM, Weaver KR, Bowersox NW. Innovating team-based outpatient mental health care in the Veterans Health Administration: Staff-perceived benefits and challenges to pilot implementation of the Behavioral Health Interdisciplinary Program (BHIP). Psychol Serv 2017; 13:148-155. [PMID: 27148949 DOI: 10.1037/ser0000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, the demand for Veterans Health Administration (VHA) mental health care has increased rapidly. In response to the increased demand, the VHA developed the Behavioral Health Interdisciplinary Program (BHIP) team model as an innovative approach to transform VHA general outpatient mental health delivery. The present formative evaluation gathered information about pilot implementation of BHIP to understand the struggles and successes that staff experienced during facility transitions to the BHIP model. Using a purposive, nonrandom sampling approach, we conducted 1-on-1, semistructured interviews with 37 licensed and nonlicensed clinical providers and 13 clerical support staff assigned to BHIP teams in 21 facilities across the VHA. Interviews revealed that having actively involved facility mental health leaders, obtaining adequate staffing for teams to meet the requirements of the BHIP model, creating clear descriptions and expectations for team member roles within the BHIP framework, and allocating designated time for BHIP team meetings challenged many VHA sites but are crucial for successful BHIP implementation. Despite the challenges, staff reported that the transition to BHIP improved team work and improved patient care. Staff specifically highlighted the potential for the BHIP model to improve staff working relationships and enhance communication, collaboration, morale, and veteran treatment consistency. Future evaluations of the BHIP implementation process and BHIP team functioning focusing on patient outcomes, organizational outcomes, and staff functioning are recommended for fully understanding effects of transitioning to the BHIP model within VHA general mental health clinics and to identify best practices and areas for improvement. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study assessed whether receiving specific types of Veterans Health Administration (VHA) Therapeutic and Supported Employment Services (TSES) between fiscal years (FYs) 2006 and 2010 (a time frame that encompasses the Great Recession) was associated with obtaining competitive employment among veterans with mental illnesses. METHODS The sample included 38,199 veterans discharged from the VHA's TSES program in FY 2006 through FY 2010. On the basis of program monitoring forms completed by TSES clinicians and workload data, veterans were classified as having received one main type of employment service: supported employment (SE), transitional work in the community (TW-community), transitional work in a Department of Veterans Affairs medical center (TW-VA), incentive therapy or sheltered workshop (IT/SW), and no main type of employment service. RESULTS Compared with veterans who received TW-VA, those who received SE (odds ratio [OR]=1.25) or TW-community (OR=1.24) were more likely to be competitively employed (p<.001), and veterans who received IT/SW were less likely (OR=.85) (p<.001). The predicted probabilities for obtaining competitive employment ranged from 27.2% (IT/SW) to 34.9% (SE). Odds of achieving competitive employment (ORs=.60-.97) were significantly lower during the years of the Great Recession (2007-2009) and in the subsequent year (2010), compared with the year prior (p<.001 to <.05). CONCLUSIONS Although rates of competitive employment were modest across all types of services, community-based employment services were associated with higher odds of achieving competitive employment, compared with services based in a medical center. The Great Recession negatively affected the likelihood of achieving competitive employment, regardless of the employment service received.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Dr. Abraham is with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health Operations, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor, Michigan. She is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. Yosef and Dr. Zivin are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Dr. Zivin is also with the VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor. Dr. Resnick is with the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 1, West Haven Connecticut, and with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Matheos Yosef
- Dr. Abraham is with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health Operations, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor, Michigan. She is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. Yosef and Dr. Zivin are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Dr. Zivin is also with the VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor. Dr. Resnick is with the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 1, West Haven Connecticut, and with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Sandra G Resnick
- Dr. Abraham is with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health Operations, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor, Michigan. She is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. Yosef and Dr. Zivin are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Dr. Zivin is also with the VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor. Dr. Resnick is with the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 1, West Haven Connecticut, and with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Kara Zivin
