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Luna RCP, de Oliveira Y, Lisboa JVC, Chaves TR, de Araújo TAM, de Sousa EE, Miranda Neto M, Pirola L, Braga VA, de Brito Alves JL. Insights on the epigenetic mechanisms underlying pulmonary arterial hypertension. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 51:e7437. [PMID: 30365723 PMCID: PMC6207290 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20187437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), characterized by localized increased
arterial blood pressure in the lungs, is a slow developing long-term disease
that can be fatal. PAH is characterized by inflammation, vascular tone
imbalance, pathological pulmonary vascular remodeling, and right-sided heart
failure. Current treatments for PAH are palliative and development of new
therapies is necessary. Recent and relevant studies have demonstrated that
epigenetic processes may exert key influences on the pathogenesis of PAH and may
be promising therapeutic targets in the prevention and/or cure of this
condition. The aim of the present mini-review is to summarize the occurrence of
epigenetic-based mechanisms in the context of PAH physiopathology, focusing on
the roles of DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications and
non-coding RNAs. We also discuss the potential of epigenetic-based therapies for
PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C P Luna
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - Y de Oliveira
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - J V C Lisboa
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - T R Chaves
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - T A M de Araújo
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - E E de Sousa
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - M Miranda Neto
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - L Pirola
- INSERM U1060, Lyon 1 University, Oullins, France
| | - V A Braga
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
| | - J L de Brito Alves
- Departamento de Nutrição, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil.,Departamento de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa, PB, Brasil
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Doñate Puertas R, Meugnier E, Romestaing C, Rey C, Morel E, Lachuer J, Gadot N, Scridon A, Julien C, Tronc F, Chapuis B, Valla C, Janin A, Pirola L, Méjat A, Rome S, Chevalier P. Atrial fibrillation is associated with hypermethylation in human left atrium, and treatment with decitabine reduces atrial tachyarrhythmias in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Transl Res 2017; 184:57-67.e5. [PMID: 28427903 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia. As the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathology are largely unknown, this cardiac arrhythmia remains difficult to treat. To identify specific molecular actors involved in AF, we have performed a transcriptomic analysis on left atrium (LA) from patients with valvular heart disease with or without AF. We showed that 1627 genes had altered basal expression level in LA tissue of AF patients compared with the control group. The significantly enriched gene ontology biological process "anatomical structure morphogenesis" contained the highest number of genes in line with changes in structure that occur when the human heart remodels following AF development (ie, LA dilatation and interstitial fibrosis). We then focused the study on Pitx2 (paired-like homeodomain 2), being the most altered transcription factor in LA from AF patients and from which compelling evidence have indicated that its reduced expression can be considered as a marker for the disease. In addition, its expression was inversely correlated with LA size. We demonstrated that AF is associated with Pitx2 promoter hypermethylation both in humans and arrhythmic aging spontaneously hypertensive rats. Chronic administration of a DNA methylation inhibitor (ie, 5-Aza-2'-deoxycitidine) improved ECG arrhythmic profiles and superoxide dismutase activities and reduced fibrosis in the left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Taken together, these data support the notion that AF is associated with epigenetic changes in LA and provide a proof-of-concept that hypomethylating agents have to be considered in the treatment of atrial arrhythmias.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - E Meugnier
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397, INSA), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - C Romestaing
- LEHNA Laboratory, CNRS, UMR 5023, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - C Rey
- ProfilXpert, UNIV-US7 INSERM-UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - E Morel
- Rhythmology Unit, Louis Pradel Cardiology Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - J Lachuer
- ProfilXpert, UNIV-US7 INSERM-UMS 3453 CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - N Gadot
- Plateform Anipath, Laënnec Faculty of Medecine, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Scridon
- Physiology Department, University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Tîrgu Mures, Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - C Julien
- EA 4612 Neurocardiology unit, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - F Tronc
- Pneumology Unit, Louis Pradel Cardiology Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - B Chapuis
- EA 4612 Neurocardiology unit, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - C Valla
- Institut NeuroMyoGene (INMG), UMR CNRS 5310-INSERM U1217 / University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - A Janin
- Institut NeuroMyoGene (INMG), UMR CNRS 5310-INSERM U1217 / University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - L Pirola
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397, INSA), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - A Méjat
- Institut NeuroMyoGene (INMG), UMR CNRS 5310-INSERM U1217 / University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - S Rome
- CarMeN Laboratory (UMR INSERM 1060-INRA 1397, INSA), Lyon-Sud Faculty of Medicine, University of Lyon, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Philippe Chevalier
- EA 4612 Neurocardiology unit, University of Lyon, Lyon, France; Rhythmology Unit, Louis Pradel Cardiology Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Bron, France.
