"Chatting with ChatGPT": Analyzing the factors influencing users' intention to Use the Open AI's ChatGPT using the UTAUT model

Open AI's ChatGPT has emerged as a popular AI language model that can engage in natural language conversations with users. Based on a qualitative research approach using semistructured interviews with 32 ChatGPT users from India, this study examined the factors influencing users' acceptance and use of ChatGPT using the unified theory of acceptance and usage of technology (UTAUT) model. The study results demonstrated that the four factors of UTAUT, along with two extended constructs, i.e. perceived interactivity and privacy concerns, can explain users' interaction and engagement with ChatGPT. The study also found that age and experience can moderate the impact of various factors on the use of ChatGPT. The theoretical and practical implications of the study were also discussed.

Prevalence of frailty and its association with lifestyle factors among elderly in rural Bengaluru

Background:

There are nearly 10.4 crores elderly in India, with 65% of them living in rural areas. Accessibility to healthcare is limited in rural areas. Primary care physicians deal with a fairly large number of patients from the geriatric age group. With the steady increase in the proportion of elderly, there is a corresponding increase in the prevalence of frailty. Frailty among the elderly leads to increased dependency, adverse health outcomes and mortality. Early identification and targeted interventions by primary care physicians could prevent these adverse outcomes and even reverse its occurrence. Knowledge about environmental and lifestyle influences on frailty would further assist primary care physicians to prevent and manage it optimally

Methods:

We interviewed 502 participants (>60 years of age) from four taluks of rural Bengaluru. Participants with frailty scores of 3 and above were considered frail, scores of 1-2 were considered prefrail. Association of frailty with lifestyle and environmental factors were tested using the Chi-square test. A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant

Results:

Prevalence of frailty was 24.70% and prefrailty was 62.75%. Elders in age group 60 to 74 years, those living alone or with others (other than the spouse), illiterate, working elders, elderly with less than two diagnosed comorbidities, elderly with low social score and low physical activity were associated with frailty

Conclusion:

The young old population seems vulnerable to frailty. Health programs aimed at prevention, early detection and treatment of morbidities and frailty will improve their health.

Easing the Excision of Earlobe Keloid

Earlobe keloids are commonly encountered in this era where ear piercing is routine in various traditions. Various medical and surgical methods have been tried for its management. Surgically, fillet flap surgery has better acceptability worldwide. Various difficulties are faced during keloid excision, and we hereby describe few innovative modifications (use of needle, hydrodissection, pressure dressing, bolster button) using cost-effective and simple materials (needles, dynaplast, buttons) to ease the excision of keloids. These have easy adaptability and also reduce the recurrence rate of earlobe keloids.

Current trends in small molecule discovery targeting key cellular signaling events towards the combined management of diabetes and obesity

Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, also known as Type 2 diabetes is a polygenic disorder leading to abnormalities in the carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The major contributors in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (T2D) include resistance to insulin action, β cell dysfunction, an abnormality in glucose metabolism and storage, visceral obesity and to some extent inflammation and oxidative stress. Insulin resistance, along with a defect in insulin secretion by the pancreatic β cells is instrumental towards progression to hyperglycemia. Increased incidence of obesity is also a major contributing factor in the escalating rates of type 2 diabetes. Drug discovery efforts are therefore crucially dependent on identifying individual molecular targets and validating their relevance to human disease. The current review discusses bioactive compounds from medicinal plants offering enhanced therapeutic potential for the combined patho-physiology of diabetes and obesity. We have demonstrated that 3β-taraxerol a pentacyclic triterpenoid (14-taraxeren-3-ol) isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of Mangifera indica, chlorogenic acid isolated from the methanol extract of Cichorium intybus, methyl tetracosanoate from the methanol extract of Costus pictus and vitalboside A derived from methanolic extract of Syzygium cumini exhibited significant effects on insulin stimulated glucose uptake causing insulin sensitizing effects on 3T3L1 adipocytes (an in vitro model mimicking adipocytes). Whereas, (3β)-stigmast-5-en-3-ol isolated from Adathoda vasica and Aloe emodin isolated from Cassia fistula showed significant insulin mimetic effects favoring glucose uptake in L6 myotubes (an in vitro model mimicking skeletal muscle cells). These extracts and molecules showed glucose uptake through activation of PI3K, an important insulin signaling intermediate. Interestingly, cinnamic acid isolated from the hydro-alcohol extract of Cinnamomum cassia was found to activate glucose transport in L6 myotubes through the involvement of GLUT4 via the PI3K-independent pathway. However, the activation of glucose storage was effective in the presence of 3β-taraxerol and aloe emodin though inhibition of GSK3β activity. Therefore, the mechanism of improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism exhibited by the small molecules isolated from our lab is discussed. However, Obesity is a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes leading to destruction of insulin receptors causing insulin resistance. Identification of compounds with dual activity (anti-diabetic and antiadipogenic activity) is of current interest. The protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is an important negative regulator of the insulin and leptin-signaling pathway is of significance in target definition and discovery.