- Dr. Abraham is with the Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health Operations, Department of Veterans Affairs (VA), Ann Arbor, Michigan. She is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. Yosef and Dr. Zivin are with the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. Dr. Zivin is also with the VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor. Dr. Resnick is with the Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Integrated Service Network 1, West Haven Connecticut, and with the Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Alsudairi A, Li J, Ramaswamy N, Mukerjee S, Abraham KM, Jia Q. Resolving the Iron Phthalocyanine Redox Transitions for ORR Catalysis in Aqueous Media. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2881-2886. [PMID: 28598166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Metal macrocycles are among the most important catalytic systems in electrocatalysis and biocatalysis owing to their rich redox chemistry. Precise understanding of the redox behavior of metal macrocycles in operando is essential for fundamental studies and practical applications of this catalytic system. Here we present electrochemical data for the representative iron phthalocyanine (FePc) in both aqueous and nonaqueous media coupled with in situ Raman and X-ray absorption analyses to challenge the traditional notion of the redox transition of FePc at the low potential end in aqueous media by showing that it arises from the redox transition of the ring. Our data unequivocally demonstrate that the electron is shuttled to the Pc ring via the Fe(II)/Fe(I) redox center. The Fe(II)/Fe(I) redox transition of FePc in aqueous media is indiscernible by normal spectroscopic methods owing to the lack of a suitable axial ligand to stabilize the Fe(I) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amell Alsudairi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University , P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jingkun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Nagappan Ramaswamy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Sanjeev Mukerjee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - K M Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Qingying Jia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Abraham KM, Nelson CB, Ganoczy D, Zivin K, Brandfon S, Walters H, Cohen JL, Valenstein M. Psychometric analysis of the Mental Health Recovery Measure in a sample of veterans with depression. Psychol Serv 2016; 13:193-201. [DOI: 10.1037/ser0000067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Zivin K, Yosef M, Levine DS, Abraham KM, Miller EM, Henry J, Nelson CB, Pfeiffer PN, Sripada RK, Harrod M, Valenstein M. Employment status, employment functioning, and barriers to employment among VA primary care patients. J Affect Disord 2016; 193:194-202. [PMID: 26773911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior research found lower employment rates among working-aged patients who use the VA than among non-Veterans or Veterans who do not use the VA, with the lowest reported employment rates among VA patients with mental disorders. This study assessed employment status, employment functioning, and barriers to employment among VA patients treated in primary care settings, and examined how depression and anxiety were associated with these outcomes. METHODS The sample included 287 VA patients treated in primary care in a large Midwestern VA Medical Center. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted examining associations between socio-demographic and clinical predictors of six employment domains, including: employment status, job search self-efficacy, work performance, concerns about job loss among employed Veterans, and employment barriers and likelihood of job seeking among not employed Veterans. RESULTS 54% of respondents were employed, 36% were not employed, and 10% were economically inactive. In adjusted analyses, participants with depression or anxiety (43%) were less likely to be employed, had lower job search self-efficacy, had lower levels of work performance, and reported more employment barriers. Depression and anxiety were not associated with perceived likelihood of job loss among employed or likelihood of job seeking among not employed. LIMITATIONS Single VA primary care clinic; cross-sectional study. DISCUSSION Employment rates are low among working-aged VA primary care patients, particularly those with mental health conditions. Offering primary care interventions to patients that address mental health issues, job search self-efficacy, and work performance may be important in improving health, work, and economic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara Zivin
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Health Management and Policy, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Matheos Yosef
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Debra S Levine
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, USA
| | - Erin M Miller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jennifer Henry
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - C Beau Nelson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, USA
| | - Paul N Pfeiffer
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rebecca K Sripada
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Molly Harrod
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Marcia Valenstein
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study explored whether emerging adults' reports of their relationships with their mothers who have been diagnosed with mental illness and their attempts to make meaning of the experience of having a mother with mental illness were associated with stress-related personal growth. METHODS Fifty-two emerging adult children with mothers who have been diagnosed with mental illness responded to a self-report questionnaire containing measures of adult parent-child relationships, meaning making, and stress-related personal growth. RESULTS Hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis of the cross-sectional data indicated that meaning making contributed to stress-related personal growth after accounting for emerging adult-mother relationship factors. Aspects of the emerging adult-mother relationship did not contribute to growth. CONCLUSIONS Efforts to make meaning of having a mother with mental illness may facilitate growth among emerging adult children. Longitudinal investigations in larger samples are needed to better understand the relationship among interpersonal relationships, meaning making, and growth in this population. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Interventions with adult children of people with mental illness should address their capacity for personal growth.