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3
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Donate Puertas R, Meugnier E, Romestaing C, Rey C, Morel E, Lachuer J, Gadot N, Julien C, Tronc F, Chapuis B, Pirola L, Méjat A, Rome S, Chevalier P. Atrial fibrillation is associated with hypermethylation in human left atrium and treatment with decitabine reduces atrial tachyarrhythmias in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Supplements 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s1878-6480(17)30493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pirola L, Balcerczyk A, Tothill R, Haviv I, Kaspi A, Tonna S, Kowalczyk A, Beresford-Smith B, Macintyre G, Kelong M, Hongyu Z, Zhu J, Elosta A. P03 L’étude par séquençage à haut débit des modifications épigénétiques dans les cellules endothéliales primaires démontre des changements majeurs sur la méthylation de l’ADN et l’acetylation des histones après exposition à l’hyperglycémie. Diabetes & Metabolism 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s1262-3636(12)71065-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Gambarini G, Bartesaghi G, Burian J, Carrara M, Marek M, Negri A, Pirola L, Viererbl L. Fast-neutron dose evaluation in BNCT with Fricke gel layer detectors. RADIAT MEAS 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radmeas.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Cozzone D, Fröjdö S, Disse E, Debard C, Laville M, Pirola L, Vidal H. Isoform-specific defects of insulin stimulation of Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) in skeletal muscle cells from type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetologia 2008; 51:512-21. [PMID: 18204829 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-007-0913-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/30/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS The serine/threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B (PKB) is required for the metabolic actions of insulin. Controversial data have been reported regarding Akt defective activation in the muscle of type 2 diabetic patients. Because three Akt isoforms exist, each having a distinct physiological role, we investigated the contribution of isoform-specific defects to insulin signalling in human muscle. METHODS The phosphorylation pattern and kinase activity of each Akt isoform were compared in primary myotubes from healthy control participants and type 2 diabetic patients. Phosphorylation of Ser(473) and of Thr(308) in each isoform was determined after immunoprecipitation in myotubes treated or not with insulin. RESULTS Muscle cells from diabetic patients displayed defective insulin action and a drastic reduction of insulin-stimulated activity of all Akt isoforms. This was associated with specific defects of their phosphorylation pattern in response to insulin, with impaired Akt2- (and to a lower extent Akt3-) Ser(473) phosphorylation, and with altered Akt1-Thr(308) phosphorylation. These defects were not due to faulty phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 (PDK1) production or activation. Rather, we found higher levels of the Akt2-Ser(473)-specific protein phosphatase PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) in muscle from diabetic patients, which may contribute to the alteration of Akt2-Ser(473) phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These results suggest that several mechanisms affecting Akt isoforms, including deregulated production of PHLPP1, could underlie the alterations of skeletal muscle insulin signalling in type 2 diabetes. Taking into account the recently described isoform-specific metabolic functions of Akt, our results provide mechanistic insight that may contribute to the defective regulation of glucose and lipid metabolisms in the muscle of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cozzone
- INSERM, U-870, IFR62, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud, Chemin du Grand Revoyet, F-69600 Oullins, France
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7
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Gambarini G, Colli V, Gay S, Petrovich C, Pirola L, Rosi G. In-phantom imaging of all dose components in boron neutron capture therapy by means of gel dosimeters. Appl Radiat Isot 2005; 61:759-63. [PMID: 15308140 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2004.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The experimental method for in-phantom imaging and profiling the absorbed dose in neutron capture therapy has been improved. The method separates the contributions of the various secondary radiation components and is based on suitably designed gel dosimeters in the form of layers. The discrimination of the dose components is achieved by means of pixel-to-pixel manipulations of images obtained with gel dosimeters having different isotopic composition. Large dose images are obtainable with this method, because the layer geometry of dosimeters avoids sensible variation of neutron transport due to the isotopic composition of gel. Operation modalities aimed at attaining more reliable results have been studied. Some results, together with the results of punctual measurements performed with conventional dosimeters and with MC calculations, are here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gambarini
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita degli studi di Milano, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.
