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Abstract
The need for severely disabled long-stay general psychiatric in-patients to be resettled within their own districts is likely to arise increasingly as area mental hospitals close. The White Paper, Caring for People, acknowledges that some of these patients will continue to require hospital care. Transfer between hospitals might be considered a major life event for these patients, some of whom will have spent many years in the area mental hospital. Conflicting results have been found in studies of mortality rate following relocation (Morriss et al, 1988). Pryce's (1977) study with long-stay chronic schizophrenic patients and other more recent studies with new long-stay patients yielded data suggesting optimal environmental factors in keeping with Wing & Brown's (1970) observations.
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Groutas WC, Epp JB, Kuang R, Ruan S, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Tu J, He S, Yu H, Fu Q, Li YH, Truong TM, Vu NT. 1,2,5-Thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 Dioxide: A Powerful Scaffold for Probing the S′ Subsites of (Chymo)trypsin-Like Serine Proteases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2001; 385:162-9. [PMID: 11361013 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.2000.2139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold (I) embodies a motif that allows it to dock to the active site of (chymo)trypsin-like proteases in a predictable and substrate-like fashion. Consequently, inhibitors derived from this heterocyclic scaffold interact with both the S and S' subsites of an enzyme. Exploitation of binding interactions with both the S and S' subsites of a target enzyme may lead to compounds with greatly enhanced enzyme selectivity and inhibitory potency. This preliminary report describes the use of a series of compounds having the heterocyclic scaffold linked to various amino acids to probe the S' subsites of human leukocyte elastase (HLE), proteinase 3 (PR 3), and cathepsin G (Cat G). For comparative purposes, a series of compounds derived from a related scaffold, isothiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide (II), was also generated. Several of the compounds were found to be highly potent and selective time-dependent inhibitors of HLE, PR 3, and Cat G.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67260, USA.
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Kuang R, Epp JB, Ruan S, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Tu J, He S, Truong TM, Groutas WC. Utilization of the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffold in the design of potent inhibitors of serine proteases: SAR studies using carboxylates. Bioorg Med Chem 2000; 8:1005-16. [PMID: 10882012 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(00)00038-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A series of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide and isothiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide scaffolds has been synthesized and the inhibitory profile of these compounds toward human leukocyte elastase (HLE), cathepsin G (Cat G) and proteinase 3 (PR 3) was then determined. Most of the compounds were found to be potent, time-dependent inhibitors of elastase, with some of the compounds exhibiting k(inact)/K1 values as high as 4,928,300 M(-1) s(-1). The inhibitory potency of carboxylate derivatives based on the 1,2,5-thiadiazolidin-3-one 1,1 dioxide platform was found to be influenced by both the pKa and the inherent structure of the leaving group. Proper selection of the primary specificity group (R(I)) was found to lead to selective inhibition of HLE over Cat G, however, those compounds that inhibited HLE also inhibited PR 3, albeit less efficiently. The predictable mode of binding of these compounds suggests that, among closely-related serine proteases, highly selective inhibitors of a particular serine protease can be fashioned by exploiting subtle differences in their S' subsites. This study has also demonstrated that the degradative action of elastase on elastin can be abrogated in the presence of inhibitor 17.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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Groutas WC, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Kuang R, Epp JB, Houser-Archield N, Huang H, Hoidal JR. Amino acid-derived phthalimide and saccharin derivatives as inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. Arch Biochem Biophys 1996; 332:335-40. [PMID: 8806743 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1996.0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Amino acid-derived phthalimide and saccharin derivatives have been investigated for their inhibitory activity toward the serine proteinases human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G, and proteinase 3. The saccharin derivatives were found to be effective time-dependent inhibitors of elastase and proteinase 3 (kobs/[I] values ranged between 180 and 3620 M-1 S-1) and showed weak or no inhibition toward cathepsin G. The corresponding phthalimide derivatives were found to be inactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67260, USA
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Groutas WC, Brubaker MJ, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Huang H, Epp JB, Kuang R, Hoidal JR. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of succinimide derivatives as potential mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:375-81. [PMID: 8581420 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00024-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Structure-activity relationship study and in vitro biochemical studies with human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 were conducted using a series of succinimide derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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Groutas WC, Venkataraman R, Chong LS, Yoder JE, Epp JB, Stanga MA, Kim EH. Isoxazoline derivatives as potential inhibitors of the proteolytic enzymes human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3: a structure-activity relationship study. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:125-8. [PMID: 7796046 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260, USA