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Abstract
Energy densities of Li ion batteries, limited by the capacities of cathode materials, must increase by a factor of 2 or more to give all-electric automobiles a 300 mile driving range on a single charge. Battery chemical couples with very low equivalent weights have to be sought to produce such batteries. Advanced Li ion batteries may not be able to meet this challenge in the near term. The state-of-the-art of Li ion batteries is discussed, and the challenges of developing ultrahigh energy density rechargeable batteries are identified. Examples of ultrahigh energy density battery chemical couples include Li/O2, Li/S, Li/metal halide, and Li/metal oxide systems. Future efforts are also expected to involve all-solid-state batteries with performance similar to their liquid electrolyte counterparts, biodegradable batteries to address environmental challenges, and low-cost long cycle-life batteries for large-scale energy storage. Ultimately, energy densities of electrochemical energy storage systems are limited by chemistry constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Abraham
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University Center for Renewable Energy Technology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Kilbourne AM, Goodrich DE, Lai Z, Almirall D, Nord KM, Bowersox NW, Abraham KM. Reengaging veterans with serious mental illness into care: preliminary results from a national randomized trial. Psychiatr Serv 2015; 66:90-3. [PMID: 25554233 PMCID: PMC4640185 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201300497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study compared effectiveness of an enhanced versus standard implementation strategy (Replicating Effective Programs [REP]) on site-level uptake of Re-Engage, a national program for veterans with serious mental illness. METHODS Mental health providers at 158 Veterans Affairs (VA) facilities were given REP-based manuals and training in Re-Engage, which involved identifying veterans who had not been seen in VA care for at least one year, documenting their clinical status, and coordinating further health care. After six months, facilities not responding to REP (N=88) were randomized to receive six months of facilitation (enhanced REP) or continued standard REP. Site-level uptake was defined as percentage of patients (N=1,531) with updated documentation or with whom contact was attempted. RESULTS Rate of Re-Engage uptake was greater for enhanced REP sites compared with standard REP sites (41% versus 31%, p=.01). Total REP facilitation time was 7.3 hours per site for six months. CONCLUSIONS Added facilitation improved short-term uptake of a national mental health program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kilbourne
- With the exception of Dr. Almirall, the authors are with the Veterans Affairs (VA) Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and the Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (e-mail: ). Dr. Abraham is also with the Department of Psychology, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit. Dr. Almirall is with the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Kilbourne AM, Almirall D, Goodrich DE, Lai Z, Abraham KM, Nord KM, Bowersox NW. Enhancing outreach for persons with serious mental illness: 12-month results from a cluster randomized trial of an adaptive implementation strategy. Implement Sci 2014; 9:163. [PMID: 25544027 PMCID: PMC4296543 DOI: 10.1186/s13012-014-0163-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Few implementation strategies have been empirically tested for their effectiveness in improving uptake of evidence-based treatments or programs. This study compared the effectiveness of an immediate versus delayed enhanced implementation strategy (Enhanced Replicating Effective Programs (REP)) for providers at Veterans Health Administration (VA) outpatient facilities (sites) on improved uptake of an outreach program (Re-Engage) among sites not initially responding to a standard implementation strategy. Methods One mental health provider from each U.S. VA site (N = 158) was initially given a REP-based package and training program in Re-Engage. The Re-Engage program involved giving each site provider a list of patients with serious mental illness who had not been seen at their facility for at least a year, requesting that providers contact these patients, assessing patient clinical status, and where appropriate, facilitating appointments to VA health services. At month 6, sites considered non-responsive (N = 89, total of 3,075 patients), defined as providers updating documentation for less than <80% of patients on their list, were randomized to two adaptive implementation interventions: Enhanced REP (provider coaching; N = 40 sites) for 6 months followed by Standard REP for 6 months; versus continued Standard REP (N = 49 sites) for 6 months followed by 6 months of Enhanced REP for sites still not responding. Outcomes included patient-level Re-Engage implementation and utilization. Results Patients from sites that were randomized to receive Enhanced REP immediately compared to Standard REP were more likely to have a completed contact (adjusted OR = 2.13; 95% CI: 1.09–4.19, P = 0.02). There were no differences in patient-level utilization between Enhanced and Standard REP sites. Conclusions Enhanced REP was associated with greater Re-Engage program uptake (completed contacts) among sites not responding to a standard implementation strategy. Further research is needed to determine whether national implementation of Facilitation results in tangible changes in patient-level outcomes. Trial registration ISRCTN: ISRCTN21059161 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13012-014-0163-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kilbourne
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Daniel Almirall
- Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI, 48104-2321, USA.
| | - David E Goodrich
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Zongshan Lai
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,University of Detroit Mercy, 4001 West McNichols Road, Detroit, MI, 48221-3038, USA.
| | - Kristina M Nord
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
| | - Nicholas W Bowersox
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 16, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2800, USA.