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8
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Bertini E, Biancalana V, Bolino A, Buj Bello A, Clague M, Guicheney P, Jungbluth H, Kress W, Musaro' A, Nandurkar H, Pirola L, Romero N, Senderek J, Suter U, Sewry C, Tronchere H, Wallgren-Pettersson C, Wishart MJ, Laporte J. 118th ENMC International Workshop on Advances in Myotubular Myopathy. 26-28 September 2003, Naarden, The Netherlands. (5th Workshop of the International Consortium on Myotubular Myopathy). Neuromuscul Disord 2004; 14:387-96. [PMID: 15145343 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2004.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/genetics
- Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human, X
- Humans
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism
- Mutation
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/congenital
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/diagnosis
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/genetics
- Myopathies, Structural, Congenital/therapy
- Netherlands
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/physiology
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Non-Receptor
- Trans-Activators/genetics
- Trans-Activators/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bertini
- Department of Laboratories, Unit of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Childrens Hospital, P.za S. Onofrio 4, 00165 Rome, Italy.
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9
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Abstract
Insulin is a key anabolic hormone that plays a crucial role in growth, differentiation and metabolism. Insulin action is initiated by the binding of the hormone to its tyrosine kinase cell surface receptor, leading to the multisite autophosphorylation of the receptor. This results in the activation of the receptor kinase and subsequent tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin receptor substrates, most of which are docking proteins for signaling molecules. For the last several years, our laboratory has been interested in the mechanisms that lead to the modulation of insulin signal transduction, and hence might be involved in insulin resistance found in obesity and type II diabetes. For this review, we have focused on three 'modulators' of insulin action: hyperinsulinemia, suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins and advanced glycation end products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirola
- INSERM Unit 145, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France
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10
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Abstract
Insulin is a key hormone regulating the control of metabolism and the maintenance of normoglycaemia and normolipidaemia. Insulin acts by binding to its cell surface receptor, thus activating the receptor's intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, resulting in receptor autophosphorylation and phosphorylation of several substrates. Tyrosine phosphorylated residues on the receptor itself and on subsequently bound receptor substrates provide docking sites for downstream signalling molecules, including adapters, protein serine/threonine kinases, phosphoinositide kinases and exchange factors. Collectively, those molecules orchestrate the numerous insulin-mediated physiological responses. A clear picture is emerging of the way in which insulin elicits several intracellular signalling pathways to mediate its physiologic functions. A further challenge, being pursued by several laboratories, is to understand the molecular mechanisms that underlie insulin action at the peripheral level, deregulation of which ultimately leads to hyperglycaemia and Type 2 diabetes. We review how circulating factors such as insulin itself, TNF-alpha, interleukins, fatty acids and glycation products influence insulin action through insulin signalling molecules themselves or through other pathways ultimately impinging on the insulin-signalling pathway. Understanding how the mechanism by which molecular insulin action is modulated by these factors will potentially provide new targets for pharmacological agents, to enable the control of altered glucose and lipid metabolism and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirola
- INSERM Unit 145, Faculty of Medicine, Nice, France
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11
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Scrideli CA, Cazzaniga G, Fazio G, Pirola L, Callegaro A, Bassan R, Rambaldi A, Lo Nigro L, Basso G, Masera G, Biondi A. Gene expression profile unravels significant differences between childhood and adult Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 2003; 17:2234-7. [PMID: 12931222 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abstract
