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Morales RB, Salmi A, Abreu P, Amador CHS, Appel L, Carman P, Fessey J, Flanagan J, Fontana M, Frassinetti L, Giroud C, Hacquin S, Heuraux S, Meneses L, Ronchi G, Sabot R, Silva A, Sirinelli A, Szepesi G, Taylor D, Terranova D. Improved accuracy and robustness of electron density profiles from JET's X-mode frequency-modulated continuous-wave reflectometers. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:043501. [PMID: 38557886 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
JET's frequency-modulated continuous wave (FMCW) reflectometers have been operating well with the current design since 2005, and density profiles have been automatically calculated intershot since then. However, the calculated profiles had long suffered from several shortcomings: poor agreement with other diagnostics, sometimes inappropriately moving radially by several centimeters, elevated levels of radial jitter, and persistent wriggles (strong unphysical oscillations). In this research, several techniques are applied to the reflectometry data analysis, and the shortcomings are significantly improved. Starting with improving the equilibrium reconstruction that estimates the background magnetic field, adding a ripple correction in the reconstructed magnetic field profile, and adding new inner-wall reflection positions estimated through ray-tracing, these changes not only improve the agreement of reconstructed profiles to other diagnostics but also solve density profile wriggles that were present during band transitions. Other smaller but also persistent wriggles were also suppressed by applying a localized correction to the measured beat frequency where persistent oscillations are present. Finally, the burst analysis method, as introduced by Varela et al. [Nucl. Fusion 46 S693 (2006)], has been implemented to extract the beat frequency from stacked spectrograms. Due to the strong suppression of spurious reflections, the radial jitter that sometimes would span several centimeters has been strongly reduced. The stacking of spectrograms has also been shown to be very useful for stacking recurring events, like small gas puff modulations, and extracting transport coefficients that would otherwise be below the noise level.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Morales
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - A Salmi
- VTT, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - P Abreu
- IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - C H S Amador
- Federal University of Technology-Parana (UTFPR), Department of Natural Sciences, Cornélio Procópio, Brazil
| | - L Appel
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - P Carman
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Fessey
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Flanagan
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - M Fontana
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - L Frassinetti
- Division of Electromagnetic Engineering and Fusion Science, KTH, Stockholm 100 44, Sweden
| | - C Giroud
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - S Hacquin
- IRFM, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - S Heuraux
- IJL, University of Lorraine, UMR 7198 CNRS, BP 50840, 54011 Nancy Cedex, France
| | - L Meneses
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Ronchi
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - R Sabot
- IRFM, CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - A Silva
- IPFN, Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Sirinelli
- ITER Organization, Route de Vinon, CS 90 046, 13067 Saint-Paul-Lez-Durance, France
| | - G Szepesi
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - D Taylor
- UKAEA (United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority), Culham Campus, Abingdon, Oxfordshire OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - D Terranova
- Consorzio RFX and ISTP-CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
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Ongena J, Kazakov Y, Baranov Y, Hellesen C, Eriksson J, Johnson T, Kiptily V, Mantsinen M, Nocente M, Bilato R, Cardinali A, Castaldo C, Crombé K, Czarnecka A, Dumont R, Faustin J, Giacomelli L, Goloborodko V, Graves J, Jacquet P, Krawczyk N, Lerche E, Meneses L, Nave M, Patten H, Schneider M, Van Eester D, Weisen H, Wright J. Synergetic heating of D-NBI ions in the vicinity of the mode conversion layer in H-D plasmas in JET with the ITER like wall. EPJ Web Conf 2017. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201715702006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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3
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Aguiam DE, Silva A, Bobkov V, Carvalho PJ, Carvalho PF, Cavazzana R, Conway GD, D'Arcangelo O, Fattorini L, Faugel H, Fernandes A, Fünfgelder H, Gonçalves B, Guimarais L, De Masi G, Meneses L, Noterdaeme JM, Pereira RC, Rocchi G, Santos JM, Tuccillo AA, Tudisco O. Implementation of the new multichannel X-mode edge density profile reflectometer for the ICRF antenna on ASDEX Upgrade. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:11E722. [PMID: 27910673 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new multichannel frequency modulated continuous-wave reflectometry diagnostic has been successfully installed and commissioned on ASDEX Upgrade to measure the plasma edge electron density profile evolution in front of the Ion Cyclotron Range of Frequencies (ICRF) antenna. The design of the new three-strap ICRF antenna integrates ten pairs (sending and receiving) of microwave reflectometry antennas. The multichannel reflectometer can use three of these to measure the edge electron density profiles up to 2 × 1019 m-3, at different poloidal locations, allowing the direct study of the local plasma layers in front of the ICRF antenna. ICRF power coupling, operational effects, and poloidal variations of the plasma density profile can be consistently studied for the first time. In this work the diagnostic hardware architecture is described and the obtained density profile measurements were used to track outer radial plasma position and plasma shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Aguiam
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A Silva
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - V Bobkov
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - P J Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P F Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - R Cavazzana
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Universitá di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - G D Conway
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - O D'Arcangelo
- ENEA, Dipartimento FSN, C. R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - L Fattorini
- Universitá degli Studi Milano Bicocca, Dipartimento di Fisica, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - H Faugel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - A Fernandes
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - H Fünfgelder
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - B Gonçalves
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - L Guimarais
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G De Masi
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Universitá di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - L Meneses
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J M Noterdaeme
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - R C Pereira