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Birgenheir DG, Ilgen MA, Bohnert ASB, Abraham KM, Bowersox NW, Austin K, Kilbourne AM. Authors' response to the letter to the editor: "Pain in primary care patients with bipolar disorder". Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2014; 36:229. [PMID: 24359679 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Denis G Birgenheir
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
| | - Mark A Ilgen
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amy S B Bohnert
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Kristen M Abraham
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Nicholas W Bowersox
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Karen Austin
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Amy M Kilbourne
- Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Ann Arbor, MI; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
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Abraham KM, Ganoczy D, Yosef M, Resnick SG, Zivin K. Receipt of employment services among Veterans Health Administration users with psychiatric diagnoses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 51:401-14. [DOI: 10.1682/jrrd.2013.05.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dara Ganoczy
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Matheos Yosef
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Sandra G. Resnick
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Kara Zivin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI;VA Center for Clinical Management Research, Ann Arbor, MI;Department of Health Management and Policy, School of Public Health; and Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
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Kilbourne AM, Abraham KM, Goodrich DE, Bowersox NW, Almirall D, Lai Z, Nord KM. Cluster randomized adaptive implementation trial comparing a standard versus enhanced implementation intervention to improve uptake of an effective re-engagement program for patients with serious mental illness. Implement Sci 2013; 8:136. [PMID: 24252648 PMCID: PMC3874628 DOI: 10.1186/1748-5908-8-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Persons with serious mental illness (SMI) are disproportionately burdened by premature mortality. This disparity is exacerbated by poor continuity of care with the health system. The Veterans Health Administration (VA) developed Re-Engage, an effective population-based outreach program to identify veterans with SMI lost to care and to reconnect them with VA services. However, such programs often encounter barriers getting implemented into routine care. Adaptive designs are needed when the implementation intervention requires augmentation within sites that do not initially respond to an initial implementation intervention. This protocol describes the methods used in an adaptive implementation design study that aims to compare the effectiveness of a standard implementation strategy (Replicating Effective Programs, or REP) with REP enhanced with External Facilitation (enhanced REP) to promote the uptake of Re-Engage. Methods/Design This study employs a four-phase, two-arm, longitudinal, clustered randomized trial design. VA sites (n = 158) across the United States with a designated Re-Engage provider, at least one Veteran with SMI lost to care, and who received standard REP during a six-month run-in phase. Subsequently, 88 sites with inadequate uptake were stratified at the cluster level by geographic region (n = 4) and VA regional service network (n = 20) and randomized to REP (n = 49) vs. enhanced REP (n = 39) in phase two. The primary outcome was the percentage of veterans on each facility outreach list documented on an electronic web registry. The intervention was at the site and network level and consisted of standard REP versus REP enhanced by external phone facilitation consults. At 12 months, enhanced REP sites returned to standard REP and 36 sites with inadequate participation received enhanced REP for six months in phase three. Secondary implementation outcomes included the percentage of veterans contacted directly by site providers and the percentage re-engaged in VA health services. Discussion Adaptive implementation designs consisting of a sequence of decision rules that are tailored based on a site’s uptake of an effective program may produce more relevant, rapid, and generalizable results by more quickly validating or rejecting new implementation strategies, thus enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of implementation research and potentially leading to the rollout of more cost-efficient implementation strategies. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials
ISRCTN21059161.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Kilbourne
- VA Center for Clinical Management Research, VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, 2215 Fuller Road, Mailstop 152, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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Birgenheir DG, Ilgen MA, Bohnert ASB, Abraham KM, Bowersox NW, Austin K, Kilbourne AM. Pain conditions among veterans with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2013; 35:480-4. [PMID: 23639185 DOI: 10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess the rates of chronic, noncancer pain conditions in patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) System. METHOD This cross-sectional study used administrative data extracted from VHA treatment records of all individuals receiving VHA services in fiscal year 2008 (N=5,195,551). The associations between severe psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia and bipolar disorder) and chronic pain (arthritis, back pain, chronic pain, migraine, headache, psychogenic and neuropathic) were evaluated using a series of logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Veterans with schizophrenia [odds ratio (OR)=1.21] and bipolar disorder (OR=2.17) were significantly more likely to have chronic pain overall relative to veterans without these psychiatric conditions. These associations were slightly lower than for the association between depression and pain in this sample (OR=2.61). The highest associations between specific psychiatric diagnosis and pain condition were found with chronic pain, headache and psychogenic pain. CONCLUSIONS Noncancer pain conditions occur in elevated rates among patients with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Future research could further examine possible barriers to adequate pain treatment among people with serious mental illness, as well as the extent to which chronic pain might impact mental health recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis G Birgenheir
