1
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Pérez-Callejo G, Gawne T, Preston TR, Hollebon P, Humphries OS, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Krzywinski J, Minitti MP, Burian T, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Juha L, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Vinko SM, Rose SJ, Wark JS. Dielectronic satellite emission from a solid-density Mg plasma: Relationship to models of ionization potential depression. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:045204. [PMID: 38755888 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.045204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We report on experiments where solid-density Mg plasmas are created by heating with the focused output of the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray free-electron laser. We study the K-shell emission from the helium- and lithium-like ions using Bragg crystal spectroscopy. Observation of the dielectronic satellites in lithium-like ions confirms that the M-shell electrons appear bound for these high charge states. An analysis of the intensity of these satellites indicates that when modeled with an atomic-kinetics code, the ionization potential depression model employed needs to produce depressions for these ions which lie between those predicted by the well known Stewart-Pyatt and Ecker-Kroll models. These results are largely consistent with recent density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pérez-Callejo
- Departamento de Física Teórica Atómica y Óptica, Universidad de Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - T Gawne
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - H-K Chung
- Korea Institute of Fusion Energy (KFE), Daejeon 34133, South Korea
| | - G L Dakovski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Burian
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Hájková
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Vozda
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Central Laser Facility, STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - S J Rose
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
- Plasma Physics Group, The Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College London, Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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2
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Cristoforetti G, Baffigi F, Batani D, Dudzak R, Fedosejevs R, Filippov ED, Gajdos P, Juha L, Khan M, Koester P, Krus M, Mancelli D, Martynenko AS, Nicolai P, Pikuz SA, Renner O, Tentori A, Volpe L, Woolsey N, Zeraouli G, Gizzi LA. Investigation on the origin of hot electrons in laser plasma interaction at shock ignition intensities. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20681. [PMID: 38001120 PMCID: PMC10673912 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Shock Ignition is a two-step scheme to reach Inertial Confinement Fusion, where the precompressed fuel capsule is ignited by a strong shock driven by a laser pulse at an intensity in the order of [Formula: see text] W/cm[Formula: see text]. In this report we describe the results of an experiment carried out at PALS laser facility designed to investigate the origin of hot electrons in laser-plasma interaction at intensities and plasma temperatures expected for Shock Ignition. A detailed time- and spectrally-resolved characterization of Stimulated Raman Scattering and Two Plasmon Decay instabilities, as well as of the generated hot electrons, suggest that Stimulated Raman Scattering is the dominant source of hot electrons via the damping of daughter plasma waves. The temperature dependence of laser plasma instabilities was also investigated, enabled by the use of different ablator materials, suggesting that Two Plasmon Decay is damped at earlier times for higher plasma temperatures, accompanied by an earlier ignition of SRS. The identification of the predominant hot electron source and the effect of plasma temperature on laser plasma interaction, here investigated, are extremely useful for developing the mitigation strategies for reducing the impact of hot electrons on the fuel ignition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Baffigi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - D Batani
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, 33405, Talence, France
| | - R Dudzak
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | | | - P Gajdos
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Khan
- York Plasma Institute, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK
| | - P Koester
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - M Krus
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - D Mancelli
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Lasers, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, Rethymnon, Greece
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Chania, Greece
| | - A S Martynenko
- JIHT RAS, Moscow, 125412, Russia
- GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ph Nicolai
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, 33405, Talence, France
| | - S A Pikuz
- JIHT RAS, Moscow, 125412, Russia
- NRNU MEPhI, Moscow, 115409, Russia
| | - O Renner
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Prague, Czech Republic
- The Extreme Light Infrastructure ERIC, Dolni Brezany, Czech Republic
| | - A Tentori
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CEA, CELIA, 33405, Talence, France
| | - L Volpe
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
- ETSI Aeronáutica y del Espacio, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Woolsey
- York Plasma Institute, School of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, York, UK
| | - G Zeraouli
- Centro de Laseres Pulsados (CLPU), 37185, Villamayor, Salamanca, Spain
| | - L A Gizzi
- Istituto Nazionale di Ottica, CNR, Pisa, Italy
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3
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Chalupský J, Vozda V, Hering J, Kybic J, Burian T, Dziarzhytski S, Frantálová K, Hájková V, Jelínek Š, Juha L, Keitel B, Kuglerová Z, Kuhlmann M, Petryshak B, Ruiz-Lopez M, Vyšín L, Wodzinski T, Plönjes E. Deep learning for laser beam imprinting. Opt Express 2023; 31:19703-19721. [PMID: 37381380 DOI: 10.1364/oe.481776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Methods of ablation imprints in solid targets are widely used to characterize focused X-ray laser beams due to a remarkable dynamic range and resolving power. A detailed description of intense beam profiles is especially important in high-energy-density physics aiming at nonlinear phenomena. Complex interaction experiments require an enormous number of imprints to be created under all desired conditions making the analysis demanding and requiring a huge amount of human work. Here, for the first time, we present ablation imprinting methods assisted by deep learning approaches. Employing a multi-layer convolutional neural network (U-Net) trained on thousands of manually annotated ablation imprints in poly(methyl methacrylate), we characterize a focused beam of beamline FL24/FLASH2 at the Free-electron laser in Hamburg. The performance of the neural network is subject to a thorough benchmark test and comparison with experienced human analysts. Methods presented in this Paper pave the way towards a virtual analyst automatically processing experimental data from start to end.