Gel dosimetry allows three-dimensional (3D) measurement of absorbed dose in tissue-equivalent dosemeter phantoms. Gel phantoms are imaged using optical techniques. In neutron capture therapy (NCT), properly designed gel dosemeters can give 3D dose distributions, due to the various components of the secondary radiation, in phantoms exposed in the thermal or epithermal column of a nuclear reactor. In addition to the therapeutic dose arising from the reaction 10B(n,alpha)7Li, the other dose components are also obtainable, i.e. the gamma dose (due to reactor background and to the reaction 1H(n,gamma)2H of thermal neutrons with hydrogen, the dose due to protons emitted in the reaction 14N(n,p)14C of thermal neutrons with nitrogen and the dose due to recoil protons resulting from elastic scattering of epithermal neutrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gambarini
- Dipartmento di Fisica dell'Università, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Pirola L, Zvelebil MJ, Bulgarelli-Leva G, Van Obberghen E, Waterfield MD, Wymann MP. Activation loop sequences confer substrate specificity to phosphoinositide 3-kinase alpha (PI3Kalpha ). Functions of lipid kinase-deficient PI3Kalpha in signaling. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:21544-54. [PMID: 11278889 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011330200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are dual specificity lipid and protein kinases. While the lipid-dependent PI3K downstream signaling is well characterized, little is known about PI3K protein kinase signaling and structural determinants of lipid substrate specificity across the various PI3K classes. Here we show that sequences C-terminal to the PI3K ATP-binding site determine the lipid substrate specificity of the class IA PI3Kalpha (p85/p110alpha). Transfer of such activation loop sequences from class II PI3Ks, class III PI3Ks, and a related mammalian target of rapamycin (FRAP) into p110alpha turns the lipid substrate specificity of the resulting hybrid protein into that of the donor protein, while leaving the protein kinase activity unaffected. All resulting hybrids lacked the ability to produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate in intact cells. Amino acid substitutions and structure modeling showed that two conserved positively charged (Lys and Arg) residues in the activation loop are crucial for the functionality of class I PI3Ks as phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate kinases. By transient transfecion of 293 cells, we show that p110alpha hybrids, although unable to support lipid-dependent PI3K signaling, such as activation of protein kinase B/Akt and p70(S6k), retain the capability to associate with and phosphorylate insulin receptor substrate-1, with the same specificity and higher efficacy than wild type PI3Kalpha. Our data lay the basis for the understanding of the class I PI3K substrate selectivity and for the use of PI3Kalpha hybrids to dissect PI3Kalpha function as lipid and protein kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pirola
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
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14
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Foroni R, Gambraini G, Danesi U, Mauri M, Pompilio E, Pirola L, Nicolato A, Ferraresi P, Gerosa M. New dosimetric approach for multidimensional dose evaluation in gamma knife radiosurgery. J Neurosurg 2000. [DOI: 10.3171/jns.2000.93.supplement_3.0239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
✓ During the past two decades, the progress in computerized treatment planning systems has led to more accurate imaging and therapy by using the gamma knife, especially with the smallest collimators (4 mm). However, the ionization chambers that have been used to calibrate the gamma knife are not useful with the smallest collimators because the chambers are too big compared with the irradiated volume. Therefore, it is important to develop more suitable dosimeters. This study proposes a new dosimeter method.
The FriXyGel method proposed here is based on a phantom dosimeter, an acquisition chain, and dedicated software. This dosimeter uses an agarose gel into which a ferrous sulphate solution (Fricke solution) and a metal ion indicator (xylenol orange) are incorporated. The absorbed dose is detected through measurements of visible light transmission, imaged by means of a charge-coupled device camera provided with a suitable optical filter. Gel layers are imaged before and after irradiation, and the differences in light absorption are related to the absorbed dose. By choosing convenient thickness of gel layers and by building up a phantom with different gel slices, it is possible to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) representation of the absorbed dose.
The final 3D representation is reached after several mathematical processes have been applied to the images. The first step identifies and reduces all factors that could alter the original data, such as nonuniformity in illumination. Then, after calibration procedures, it is possible to obtain absorbed dose values and to discover their 3D representation. This goal has been reached by developing appropriate software that performs all the calculations necessary for spatial representation routines and prompt comparison with theoretical calculations.