- VA Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Department of Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Abraham KM, Lai Z, Bowersox NW, Goodrich DE, Visnic S, Burk JP, Kilbourne AM. Health care utilization prior to loss to care among veterans with serious mental illness. Psychiatr Serv 2013; 64:594-6. [PMID: 23728603 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.002382012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined the association between utilization of Veterans Affairs (VA) health services and the probability of treatment dropout among veterans with serious mental illness. METHODS Utilization of VA health services in the fiscal year (FY) before treatment dropout among veterans with serious mental illness who were lost to care for at least 12 months beginning in FYs 2008 or 2009 (N=6,687) was compared with utilization in FYs 2007 or 2008 among veterans with serious mental illness who remained in care (N=6,687). RESULTS The veterans (mean age=54) were predominantly male (91%) and Caucasian (76%). After accounting for demographic and clinical variables, the analyses found that more primary care and mental health outpatient visits and fewer general medical and mental health hospitalizations were associated with lower odds of dropout. CONCLUSIONS Engagement in outpatient health care was associated with lower odds of loss to care among veterans with serious mental illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Department of Psychiatry, Universityof Michigan Medical School, North Campus Research Complex, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Miller CJ, Abraham KM, Bajor LA, Lai Z, Kim HM, Nord KM, Goodrich DE, Bauer MS, Kilbourne AM. Quality of life among patients with bipolar disorder in primary care versus community mental health settings. J Affect Disord 2013; 146:100-5. [PMID: 22981021 PMCID: PMC3554842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2012.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Bipolar disorder is associated with functional impairment across a number of domains, including health-related quality of life (HRQOL). Many patients are treated exclusively in primary care (PC) settings, yet little is known how HRQOL outcomes compare between PC and community mental health (CMH) settings. This study aimed to explore the correlates of HRQOL across treatment settings using baseline data from a multisite, randomized controlled trial for adults with bipolar disorder. METHODS HRQOL was measured using the SF-12 physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) composite scale scores. Independent sample t-tests were calculated to compare differences in HRQOL between settings. Multivariate regression models then examined the effect of treatment setting on HRQOL, adjusting for covariate demographic factors, mood symptoms (Internal State Scale), hazardous drinking (AUDIT-C), and substance abuse. RESULTS A total of 384 enrolled participants completed baseline surveys. MCS and PCS scores reflected similar impairment in HRQOL across PC and CMH settings (p=0.98 and p=0.49, respectively). Depressive symptoms were associated with lower MCS scores (B=-0.68, p<0.001) while arthritis/chronic pain was strongly related to lower PCS scores (B=-5.23, p<0.001). LIMITATIONS This study lacked a formal diagnostic interview, relied on cross-sectional self-report, and sampled from a small number of sites in two states. DISCUSSION Participants reported similar impairments in both mental and physical HRQOL in PC and CMH treatment settings, emphasizing the need for integrated care for patients with bipolar disorder regardless of where they present for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Miller
- Center for Organization, Leadership, and Management Research, VA Boston Healthcare System, 150 S. Huntington Ave. 152M, Boston, MA 02130, United States.
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Abraham KM, Stein CH. Emerging adults' perspectives on their relationships with mothers with mental illness: implications for caregiving. Am J Orthopsychiatry 2012; 82:542-9. [PMID: 23039352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1939-0025.2012.01175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Guided by a life course perspective, the current study examined whether emerging adults with and without mothers with affective disorders viewed their relationships with their mothers differently, and whether aspects of the emerging adult-mother relationship were associated with reports of caregiving for mothers. Reports from emerging adults with mothers with affective disorders (n = 46) were compared to reports from emerging adults with mothers without mental illness (n = 64). Results indicated that emerging adults with mothers with affective disorders reported significantly lower levels of affection, felt obligation, reciprocity, and future caregiving intentions, and significantly higher levels of role reversal in their relationships with their mothers. Reported current caregiving levels did not differ between emerging adults with and without mothers with affective disorders. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses generally indicated higher levels of felt obligation were associated with higher levels of caregiving, regardless of maternal mental health status. Results and future research directions are discussed from a life course perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- VA CCMR/VA National SMITREC, University of Michigan North Campus Research Complex, 2800 Plymouth Road, Building 14, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2800, USA.
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Cohen JL, Abraham KM, Burk JP, Stein CH. Emerging opportunities for psychologists: Joining consumers in the recovery-oriented care movement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1037/a0024394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Stein CH, Abraham KM, Bonar EE, Leith JE, Kraus SW, Hamill AC, Gumber S, Hoffmann E, Fogo WR. Family ties in tough times: how young adults and their parents view the U.S. economic crisis. J Fam Psychol 2011; 25:449-454. [PMID: 21534669 DOI: 10.1037/a0023697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present intergenerational study examined the perceived impact of the recent U.S. economic crisis on a sample of 68 young adult-parent dyads. The relative contribution of perceived economic pressure, reports of adult child-parent relationship quality, and concerns about the economic future in accounting for variation in self-reports of psychological distress for adult children and their middle-aged parents were examined. Parents' concerns about their children's economic future accounted for variation in their reports of anxiety and depressed mood above and beyond that of perceived economic pressures and their views of the parent-child relationship. In contrast, for young adults, reports of personal economic pressure were generally related to self-reported anxiety and depressed mood. Implications of findings for research and practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine H Stein
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA.