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - G Rocchi
- ENEA, Dipartimento FSN, C. R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - J M Santos
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A A Tuccillo
- ENEA, Dipartimento FSN, C. R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
| | - O Tudisco
- ENEA, Dipartimento FSN, C. R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Roma, Italy
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Schmuck S, Fessey J, Boom JE, Meneses L, Abreu P, Belonohy E, Lupelli I. Electron cyclotron emission spectra in X- and O-mode polarisation at JET: Martin-Puplett interferometer, absolute calibration, revised uncertainties, inboard/outboard temperature profile, and wall properties. Rev Sci Instrum 2016; 87:093506. [PMID: 27782550 DOI: 10.1063/1.4962809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
At the tokamak Joint European Torus (JET), the electron cyclotron emission spectra in O-mode and X-mode polarisations are diagnosed simultaneous in absolute terms for several harmonics with two Martin-Puplett interferometers. From the second harmonic range in X-mode polarisation, the electron temperature profile can be deduced for the outboard side (low magnetic field strength) of JET but only for some parts of the inboard side (high magnetic field strength). This spatial restriction can be bypassed, if a cutoff is not present inside the plasma for O-mode waves in the first harmonic range. Then, from this spectral domain, the profile on the entire inboard side is accessible. The profile determination relies on the new absolute and independent calibration for both interferometers. During the calibration procedure, the antenna pattern was investigated as well, and, potentially, an increase in the diagnostic responsivity of about 5% was found for the domain 100-300 GHz. This increase and other uncertainty sources are taken into account in the thorough revision of the uncertainty for the diagnostic absolute calibration. The uncertainty deduced and the convolution inherent for Fourier spectroscopy diagnostics have implications for the temperature profile inferred. Having probed the electron cyclotron emission spectra in orthogonal polarisation directions for the first harmonic range, a condition is derived for the reflection and polarisation-scrambling coefficients of the first wall on the outboard side of JET.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Schmuck
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J Fessey
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - J E Boom
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - L Meneses
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P Abreu
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Belonohy
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstraße 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - I Lupelli
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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Hillesheim JC, Delabie E, Meyer H, Maggi CF, Meneses L, Poli E. Stationary Zonal Flows during the Formation of the Edge Transport Barrier in the JET Tokamak. Phys Rev Lett 2016; 116:065002. [PMID: 26918997 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.116.065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution Doppler backscattering measurements in JET have enabled new insights into the development of the edge Er. We observe fine-scale spatial structures in the edge Er well with a wave number krρi≈0.4-0.8, consistent with stationary zonal flows, the characteristics of which vary with density. The zonal flow amplitude and wavelength both decrease with local collisionality, such that the zonal flow E×B shear increases. Above the minimum of the L-H transition power threshold dependence on density, the zonal flows are present during L mode and disappear following the H-mode transition, while below the minimum they are reduced below measurable amplitude during L mode, before the L-H transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Hillesheim
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - E Delabie
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - H Meyer
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - C F Maggi
- CCFE, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - L Meneses
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - E Poli
- Max-Planck-institut fur Plasmaphysik, Garching, Germany
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Meneses L, Delgado W, Moreno D. Ameloblastic fibroma conservative treatment in children. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silva F, Cisternas M, Maguida G, Ruiz M, Diaz P, Gonzalez S, Martinez J, Meneses L, Massardo L. Hemorrhagic emergency due to intrahepatic aneurism rupture in a patient with Polyateritis Nodosa after long time of episodic fever: A case report. Presse Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lpm.2013.02.218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Silva A, Varela P, Meneses L, Manso M. Novel mono-static arrangement of the ASDEX Upgrade high field side reflectometers compatible with electron cyclotron resonance heating stray radiation. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:10E317. [PMID: 23130802 DOI: 10.1063/1.4732804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The ASDEX Upgrade frequency modulated continuous wave broadband reflectometer system uses a mono-static antenna configuration with in-vessel hog-horns and 3 dB directional couplers. The operation of the new electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) launcher and the start of collective Thomson scattering experiments caused several events where the fragile dummy loads inside the high field side directional couplers were damaged, due to excessive power resulting from the ECRH stray fields. In this paper, we present a non-conventional application of the existing three-port directional coupler that hardens the system to the ECRH stray fields and at the same time generates the necessary reference signal. Electromagnetic simulations and laboratory tests were performed to validate the proposed solution and are compared with the in-vessel calibration tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Silva
- Associação EURATOM/IST, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Meneses L. The correction of microstomia following paracoccidioidomycosis: report of 3 cases. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2011.07.523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sirinelli A, Alper B, Bottereau C, Clairet F, Cupido L, Fessey J, Hogben C, Meneses L, Sandford G, Walsh MJ. Multiband reflectometry system for density profile measurement with high temporal resolution on JET tokamak. Rev Sci Instrum 2010; 81:10D939. [PMID: 21061484 DOI: 10.1063/1.3502329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A new system has been installed on the JET tokamak consisting of six independent fast-sweeping reflectometers covering four bands between 44 and 150 GHz and using orthogonal polarizations. It has been designed to measure density profiles from the plasma edge to the center, launching microwaves through 40 m of oversized corrugated waveguides. It has routinely produced density profiles with a maximum repetition rate of one profile every 15 μs and up to 100,000 profiles per pulse.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sirinelli
- EURATOM/CCFE Fusion Association, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom.