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15
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Attoub S, Noe V, Pirola L, Bruyneel E, Chastre E, Mareel M, Wymann MP, Gespach C. Leptin promotes invasiveness of kidney and colonic epithelial cells via phosphoinositide 3-kinase-, rho-, and rac-dependent signaling pathways. FASEB J 2000; 14:2329-38. [PMID: 11053255 DOI: 10.1096/fj.00-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leptin plays a key role regulating food intake, body weight and fat mass. These critical parameters are associated with an increased risk for digestive and mammary gland cancer in the Western population. Here we determined whether leptin contributes to the invasive phenotype of colonic and kidney epithelial cells at various stages of the neoplastic progression. First, leptin potently (EC50 = 10-30 ng/ml) induces invasion of collagen gels by premalignant familial adenomatous colonic cells PC/AA/C1 and nontumorigenic MDCK kidney epithelial cells, their src-transformed counterparts, and the human adenocarcinoma colonic cells LoVo and HCT-8/S11. Leptin and its Ob-Rb receptors were consistently identified by RT-PCR and immunoblotting in these cell lines, as well as in human colonic epithelial crypts, polyps, colonic tumor resections, and adjacent mucosa. Leptin-induced invasion was effectively blocked by pharmacological inhibitors of several downstream signaling pathways involved in cell transformation, namely, JAK2 tyrosine kinase (AG490), phosphoinositide PI3'-kinase (wortmannin and LY294002), mTOR kinase (rapamycin), and protein kinases C (GF109203X, Gö6976). Accordingly, leptin induces transient elevation of the PI3'-kinase lipid products in JAK2 immunoprecipitates prepared from parental MDCK cells. The leptin effect on invasion was potentiated by the activated form of the small GTPase RhoA and was abrogated by dominant negative mutants of RhoA, Rac1, and the p110alpha of PI3'-K. Our data indicate that leptin may exert a local and beneficial effect on migration of normal colonic epithelial cells and reparation of the inflamed or wounded digestive mucosa. We also emphasize a new role for leptin, linking the nutritional and body fat status to digestive cancer susceptibility by stimulating the invasive capacity of colonic epithelial cells at early stages of neoplasia. This finding has potential clinical implications for colon cancer progression and management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Attoub
- INSERM U482, Signal Transduction and Cellular Functions in Diabetes and Digestive Cancers, and IFR65, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris Cedex 12, France
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16
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Hirsch E, Katanaev VL, Garlanda C, Azzolino O, Pirola L, Silengo L, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, Altruda F, Wymann MP. Central role for G protein-coupled phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma in inflammation. Science 2000; 287:1049-53. [PMID: 10669418 DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5455.1049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1039] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) activity is crucial for leukocyte function, but the roles of the four receptor-activated isoforms are unclear. Mice lacking heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding protein (G protein)-coupled PI3Kgamma were viable and had fully differentiated neutrophils and macrophages. Chemoattractant-stimulated PI3Kgamma-/- neutrophils did not produce phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate, did not activate protein kinase B, and displayed impaired respiratory burst and motility. Peritoneal PI3Kgamma-null macrophages showed a reduced migration toward a wide range of chemotactic stimuli and a severely defective accumulation in a septic peritonitis model. These results demonstrate that PI3Kgamma is a crucial signaling molecule required for macrophage accumulation in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hirsch
- Department of Genetics, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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18
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Abstract
Phosphoinositide kinases (PI3Ks) play an important role in mitogenic signaling and cell survival, cytoskeletal remodeling, metabolic control and vesicular trafficking. Here we summarize the structure-function relationships delineating the activation process of class I PI3Ks involving various domains of adapter subunits, Ras, and interacting proteins. The resulting product, PtdIns(3,4,5)P3, targets Akt/protein kinase B (PKB), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), phosphoinositide-dependent kinases (PDK), integrin-linked kinase (ILK), atypical protein kinases C (PKC), phospholipase Cgamma and more. Surface receptor-activated PI3Ks function in mammals, insects, nematodes and slime mold, but not yeast. While many members of the class II family have been identified and characterized biochemically, it is presently unknown how these C2-domain containing PI3Ks are activated, and which PI substrate they phosphorylate in vivo. PtdIns 3-P is produced by Vps34p/class III PI3Ks and operates via the PtdIns 3-P-binding proteins early endosomal antigen (EEA1), yeast Vac1p, Vps27p, Pip1p in lysosomal protein targeting. Besides the production of D3 phosphorylated lipids, PI3Ks have an intrinsic protein kinase activity. For trimeric GTP-binding protein-activated PI3Kgamma, protein kinase activity seems to be sufficient to