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Abstract
The present study compares 94 young adults' self-reported felt obligation toward parents, psychological symptoms, psychological well-being, and interpersonal loneliness in three family types: families where a mother has serious mental illness, families where a father has serious mental illness, and families with nondistressed parents. Results indicated no significant differences in felt obligation toward mothers or fathers as a function of family type. Young adults with a mother with serious mental illness reported significantly more psychological adjustment difficulties than their peers with a father with serious mental illness or nondistressed parents. Young adults' reports of felt obligation toward both parents were significantly positively correlated with young adults' psychological adjustment in families with a parent with serious mental illness, but were not significantly correlated in families with nondistressed parents. Study limitations, future directions for research, and implications for clinical practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen M Abraham
- Department of Psychology, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
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Stein CH, Abraham KM, Bonar EE, McAuliffe CE, Fogo WR, Faigin DA, Raiya HA, Potokar DN. Making Meaning from Personal Loss: Religious, Benefit Finding, and Goal-oriented Attributions. Journal of Loss and Trauma 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/15325020802173819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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38
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Christopher AN, Victoria Kuo S, Abraham KM, Noel LW, Linz HE. Materialism and affective well-being: the role of social support. Personality and Individual Differences 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2003.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Abstract
The distribution and quantity of cellular signaling elements influence response patterns to a variety of stimuli. As protein tyrosine phosphorylation is a requisite event induced by a majority of surface receptors, and protein tyrosine kinases of the src-family (src-PTKs) act as proximal transducers for many hematopoietic receptors, we have designed a quantitative RT-PCR assay to measure src-family PTK expression during critical stages of lymphocyte ontogeny. With this assay we demonstrate that the distal promoter element regulating expression of lck, a src-PTK essential for T-cell development and activation, is similarly regulated during ontogeny of T and B cells. However, lck transcript abundance is drastically reduced in B lineage cells, suggesting that transcriptional elements influencing lck promoter activity are modulated in these cells. Moreover, although transcripts encoding the src-PTK fyn accumulate at 0.1% of lck mRNA levels in thymocytes, diminished activity of the lck distal promoter in the B-cell background brings lck and fyn transcript levels to near equivalence in this population. Importantly, transcripts arising from the lck distal promoter element and the fyn locus are similarly upregulated during developmental transitions associated with antigen-receptor expression in both B and T cells. These findings suggest that although the magnitude of lck and fyn expression is differentially regulated in B and T cells, expression at these loci is similarly developmentally programmed during ontogeny of both lymphocyte lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Longo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201-1559, USA
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40
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Abraham KM, Longo NS, Hewitt JA. Detection of transgene integrants and homologous recombinants in mice by polymerase chain reaction. Methods Mol Biol 1998; 92:245-50. [PMID: 9664520 DOI: 10.1385/0-89603-497-6:245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Abraham
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, Baltimore, USA
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41
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Abstract
Previous studies suggest that p56(lck) activity influences thymocyte development at a stage prior to TCR alphabeta expression. Transgenic mice that express high levels of p56(lck) activity during thymopoiesis develop thymic lymphomas consisting of cells with immature surface phenotypes. We have utilized cell lines derived from lck-induced thymic tumors to define biochemical pathways regulated by p56(lck) activity in immature thymocytes. Here we report that components of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway are constitutively activated in these lck-transformed immature thymoblasts. p56(lck) utilizes Shc and Grb2 adaptors to mediate activation of p21(ras) in the thymoblast lines by promoting tyrosine phosphorylation of the Shc protein and constitutive interaction between Shc and Grb2. The putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor p95(vav) is also maintained in constitutively tyrosine phosphorylated form as a result of elevated Lck activity. One target of activated Ras, the Raf-1 kinase, is hyperphosphorylated and downstream targets of activated Raf-1, Erk1 and Erk2, are hyperphosphorylated and activated in Lck-transformed thymocytes. Forskolin treatment reverses Raf-1 hyperphosphorylation in the cells and inhibits proliferation by blocking G1/S transition. In contrast, conventional protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors block proliferation by arresting Lck thymoblasts at G2/M. Lck-mediated stimulation of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway is also required to maintain cell viability by preventing programmed cell death. In summary, p56(lck) activity stimulates G1/S transition in immature thymoblasts and maintains cell viability via transduction of constitutive activation signals downstream to components of the Ras/Raf/MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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42