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Meneses L, Cupido L, Sirinelli A, Manso ME. First density profile measurements using frequency modulation of the continuous wave reflectometry on JET. Rev Sci Instrum 2008; 79:10F108. [PMID: 19068528 DOI: 10.1063/1.2972134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We present the main design options and implementation of an X-mode reflectometer developed and successfully installed at JET using an innovative approach. It aims to prove the viability of measuring density profiles with high spatial and temporal resolution using broadband reflectometry operating in long and complex transmission lines. It probes the plasma with magnetic fields between 2.4 and 3.0 T using the V band [approximately (0-1.4)x10(19) m(-3)]. The first experimental results show the high sensitivity of the diagnostic when measuring changes in the plasma density profile occurring ITER relevant regimes, such as ELMy H-modes. The successful demonstration of this concept motivated the upgrade of the JET frequency modulation of the continuous wave (FMCW) reflectometry diagnostic, to probe both the edge and core. This new system is essential to prove the viability of using the FMCW reflectometry technique to probe the plasma in next step devices, such as ITER, since they share the same waveguide complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Meneses
- JET-EFDA, Culham Science Centre, OX14 3DB, Abingdon, United Kingdom
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Castro R, Andresen M, Ruiz C, Gonzalez A, Diaz O, Mercado M, Meneses L, Fava M, Cordova S. Pro-brain natriuretic peptide as a marker of successful thrombolysis in patients with submassive pulmonary thromboembolism. Crit Care 2008. [PMCID: PMC4088813 DOI: 10.1186/cc6663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Meneses L, Fuentealba P, Contreras R. On the variations of electronic chemical potential and chemical hardness induced by solvent effects. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.10.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Meneses L, Fuentealba P, Contreras R. Relationship between the electrophilicity of substituting agents and substrate selectivity in Friedel–Crafts reactions. Tetrahedron 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Silva A, Cupido L, Loureiro C, Vergamota S, Varela P, Santos J, Manso M, Serra F, Meneses L, Tavares M, Nunes I, Kurzan B, Suttrop W, Grossman V. New developments of the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak microwave reflectometer. Fusion Engineering and Design 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0920-3796(99)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Pelto GH, Urgello J, Allen LH, Chavez A, Martinez H, Meneses L, Capacchione C, Backstrand J. Household size, food intake and anthropometric status of school-age children in a highland Mexican area. Soc Sci Med 1991; 33:1135-40. [PMID: 1767283 DOI: 10.1016/0277-9536(91)90229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Large household size is widely regarded as a risk factor for malnutrition in developing countries, particularly for infants and young children. This study examines the extent to which household size is related to nutritional status in school-age children in the Solis Valley in highland Mexico. The relationships of food intake, anthropometric measures, and household size are assessed in a sample of 110 children (7-9 years of age), who were followed longitudinally for a minimum of one year as part of the Collaborative Research Support Program on Food Intake and Human Function. Diets in the valley are characterized by very low intake of animal food products and are heavily dependent on maize, which is primarily home-produced. Growth faltering is pervasive; the mean Z score for height-for-age in the sample is--1.6 of the NCHS reference standard. Children from larger households are significantly shorter and consume diets of poorer quality, as assessed by intake of foods from animal sources. These relationships remain statistically significant in regression analyses that control for household economic status. It therefore appears that the resources available to households in the Solis Valley are inadequate to buffer children in even more advantaged households from the stresses of maintaining large families.
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Affiliation(s)
- G H Pelto
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06268
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