1
|
Thom KA, Nolden O, Weingart O, Izumi S, Minakata S, Takeda Y, Gilch P. Femtosecond Spectroscopy on a Dibenzophenazine-Cored Macrocycle Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence. ChemistryOpen 2023; 12:e202300026. [PMID: 37098884 PMCID: PMC10152888 DOI: 10.1002/open.202300026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The photophysics of a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitting macrocycle consisting of two dibenzo[a,j]phenazine acceptor moieties bridged by two N,N,N',N'-tetraphenylene-1,4-diamine donor units was scrutinized in solution by steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy. The fluorescence lifetime of the compound proved to be strongly solvent-dependent. It ranges from 6.3 ns in cyclohexane to 34 ps in dimethyl sulfoxide. In polar solvents the fluorescence decay is predominantly due to internal conversion. In non-polar ones radiative decay and intersystem crossing contribute. Contrary to the behaviour in polymer matrices (S. Izumi et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2020, 142, 1482) the excited state decay is not predominantly due to prompt and delayed fluorescence. The solvent-dependent behaviour is analyzed with the aid of quantum chemical computations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Present Address: Currenta GmbH & Co. OHG, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Allee 80, 51373, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Oliver Nolden
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saika Izumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2-1, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bertling J, Thom KA, Geenen S, Jeuken H, Presser L, Müller TJJ, Gilch P. Synthesis and Photophysics of Water-Soluble Psoralens with Red-Shifted Absorption. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 97:1534-1547. [PMID: 34181757 DOI: 10.1111/php.13480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
8-Methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) serves as a PUVA (psoralen + UV-A) agent in the treatment of certain skin diseases. Derivatives of 8-MOP with cationic aromatic substituents at the five positions were synthesized and characterized by steady-state, femtosecond and nanosecond spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry. The aromatic substituents' positive charge increases the water solubility and the affinity toward intercalation into DNA. The aromatic substituents were supposed to lower the psoralen S1 energy and thereby suppress a photo-induced electron transfer (PET) with guanine-bearing DNA. Such a suppression of this PET is expected to increase the propensity of psoralens to photo-addition to DNA. For derivatives bearing methylpyridinium residues, femtosecond spectroscopy revealed an intramolecular PET occurring on the picosecond time scale. This PET precludes the population of the triplet state. As triplet states are the precursor state for the photo-addition to DNA, their intermolecular PET renders these derivatives ineffective in terms of PUVA. For two derivatives bearing trimethylphenylammonium moieties, such an intramolecular PET does not occur and the triplet state is populated. Surprisingly, these compounds also exhibit no PUVA activity. Based on these findings, implications for further optimization of PUVA agents are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janina Bertling
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kristoffer A Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sarah Geenen
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hannah Jeuken
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lysander Presser
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J J Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thom KA, Wieser F, Diestelhorst K, Reiffers A, Czekelius C, Kleinschmidt M, Bracker M, Marian CM, Gilch P. Acridones: Strongly Emissive HIGHrISC Fluorophores. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5703-5709. [PMID: 34125550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An acridone derivative (N-methyl-difluoro-acridone, NMA-dF) is characterized with respect to its utility as an emitter in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). Using steady-state and time-resolved spectroscopy as well as quantum chemistry, its ability to convert singlet and triplet excitons into light was scrutinized. NMA-dF emits in the deep blue range of the visible spectrum. Its fluorescence emission occurs with quantum yields close to 1 and a radiative rate constant of ≈5 × 108 s-1. So, it processes singlet excitons very efficiently. Using 1,4-dichlorobenzene as a sensitizer, it is shown that NMA-dF also converts triplet excitons into light. With the aid of quantum chemistry, this is related to a reverse intersystem crossing starting from a higher triplet state (HIGHrISC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Felix Wieser
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kevin Diestelhorst
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anna Reiffers
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mario Bracker
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christel M Marian
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Thom KA, Förster T, Weingart O, Goto S, Takeda Y, Minakata S, Gilch P. Front Cover: The Photophysics of Dibenzo[
a,j
]phenazine (4/2021). CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A. Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tom Förster
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Shimpei Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Thom KA, Förster T, Weingart O, Goto S, Takeda Y, Minakata S, Gilch P. The Photophysics of Dibenzo[
a,j
]phenazine. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A. Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tom Förster
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Shimpei Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer A. Thom