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Nakayama T, Wiest DL, Abraham KM, Munitz TI, Perlmutter RM, Singer A. Decreased signaling competence as a result of receptor overexpression: overexpression of CD4 reduces its ability to activate p56lck tyrosine kinase and to regulate T-cell antigen receptor expression in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993; 90:10534-8. [PMID: 7902564 PMCID: PMC47811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.90.22.10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymic selection of the developing T-cell repertoire occurs in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, with the fate of individual thymocytes determined by the specificity of T-cell antigen receptor they express. However, T-cell antigen receptor expression in immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes is actively down-regulated in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes by CD4-mediated tyrosine kinase signals that are generated in the thymus as a result of CD4 engagement by intrathymic ligands. In the present study we have examined the effect of CD4 overexpression in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes on activation of CD4-associated p56lck tyrosine kinase and regulation of T-cell antigen receptor expression. Augmented CD4 expression in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes did not result in commensurate increases in associated p56lck molecules, so that CD4 expression was quantitatively disproportionate to that of its associated signaling molecule p56lck. Interestingly, we found that CD4 overexpression significantly interfered with the ability of CD4 crosslinking to activate associated p56lck molecules and significantly interfered with the ability of CD4 to regulate T-cell antigen receptor expression. Thus, this study provides an example in which receptor overexpression leads to decreased receptor signaling competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Nakayama
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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43
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Levin SD, Abraham KM, Anderson SJ, Forbush KA, Perlmutter RM. The protein tyrosine kinase p56lck regulates thymocyte development independently of its interaction with CD4 and CD8 coreceptors [corrected]. J Exp Med 1993; 178:245-55. [PMID: 8391060 PMCID: PMC2191071 DOI: 10.1084/jem.178.1.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The lck gene encodes a lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase of the nonreceptor type that is implicated in signal transduction pathways emanating from the CD4 and CD8 coreceptors. Previous studies also support a role for p56lck in regulating T cell receptor beta gene rearrangements and, more generally, thymocyte development. Here we report that a mutant form of p56lck, which is incapable of interacting with CD4 or CD8, behaves indistinguishably from association-competent p56lck with respect to its ability to affect thymocyte maturation. The effects of p56lck remained specific in that the closely related src-family kinase p59hck was incapable of substituting for p56lck in arresting beta locus gene rearrangements. These data support the view that src-family kinases perform highly specialized and often nonoverlapping functions in hematopoietic cells, and that p56lck acts independently of its association with CD4 and CD8 to regulate thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Levin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Anderson SJ, Abraham KM, Nakayama T, Singer A, Perlmutter RM. Inhibition of T-cell receptor beta-chain gene rearrangement by overexpression of the non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase p56lck. EMBO J 1992; 11:4877-86. [PMID: 1334460 PMCID: PMC556965 DOI: 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1992.tb05594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The variable region genes of the T cell receptor (TCR) alpha and beta chains are assembled by somatic recombination of separate germline elements. During thymocyte development, gene rearrangements display both an ordered progression, with beta chain formation preceding alpha chain, and allelic exclusion, with each cell containing a single functional beta chain rearrangement. Although considerable evidence supports the view that the individual loci are regulated independently, signaling molecules that may participate in controlling TCR gene recombination remain unidentified. Here we report that the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck, when overexpressed in developing thymocytes, provokes a reduction in V beta--D beta rearrangement while permitting normal juxtaposition of other TCR gene segments. Our data support a model in which p56lck activity impinges upon a signaling process that ordinarily permits allelic exclusion at the beta-chain locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anderson
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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45
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence supports the contention that CD4 and CD8 receptor molecules play a critical signaling role during thymocyte development. The lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase (p56lck), by virtue of its physical association with these surface components, provides a likely candidate for the biochemical signal transducing element required for these effects. To investigate the function of p56lck in T lymphocytes, transgenic mice were produced that carry either the wild-type lck gene or a mutated lck gene encoding a constitutively activated form of p56lck (p56lckF505). Both transgenes were expressed in thymocytes under the control of the lck proximal promoter element. A large set of founder animals was obtained in which steady-state accumulation of lck transgene mRNA directly correlated with transgene copy number, suggesting that this transgene contains a dominant control region. Progeny of these founders exhibited a transgene-dependent dose-related decrease in the production of thymocytes bearing functional antigen receptors. This effect was strictly dependent on p56lck activity, in that both wild-type and mutated versions of the genes induced similar effects with differing efficiencies. Remarkably, even a twofold increase in p56lck abundance was sufficient to substantially disrupt the appearance of functional thymocytes. These results indicate that thymocyte maturation is regulated in part by signals derived from p56lck.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Abraham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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46
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Abstract
The lck gene encodes a membrane-associated protein tyrosine kinase (p56lck) that is believed to participate in lymphocyte-specific signal transduction pathways. To investigate the function of this molecule, transgenic mice were generated carrying the wild-type lck gene or a mutated lck gene encoding a constitutively activated form of p56lck (p56lckF505). Transgene expression in thymocytes was achieved in each case using the lck proximal promoter element. Mice expressing high levels of either p56lckF505 or p56lckY505 reproducibly developed thymic tumors. The sensitivity of thymocytes to p56lck-induced transformation suggests that disturbances in lck expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of some human neoplastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Abraham