Unilateral Cauliflower Ear due to Leprosy or Trauma - A Diagnostic Challenge

The terminology Cauliflower ear refers to the appearance of external ear, sequelae to underlying primary inflammation/infection. Trauma and secondary infection or perichondritis being the most common cause of cauliflower ear, this article describes a case of unilateral cauliflower ear due to multibacillary leprosy. This case shows the importance of skin smears and the histopathological identification and classification of leprosy patients with unusual lesions.

Pityriasis Rosea Localized to the Skin Patches of Leprosy. A Wolf's Isotopic Response?

Pityriasis rosea is one of the commonly encountered papulo squamous disease in dermatology outpatient department. Its clinical presentations are varied, and it also has many atypical forms. We report a case of a male patient with classical Pityriasis rosea lesions limited to the patches of Hansen's disease. This is probably being reported for the first time in literature.

Pattern of pediatric dermatoses at a referral centre

OBJECTIVE

To determine the pattern of skin disorders seen among children attending a Medical College Hospital, Bangalore

METHODS

All children 18 y and below attending the Pediatric Dermatology OPD with skin diseases between the period of January 2011 and June 2011 were included in the study.

RESULTS

A total of 1,090 new cases (boys 589; girls 501) with 1,118 dermatoses were recorded during this period. Twenty eight children had more than one dermatoses. Most of the disorders were seen between 5 and 11 y age group. The most common dermatoses was infections and infestations (32.47 %) followed by eczematous eruptions and dermatitis (20.66 %), papulosquamous and related disorders (6.08 %) and pigmentary disorders (5.81 %). Insect bite reactions and papular urticaria formed 5.1 %. Acne was seen in 5.28 % of children followed by urticaria (3.67 %), photodermatoses 2.5 % and genetic disorders (3.04 %).

CONCLUSIONS

In the present setting bacterial infections and scabies still remained the most common pediatric dermatoses followed by molluscum contagiosum and atopic dermatitis. Childhood psoriasis contributed to major part of the study among papulosquamous disorders.

An In Vitro Model to Probe the Regulation of Adipocyte Differentiation under Hyperglycemia

BACKGROUND

The aim of this study was an in vitro investigation of the effect of high glucose concentration on adipogenesis, as prolonged hyperglycemia alters adipocyte differentiation.

METHODS

3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiated in the presence of varying concentrations of glucose (25, 45, 65, 85, and 105 mM) were assessed for adipogenesis using AdipoRed (Lonza) assay. Cell viability and proliferation were measured using MTT reduction and [(3)H] thymidine incorporation assay. The extent of glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis were measured using radiolabelled 2-deoxy-D-[1-(3)H] glucose and [(14)C]-UDP-glucose. The gene level expression was evaluated using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and protein expression was studied using Western blot analysis.

RESULTS

Glucose at 105 mM concentration was observed to inhibit adipogenesis through inhibition of CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins, sterol regulatory element-binding protein, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and adiponectin. High concentration of glucose induced stress by increasing levels of toll-like receptor 4, nuclear factor κB and tumor necrosis factor α thereby generating activated preadipocytes. These cells entered the state of hyperplasia through inhibition of p27 and proliferation was found to increase through activation of protein kinase B via phosphoinositide 3 kinase dependent pathway. This condition inhibited insulin signaling through decrease in insulin receptor β. Although the glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) protein remained unaltered with the glycogen synthesis inhibited, the cells were found to exhibit an increase in glucose uptake via GLUT1.

CONCLUSION

Adipogenesis in the presence of 105 mM glucose leads to an uncontrolled proliferation of activated preadipocytes providing an insight towards understanding obesity.

Reversal of dexamethasone induced insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes by 3β-taraxerol of Mangifera indica

AIM

The present study investigates the efficacy of Mangifera indica ethyl acetate extract (MIEE) and its bioactive compound, 3β-taraxerol in the reversal of dexamethasone (DEX) induced insulin resistance in 3T3L1 adipocytes.