trigger mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Recent disruption of PI3K genes in slime mold, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and mice further underlines the importance of PI3K signaling systems and elucidates the role of PI3K signaling in multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Rue du Musée 5, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Bondeva T, Pirola L, Bulgarelli-Leva G, Rubio I, Wetzker R, Wymann MP. Bifurcation of lipid and protein kinase signals of PI3Kgamma to the protein kinases PKB and MAPK. Science 1998; 282:293-6. [PMID: 9765155 DOI: 10.1126/science.282.5387.293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) activate protein kinase PKB (also termed Akt), and PI3Kgamma activated by heterotrimeric guanosine triphosphate-binding protein can stimulate mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK). Exchange of a putative lipid substrate-binding site generated PI3Kgamma proteins with altered or aborted lipid but retained protein kinase activity. Transiently expressed, PI3Kgamma hybrids exhibited wortmannin-sensitive activation of MAPK, whereas a catalytically inactive PI3Kgamma did not. Membrane-targeted PI3Kgamma constitutively produced phosphatidylinositol 3,4, 3,4,5-trisphosphate and activated PKB but not MAPK. Moreover, stimulation of MAPK in response to lysophosphatidic acid was blocked by catalytically inactive PI3Kgamma but not by hybrid PI3Kgammas. Thus, two major signals emerge from PI3Kgamma: phosphoinositides that target PKB and protein phosphorylation that activates MAPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bondeva
- Research Unit "Molecular Cell Biology," University of Jena, D-07747 Jena, Germany
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Auer KL, Contessa J, Brenz-Verca S, Pirola L, Rusconi S, Cooper G, Abo A, Wymann MP, Davis RJ, Birrer M, Dent P. The Ras/Rac1/Cdc42/SEK/JNK/c-Jun cascade is a key pathway by which agonists stimulate DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:561-73. [PMID: 9487126 PMCID: PMC25285 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.9.3.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of signaling via the JNK (c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase)/stress-activated protein kinase cascade to stimulate or inhibit DNA synthesis in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes was examined. Treatment of hepatocytes with media containing hyperosmotic glucose (75 mM final), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha, 1 ng/ml final), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF, 1 ng/ml final) caused activation of JNK1. Glucose, TNFalpha, or HGF treatments increased phosphorylation of c-Jun at serine 63 in the transactivation domain and stimulated hepatocyte DNA synthesis. Infection of hepatocytes with poly-L-lysine-coated adenoviruses coupled to constructs to express either dominant negatives Ras N17, Rac1 (N17), Cdc42 (N17), SEK1-, or JNK1- blunted the abilities of glucose, TNFalpha, or HGF to increase JNK1 activity, to increase phosphorylation of c-Jun at serine 63, and to stimulate DNA synthesis. Furthermore, infection of hepatocytes by a recombinant adenovirus expressing a dominant-negative c-Jun mutant (TAM67) also blunted the abilities of glucose, TNFalpha, and HGF to stimulate DNA synthesis. These data demonstrate that multiple agonists stimulate DNA synthesis in primary cultures of hepatocytes via a Ras/Rac1/Cdc42/SEK/JNK/c-Jun pathway. Glucose and HGF treatments reduced glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) activity and increased c-Jun DNA binding. Co-infection of hepatocytes with recombinant adenoviruses to express dominant- negative forms of PI3 kinase (p110alpha/p110gamma) increased basal GSK3 activity, blocked the abilities of glucose and HGF treatments to inhibit GSK3 activity, and reduced basal c-Jun DNA binding. However, expression of dominant-negative PI3 kinase (p110alpha/p110gamma) neither significantly blunted the abilities of glucose and HGF treatments to increase c-Jun DNA binding, nor inhibited the ability of these agonists to stimulate DNA synthesis. These data suggest that signaling by the JNK/stress-activated protein kinase cascade, rather than by the PI3 kinase cascade, plays the pivotal role in the ability of agonists to stimulate DNA synthesis in primary cultures of rat hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Auer
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical College of Virginia, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0058, USA
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Cantone MC, De Bartolo D, Giussani A, Ottolenghi A, Pirola L, Hansen C, Roth P, Werner E. A methodology for biokinetic studies using stable isotopes: results of repeated molybdenum investigations on a healthy volunteer. Appl Radiat Isot 1997; 48:333-8. [PMID: 9116652 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-8043(96)00256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A method for biokinetic studies in humans using stable isotopes is presented. The technique is based on double tracer administration and on proton activation as the analytical method. As an application, the results of investigations on molybdenum metabolism in humans are reported. The contents of 95Mo and 96Mo in biological samples were determined by inducing (p,n) reactions and by analysing the gamma-rays emitted by the radioactive products. The minimum detectable quantity was 2 ng/mL plasma for both Mo isotopes. Four investigations on molybdenum metabolism were performed on a healthy volunteer subject in the course of 3 yr. Two absorption studies with different amounts of tracers in aqueous solution were performed by giving 96Mo orally and 95Mo intravenously. Two investigations were performed with single oral administration of 96Mo in aqueous solution and of a 96Mo solution mixed with an infant formula respectively. The stability with time of the biokinetic parameters was tested. The fractional absorption values measured in this volunteer were 0.84, 0.98 and 0.95 for three studies with Mo in HCl and 0.51 for a single study with Mo administered in an infant formula, these data are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cantone