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Groutas WC, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Epp JB, Kuang R, Houser-Archield N, Hoidal JR. The Gabriel-Colman rearrangement in biological systems: design, synthesis and biological evaluation of phthalimide and saccharin derivatives as potential mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3. Bioorg Med Chem 1995; 3:187-93. [PMID: 7796053 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(95)00013-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The results of a structure-activity relationship study focusing on the interaction of a series of phthalimide and saccharin derivatives with leukocyte elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3 are described. The phthalimide derivatives were found to be inactive while some of the saccharin derivatives were found to be fair inhibitors of these enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260-0051, USA
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Groutas WC, Brubaker MJ, Chong LS, Epp JB, Huang H, Keller CE, McClenahan JJ, Givens RS, Singh R, Zandler ME. Derivatives of 3-alkyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide: probing the effect of structure on bioactivity toward human leukocyte elastase. Drug Des Discov 1994; 11:149-57. [PMID: 8075302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A structure-activity relationship study was conducted in order to probe the nature of the interaction between some 3-alkyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatives and human leukocyte elastase. The structural features in substituent X (structure I) that lead to the manifestation and optimization of inhibitory activity have been examined. The data suggest that the presence of an alkyl or aryl(sulfonyloxy) group in the active compounds may serve a triple purpose, namely, it functions as a good leaving group as dictated by the established mechanism of action of this class of compounds, secondly, it may enhance binding by assuming a favorable spatial orientation and, thirdly, it may increase the chemical reactivity of the carbonyl carbon in the bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67208
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Groutas WC, Chong LS, Venkataraman R. Novel potential mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G: derivatives of isothiazolidin-3-one. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 197:730-9. [PMID: 8267609 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of heterocyclic compounds designed to function as mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G has been synthesized and their inhibitory activity was investigated. These isothiazolidin-3-one derivatives were found to be effective inhibitors of cathepsin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67260
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Groutas WC, Houser-Archield N, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Epp JB, Huang H, McClenahan JJ. Efficient inhibition of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G by saccharin derivatives. J Med Chem 1993; 36:3178-81. [PMID: 8230105 DOI: 10.1021/jm00073a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A series of saccharin derivatives I has been synthesized and evaluated for their inhibitory activity toward human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. Most of the compounds were found to be efficient and time-dependent inhibitors of elastase. Inactivated elastase was found to regain its activity almost fully after 24 h (80-90% activity) and the half-lives of reactivation ranged between 12-15 h. Addition of hydroxylamine to fully-inactivated enzyme led to rapid and complete recovery of enzymatic activity. A tentative mechanism of action is proposed on the basis of biochemical and model studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67260
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Groutas WC, Chong LS, Venkataraman R, Epp JB, Kuang RZ, Brubaker MJ, Houser-Archield N, Huang H, McClenahan JJ. Mechanism-based inhibitors of serine proteinases based on the Gabriel-Colman rearrangement. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1993; 194:1491-9. [PMID: 8352807 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1993.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil-derived mediators such as, for example, the serine proteinase elastase, cathepsin G and proteinase 3, play a critical role in inflammatory lung disease. This report describes the design, synthesis and in vitro inhibitory activity of some novel mechanism-based inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase and cathepsin G. The design of the inhibitors is based on the Gabriel-Colman rearrangement. The behavior of the synthesized compounds toward elastase and cathepsin G with respect to inhibitory prowess, mode of interaction, specificity, etc., has been found to be dependent on the recognition and reactivity elements present in each inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Kansas 67208
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Groutas WC, Venkataraman R, Brubaker MJ, Epp JB, Chong LS, Stanga MA, McClenahan JJ, Tagusagawa F. 3-(Alkylthio)-N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatives: potent inhibitors of human leukocyte elastase. Biochim Biophys Acta 1993; 1164:283-8. [PMID: 8343527 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(93)90260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of 3-(alkylthio)-N-hydroxysuccinimide derivatives was synthesized and their inhibitory activity towards human leukocyte elastase (HLE) was investigated. The interaction of the compounds having a 3-alkylthioether side chain (compounds 1 and 2) with HLE was found to involve rapid acylation of the enzyme, followed by total regain of enzymatic activity within 3 h. Interestingly, compounds 3-8, having an oxidized thioether side chain, were found to be highly effective, time-dependent, irreversible inhibitors of the enzyme. The k(obs)/I values for compounds 3-8 ranged between 890 and 24,000 M-1 s-1. These findings demonstrate that, unlike the physiological inhibitor of HLE (alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor), which is inactivated upon oxidation, low-molecular-weight compounds retain and/or show enhanced inhibitory activity towards HLE upon oxidation of the thioether side chain and lay the groundwork for the development of compounds that embody proteinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Groutas
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, KS 67208
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Abstract
Loxapine was introduced to the British market two years ago although it has been used in North America for eight years. We report the first probable case of neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) secondary to loxapine in Britain. Two previous cases have been reported in North America (manufacturer's data).
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