MAIN METHODS

MIEE and 3β-taraxerol were evaluated for their ability to restore impaired glucose uptake and, expression of molecular markers in the insulin signaling pathway induced by DEX in 3T3L1 adipocytes using 2-deoxy-D-[1-(3)H] glucose uptake assay and ELISA.

KEY FINDINGS

An insulin resistant model has been developed using a glucocorticoid, DEX on 3T3L1 adipocytes. Insulin resistant condition was observed at 24h of DEX induction wherein a maximum degree of resistance of about 50% was measured based on inhibition of glucose uptake, which was confirmed using cytotoxicity analysis. The developed model of insulin resistance was studied in comparison to positive control rosiglitazone. DEX induced inhibition of glucose uptake and the expression of insulin signaling markers GLUT4 and PI3K were found to be restored by 3β-taraxerol and MIEE, thus delineating its mechanism of action in the reversal of insulin resistance.

SIGNIFICANCE

3β-Taraxerol effectively restored DEX induced desensitization via restoration of PI3K and GLUT4 expression. To conclude, since 3β-taraxerol exhibits significant effect in reversing insulin resistance it can be further investigated as an insulin resistance reversal agent.

Pulmonary fissures and lobes: a cadaveric study with emphasis on surgical and radiological implications

PURPOSE

The objective was to study the morphology of fissures and lobes of the lung in South Indian population.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study included 60 adult cadaveric lungs which were obtained from the human anatomy laboratory. The specimens were macroscopically observed for gross morphology of fissures and lobes.

RESULTS

Only 32 (53.3%) lungs showed the fissures and lobes as described in the standard anatomy texts. Among the right lungs, 15 (46.9%) had incomplete horizontal fissure, 6 lungs (18.7%) had absence of the horizontal fissure and one lung (3.1%) had the azygous lobe. The remaining 10 right lungs (31.3%) showed the usual morphology. In the left lungs, normal morphology was observed in 22 cases (78.6%), 2 lungs had incomplete oblique fissure (7.1%), one lung had (3.6%) absence of the oblique fissure, one lung showed an accessory fissure and lobe (3.6%). The anomalous multiple fissures and lobar pattern was observed in 2 cases (7.1%).

CONCLUSION

Morphological knowledge of fissures and lobes of the lung is of importance to the thoracic surgeons in performing lobectomies and segmental resection. The radiologists should have an idea about these variations in interpreting the MRI and CT scans. We believe that the data from the present study certainly adds an important reference in the medical literature.

Accessory transverse foramina in the cervical spine: incidence, embryological basis, morphology and surgical importance

AIM

To study the incidence of accessory foramina transversaria in cervical spine and to analyze them morphologically with emphasize on their embryological and surgical importance.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study included 363 human cervical vertebrae which were procured from the bone collections of the Department of Anatomy. The foramen transversarium was observed macroscopically on both sides of all the vertebras, the accessory foramina were noted.

RESULTS

Out of 363 specimens, only 6 (1.6%) vertebrae showed the accessory foramina. Among them 5 (1.4%) vertebra had double foramina and only 1 (0.3%) vertebra showed three foramina. Only 1 (0.3%) vertebrae showed the foramen on both sides and the remaining 5 (1.4%) had unilateral foramina. Among the unilateral, 4 were present on the right side and only 1 was on the left side. No vertebrae showed the absence of foramen transversarium.

CONCLUSION

The present study observed the accessory foramina transversarium in 1.6% of cases. The unilateral presence was more common than the bilateral. The surgical anatomy of these variations is important for the neurosurgeons and radiologists for interpreting the computed tomogram and magnetic resonance image scans. Their morphological knowledge is clinically important since the course of the vertebral artery may be distorted in such situations.

Hyaline cell-rich chondroid syringoma of the finger

A mixed tumor is a neoplasm that has microscopic features of both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Such mixed tumors are known as pleomorphic adenomas in the salivary glands, and their cutaneous counterparts are called chondroid syringomas. These tumors commonly occur in the head and neck region of middle-aged men. Hyaline cell-rich chondroid syringoma is a rare benign variant of chondroid syringoma composed of cells with eosinophilic hyaline cytoplasm and plasmacytoid features, the origin of which remains elusive. Although very few cases have been reported in literature, it is important to be aware of this entity so as to avoid misdiagnosis on histopathological examination. In this report we present a case of hyaline cell-rich chondroid syringoma occurring in the finger.