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tom Förster
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Shimpei Goto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Youhei Takeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Satoshi Minakata
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering Osaka University, Yamadaoka 2–1 Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstr. 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The psoralens 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP), 4,5',8-trimethylpsoralen (TMP) and 5-methoxypsoralen (5-MOP) find clinical application in PUVA (psoralen + UVA) therapy. PUVA treats skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic eczema. Psoralens target the DNA of cells. Upon photo-excitation psoralens bind to the DNA base thymine. This photo-binding was studied using steady-state UV/Vis and IR spectroscopy as well as nanosecond transient UV/Vis absorption. The experiments show that the photo-addition of 8-MOP and TMP involve the psoralen triplet state and a biradical intermediate. 5-MOP forms a structurally different photo-product. Its formation could not be traced by the present spectroscopic technique.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany; (J.D.); (I.T.); (K.A.T.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Reiffers A, Torres Ziegenbein C, Schubert L, Diekmann J, Thom KA, Kühnemuth R, Griesbeck A, Weingart O, Gilch P. On the large apparent Stokes shift of phthalimides. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:4839-4853. [PMID: 30778436 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07795a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The photophysics of N-methylphthalimide (MP) in solution (cyclohexane, ethanol, acetonitrile, and water) was characterized by steady state as well as time resolved fluorescence and absorption spectroscopy. In all solvents the compound exhibits an unusually large Stokes shift of ∼10 000 cm-1. It is attributed to an ultrafast (<100 fs) depletion of the initially excited state, which results in the population of a weakly emitting state. Quantum chemical computations (DFT-MRCI) support this. They identify two energetically low-lying singlet ππ* excitations of different oscillator strength. Whereas the Stokes shift and thereby the ultrafast depletion of the initial excitation are hardly affected by the solvent later processes respond strongly. The fluorescence lifetime varies from ∼10 ps (cyclohexane) to ∼3 ns (water). This is attributed to a varying energetic accessibility of nπ* excitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reiffers
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hess AS, Shardell M, Johnson JK, Thom KA, Strassle P, Netzer G, Harris AD. Methods and recommendations for evaluating and reporting a new diagnostic test. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 31:2111-6. [PMID: 22476385 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-012-1602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
No standardized guidelines exist for the biostatistical methods appropriate for studies evaluating diagnostic tests. Publication recommendations such as the STARD statement provide guidance for the analysis of data, but biostatistical advice is minimal and application is inconsistent. This article aims to provide a self-contained, accessible resource on the biostatistical aspects of study design and reporting for investigators. For all dichotomous diagnostic tests, estimates of sensitivity and specificity should be reported with confidence intervals. Power calculations are strongly recommended to ensure that investigators achieve desired levels of precision. In the absence of a gold standard reference test, the composite reference standard method is recommended for improving estimates of the sensitivity and specificity of the test under evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A S Hess
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Munivenkatappa RB, Schweitzer EJ, Papadimitriou JC, Drachenberg CB, Thom KA, Perencevich EN, Haririan A, Rasetto F, Cooper M, Campos L, Barth RN, Bartlett ST, Philosophe B. The Maryland aggregate pathology index: a deceased donor kidney biopsy scoring system for predicting graft failure. Am J Transplant 2008; 8:2316-24. [PMID: 18801024 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2008.02370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the common use of diagnostic pretransplant deceased donor kidney biopsy, there is no consensus on the prognostic significance of the pathologic findings. In order to assist clinicians with interpretation we analyzed 371 pretransplant biopsies and correlated the findings with graft failure. Glomerular pathology was assessed with percent glomerulosclerosis (GS), glomerular size and periglomerular fibrosis (PGF); vascular pathology with arterial wall-to-lumen ratio (WLR) and arteriolar hyalinosis and interstitial pathology with measurement of cumulative fibrosis and presence of scar. Using two-thirds of the study population as a model-development cohort, we found that biopsy features independently associated with an increased risk of graft failure were GS > or =15%, interlobular arterial WLR > or =0.5 and the presence of PGF, arteriolar hyalinosis or scar. The Maryland Aggregate Pathology Index (MAPI), was developed from these parameters and validated on the remaining one-third of the population. Five-year actuarial graft survival was 90% for kidneys with MAPI scores between 0 and 7, 63% for scores from 8 to 11 and 53% for scores from 12 to 15 (p < 0.001). We conclude MAPI may help transplant physicians estimate graft survival from the preimplantation biopsy findings, in clinical situations similar to this study population (cold ischemia over 24 h, GS < 25%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Munivenkatappa
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|