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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47
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Abstract
Engagement of the clonotypic antigen receptor (TCR) on T lymphocytes provokes an activation response leading to cell proliferation and lymphokine secretion. To examine the molecular basis of T cell signaling, we generated transgenic animals in which a lymphocyte-specific nonreceptor protein-tyrosine kinase p59fyn(T) is 20-fold overexpressed in developing T lineage cells. Thymocytes from these mice, analyzed using both cellular and biochemical assays, were remarkably hyperstimulable. Moreover, the responsiveness of normal thymocytes to TCR-derived signals correlated well with the extent to which p59fyn was expressed in these cells. Overexpression of a catalytically inactive form of p59fyn substantially inhibited TCR-mediated activation in otherwise normal thymocytes. These effects are unique to p59fyn; overexpression of a closely related T cell-specific tyrosine kinase, p56lck, elicits dramatically different phenotypes. Our results suggest that p59fyn is a critically important component of the TCR signal transduction apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cooke
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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48
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Wildin RS, Garvin AM, Pawar S, Lewis DB, Abraham KM, Forbush KA, Ziegler SF, Allen JM, Perlmutter RM. Developmental regulation of lck gene expression in T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 1991; 173:383-93. [PMID: 1988541 PMCID: PMC2118802 DOI: 10.1084/jem.173.2.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mouse and human, mRNA transcripts encoding the lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck are derived from two separate promoters resulting in heterogeneity in the 5' untranslated region sequence. The proximal promoter lies just 5' to the coding region for the gene and is active only in thymocytes. In contrast, the distal promoter lies 34 kilobases (kb) 5' in the human, and is active both in thymocytes and mature peripheral T cells. As previously reported, transgenic mice bearing functional proximal promoter sequence juxtaposed with the SV40 large T antigen gene invariably develop lymphoid tumors confined to the thymus. In the current work, transgenic mice bearing a 2.6-kb fragment of the human distal promoter fused to the SV40 large T antigen gene express large T antigen in thymocytes and in peripheral lymphoid cells, and develop tumors of both the thymus and the peripheral lymphoid organs. The ability of the human distal promoter to function appropriately in transgenic mice is consistent with the strong similarity observed between the mouse and human distal promoter sequences. With the exception of a single short interval that serves as a target for binding of nuclear factors, significant sequence similarity is not seen when the distal and proximal promoter sequences are compared. Hence, developmentally regulated, lineage-specific transcription of the lck gene is mediated by distinct promoter sequences that appear to be capable of functioning independently.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Wildin
- Department of Medicine (Medical Genetics), University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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49
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Abstract
Infection of BALB/c mice with Mesocestoides corti results in a chronic infection with a pronounced splenomegaly and hypergammaglobulinemia. A prominent feature of this infection is that the vast majority of serum immunoglobulin produced is restricted to IgG1 and IgM. As much as 30-fold increases in serum IgG1 levels have been noted. To ascertain whether, as a result of infection, the resident B cell pool is committed to IgG1, B cells from infected animals were tested for their ability to produce various isotypes after stimulation. In one series of experiments, B cells from normal and infected animals were used as donor cells in the splenic fragment assay. The results show that the frequency of 2,4-dinitrophenyl-specific and phosphorylcholine-specific B cells remains unaltered in infected animals compared to controls. Importantly, the hapten-specific B cell clones induced were found to express multiple isotypes. These results demonstrate that the nonactivated B cell pool in spleens of infected mice is not committed to IgG1 and IgM production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B B Desai
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7758
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50
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Garvin AM, Abraham KM, Forbush KA, Farr AG, Davison BL, Perlmutter RM. Disruption of thymocyte development and lymphomagenesis induced by SV40 T-antigen. Int Immunol 1990; 2:173-80. [PMID: 1965144 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/2.2.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The lck gene encodes a membrane-associated protein tyrosine kinase that is expressed specifically in lymphoid cells, especially thymocytes. Structural analysis of the murine and human lck genes previously identified conserved 5' flanking sequences that were proposed to represent transcriptional regulatory elements. Here we demonstrate that a murine lck promoter construct containing these sequences directs the expression of the SV40 T-antigen gene in lymphoid cells. Remarkably, expression of SV40 T-antigen in transgenic animals dramatically disturbs thymic development, resulting in preferential loss of CD4+CD8+ thymocytes. In contrast, immature cells lacking both CD4 and CD8 markers are present in near-normal numbers. Thus SV40 T-antigen expression appears partially to arrest thymopoiesis. Mice bearing the lck-SV40 transgene develop readily explantable thymic tumors at 12-18 weeks of age. Fluorocytometric analyses of lck-SV40 tumor cells reveal that immature thymocytes are frequently immortalized. The lck-SV40 mouse may therefore provide materials for the in vitro investigation of thymocyte differentiation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/genetics
- Antigens, Polyomavirus Transforming/physiology
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD8 Antigens
- Cell Transformation, Viral
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Genes, Synthetic
- Lymphocyte Specific Protein Tyrosine Kinase p56(lck)
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/biosynthesis
- Simian virus 40/physiology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
- Thymoma/etiology
- Thymoma/genetics
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Garvin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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