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano, Italy
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Wymann MP, Bulgarelli-Leva G, Zvelebil MJ, Pirola L, Vanhaesebroeck B, Waterfield MD, Panayotou G. Wortmannin inactivates phosphoinositide 3-kinase by covalent modification of Lys-802, a residue involved in the phosphate transfer reaction. Mol Cell Biol 1996; 16:1722-33. [PMID: 8657148 PMCID: PMC231159 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.16.4.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Wortmannin at nanomolar concentrations is a potent and specific inhibitor of phosphoinositide (PI) 3-kinase and has been used extensively to demonstrate the role of this enzyme in diverse signal transduction processes. At higher concentrations, wortmannin inhibits the ataxia telangiectasia gene (ATM)-related DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PKcs). We report here the identification of the site of interaction of wortmannin on the catalytic subunit of PI 3-kinase, p110alpha. At physiological pH (6.5 to 8) wortmannin reacted specifically with p110alpha. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate, ATP, and ATP analogs [adenine and 5'-(4-fluorosulfonylbenzoyl)adenine] competed effectively with wortmannin, while substances containing nucleophilic amino acid side chain functions had no effect at the same concentrations. This suggests that the wortmannin target site is localized in proximity to the substrate-binding site and that residues involved in wortmannin binding have an increased nucleophilicity because of their protein environment. Proteolytic fragments of wortmannin-treated, recombinant p110alpha were mapped with anti-wortmannin and anti-p110alpha peptide antibodies, thus limiting the target site within a 10-kDa fragment, colocalizing with the ATP-binding site. Site-directed mutagenesis of all candidate residues within this region showed that only the conservative Lys-802-to-Arg mutation abolished wortmannin binding. Inhibition of PI 3-kinase occurs, therefore, by the formation of an enamine following the attack of Lys-802 on the furan ring (at C-20) of wortmannin. The Lys-802-to-Arg mutant was also unable to bind FSBA and was catalytically inactive in lipid and protein kinase assays, indicating a crucial role for Lys-802 in the phosphotransfer reaction. In contrast, an Arg-916-to-Pro mutation abolished the catalytic activity whereas covalent wortmannin binding remained intact. Our results provide the basis for the design of novel and specific inhibitors of an enzyme family, including PI kinases and ATM-related genes, that play a central role in many physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Wymann
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Fribourg, Switzerland
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Cantone MC, de Bartolo D, Gambarini G, Giussani A, Ottolenghi A, Pirola L, Hansen C, Roth P, Werner E. Proton activation analysis of stable isotopes for a molybdenum biokinetics study in humans. Med Phys 1995; 22:1293-8. [PMID: 7476716 DOI: 10.1118/1.597514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum is a trace element essential to life. Nevertheless, little information is available on its metabolism in humans. A methodology based on stable isotope administration that combines compartmental analysis, simultaneous use of two tracers, and proton nuclear activation (PNA) is presented. A four-compartment metabolic model was adopted. The compartments are stomach, small intestine, transfer compartment, and unquantified tissue pool. The employment of two different stable isotopes of the element under investigation as tracers was made possible by PNA. Optimization of the technique for molybdenum determination in plasma led to the choice of 95Mo and 96Mo as tracers. Their concentrations in plasma can be determined measuring the disintegration gamma lines of the corresponding technetium radioisotopes produced via (p,n) reaction. In the adopted experimental conditions, a minimum detectable concentration of 2 ng isotope/ml plasma was attained. A kinetics study was performed on two healthy volunteers. To both subjects one tracer was orally administered, and the other intravenously injected. Venous blood samples were withdrawn at different postinjection times and the concentrations for both isotopes determined. The model parameters describing molybdenum kinetics were obtained for the two individuals. Total absorbed fraction was found to be 0.84 +/- 0.03 and 0.86 +/- 0.07, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cantone
- Università degli Studi, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy
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Cantone MC, De Bartolo D, Giussani A, Molho N, Pirola L, Gambarini G, Hansen C, Roth P, Werner E. Stable and radioactive tracers in Ru biokinetic studies. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02039734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Cantone MC, de Bartolo D, Molho N, Pirola L, Gambarini G, Hansen C, Roth P, Werner E. Response to a single oral test of molybdenum stable isotopes for absorption studies in humans. Physiol Meas 1993; 14:217-25. [PMID: 8334416 DOI: 10.1088/0967-3334/14/2/012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Two volunteer subjects were given orally enriched solutions of Mo-95 and Mo-96 respectively. Blood samples were drawn at various times following the tracer administration. The Mo-95 and Mo-96 content in plasma samples was determined by proton nuclear activation and the response to the single oral test of enriched stable molybdenum isotopes was determined. Assuming a simple two-open-compartment model where the first compartment is the gastrointestinal tract and the other is the plasma, an indicative value of the fractional intestinal absorption for the two subjects is given. The feasibility of direct quantitative measurements of Mo intestinal absorption by the double-tracer technique, using stable tracers, is evidenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cantone
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell'Universita' di Milano, Italy
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Cantone MC, de Bartolo D, Molho N, Pirola L, Gambarini G, Hansen C, Roth P, Werner E. Molybdenum metabolism studied by means of stable tracers. Med Phys 1992; 19:439-44. [PMID: 1584143 DOI: 10.1118/1.596831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
An investigation on molybdenum metabolism by administration of molybdenum stable isotopes was performed. Fractional intestinal absorption was determined in animals by the double tracer technique. The investigated subjects were given an enriched solution of Mo-96 orally and, a few minutes later, an enriched solution of Mo-95 intravenously. Blood samples were drawn at different times following the tracer administration. The Mo-95 and Mo-96 contents in plasma samples were determined by proton nuclear activation. The described methodology offers a means for the study of molybdenum metabolism in humans without radiation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cantone
- Dipartimento di Fisica Università di Milano, Italy
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Abstract
An investigation of iron metabolism in a female patient volunteer by administration of stable iron isotopes as tracers was performed. The applied methodology had already been tested in rabbits in comparison with radioactive tracer technique. The subject under study was given 58Fe solution intravenously and about 45 min later 57Fe solution orally. Ten blood samples were drawn at different times within 522 min from injection. Single iron isotopes content in plasma samples was determined by proton nuclear activation. A Compton suppressor system was utilized to improve the detector limits. The characteristic parameters of iron plasma clearance and of iron intestinal absorption were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Cantone
- Dipartimento di Fisica dell Universitá di Milano, Italy
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Abstract
A methodology for ferrokinetic studies based on the administration of iron stable isotopes was developed. Fractional plasma clearance and intestinal iron absorption in rabbits were determined using the double tracer technique. Three rabbits were given 58Fe solution intravenously and about 40 min later 57Fe solution orally. Blood samples were drawn at different times following administration. The analysis of the single iron isotopes content in plasma samples was made by proton nuclear activation. The results were compared with those obtained from the administration, to the same rabbits, of the radioactive isotopes 55Fe and 59Fe. The agreement was found to be satisfactory.
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Abstract
A method for the multielemental analysis of trace elements in biological samples by medium energy proton nuclear activation (PNA) has been developed. The response linearity, reproducibility and reliability of the method have been tested by a set of preliminary measurements. Results concerning the quantitative determination of the concentrations of Sr, Cu, Fe, Zn and Se in human serum are presented. Activation was induced with a 23 MeV proton beam from the AVF cyclotron of the University of Milan, by means of (p, 2n) reactions on the nuclei of the elements under study. The quantitative determination was obtained by an internal reference method and by comparison with a standard sample of serum doped with known quantities of the elements of interest. A clinical investigation of the zinc content of serum in children has been performed.
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Lombardi E, Tarantini G, Pirola L, Torsellini P. Conformational analysis and rotational barriers for different classes of molecules in terms of many atom exchange interactions. J Chem Phys 1976. [DOI: 10.1063/1.432198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lombardi E, Tarantini G, Pirola L, Ritter R. Effect of superexchange interactions on conformations and barriers to rotation in molecules containing a double bond. J Chem Phys 1975. [DOI: 10.1063/1.431646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Lombardi E, Tarantini G, Pirola L, Jansen L, Ritter R. Analysis of rotational barriers in molecules on the basis of exchange perturbation theory. J Chem Phys 1974. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1682031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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