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4
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Pan X, Šmíd M, Štefaníková R, Donat F, Baehtz C, Burian T, Cerantola V, Gaus L, Humphries OS, Hajkova V, Juha L, Krupka M, Kozlová M, Konopkova Z, Preston TR, Wollenweber L, Zastrau U, Falk K. Imaging x-ray spectrometer at the high energy density instrument of the European x-ray free electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:033501. [PMID: 37012789 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the high energy density instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The spectrometer is designed to measure x rays in the energy range of 4-10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Pan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Šmíd
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - R Štefaníková
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Gaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krupka
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlová
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Falk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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5
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Medvedev N, Babaev P, Chalupský J, Juha L, Volkov AE. An interplay of various damage channels in polyethylene exposed to ultra-short XUV/X-ray pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16193-16205. [PMID: 34302160 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02199k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Polyethylene (PE) irradiated with femtosecond extreme ultraviolet or X-ray laser pulses in a single-shot damage regime is studied theoretically. The employed microscopic simulation tool XTANT-3 traces nonequilibrium electron kinetics, energy exchange between electrons and atoms, nonthermal modification of interatomic potential, and the induced atomic response. It is found that the nonthermal detachment of hydrogen atoms in bulk PE starts at the threshold deposited dose of ∼0.05 eV per atom. With an increase in the dose, more hydrogen atoms detach from the carbon backbone. At a dose of ∼0.3 eV per atom, hydrogen behaves like a liquid flowing around carbon chains. It is accompanied by the appearance of defect energy levels within the band gap. At a dose of ∼0.5 eV per atom, carbon chains actively bend and cross-link. In the range of doses from ∼0.5 eV per atom to ∼0.9 eV per atom, the electronic excitation induces formation of new carbon structures embedded in the hydrogen liquid, such as benzene-like rings. The band gap collapses at such doses, merging the valence and the conduction bands. Finally, at doses above ∼0.9 eV per atom, the carbon subsystem also melts into liquid. All of these damage mechanisms are mainly nonthermal, triggered by promotion of electrons from the valence into the conduction band of PE. At high doses, however, thermal electron-ion coupling is extremely fast causing equilibration of the electronic and the ionic temperatures within a hundred femtoseconds.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Medvedev
- Department of Radiation and Chemical Physics, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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6
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Krupka M, Singh S, Pisarczyk T, Dostal J, Kalal M, Krasa J, Dudzak R, Burian T, Jelinek S, Chodukowski T, Rusiniak Z, Krus M, Juha L. Design of modular multi-channel electron spectrometers for application in laser matter interaction experiments at Prague Asterix Laser System. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:023514. [PMID: 33648071 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes design, development, and implementation of a multi-channel magnetic electron spectrometer for the application in laser-plasma interaction experiments carried out at the Prague Asterix Laser System. Modular design of the spectrometer allows the setup in variable configurations to evaluate the angular distribution of hot electron emission. The angular array configuration of the electron spectrometers consists of 16 channels mounted around the target. The modules incorporate a plastic electron collimator designed to suppress the secondary radiation by absorbing the wide angle scattered electrons and photons inside the collimator. The compact model of the spectrometer measures electron energies in the range from 50 keV to 1.5MeV using ferrite magnets and from 250 keV to 5MeV using stronger neodymium magnets. An extended model of the spectrometer increases the measured energy range up to 21MeV or 35MeV using ferrite or neodymium magnets, respectively. Position to energy calibration was obtained using the particle tracking simulations. The experimental results show the measured angularly resolved electron energy distribution functions from interaction with solid targets. The angular distribution of hot electron temperature, the total flux, and the maximum electron energy show a directional dependence. The measured values of these quantities increase toward the target normal. For a copper target, the average amount of measured electron flux is 1.36 × 1011, which corresponds to the total charge of about 21 nC.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krupka
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Singh
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - T Pisarczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 01497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Dostal
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Kalal
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krasa
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - R Dudzak
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - S Jelinek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - T Chodukowski
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 01497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Z Rusiniak
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, 01497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Krus
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 18200 Prague 8, Czech Republic
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7
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Vinko SM, Vozda V, Andreasson J, Bajt S, Bielecki J, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Ciricosta O, Desjarlais MP, Fleckenstein H, Hajdu J, Hajkova V, Hollebon P, Juha L, Kasim MF, McBride EE, Muehlig K, Preston TR, Rackstraw DS, Roling S, Toleikis S, Wark JS, Zacharias H. Time-Resolved XUV Opacity Measurements of Warm Dense Aluminum. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:225002. [PMID: 32567902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.225002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The free-free opacity in plasmas is fundamental to our understanding of energy transport in stellar interiors and for inertial confinement fusion research. However, theoretical predictions in the challenging dense plasma regime are conflicting and there is a dearth of accurate experimental data to allow for direct model validation. Here we present time-resolved transmission measurements in solid-density Al heated by an XUV free-electron laser. We use a novel functional optimization approach to extract the temperature-dependent absorption coefficient directly from an oversampled pool of single-shot measurements, and find a pronounced enhancement of the opacity as the plasma is heated to temperatures of order of the Fermi energy. Plasma heating and opacity enhancement are observed on ultrafast timescales, within the duration of the femtosecond XUV pulse. We attribute further rises in the opacity on ps timescales to melt and the formation of warm dense matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - V Vozda
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Bielecki
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupsky
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - H Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Hajdu
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Muehlig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Roling
- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H Zacharias
- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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8
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Pisarczyk T, Gus'kov SY, Zaras-Szydłowska A, Dudzak R, Renner O, Chodukowski T, Dostal J, Rusiniak Z, Burian T, Borisenko N, Rosinski M, Krupka M, Parys P, Klir D, Cikhardt J, Rezac K, Krasa J, Rhee YJ, Kubes P, Singh S, Borodziuk S, Krus M, Juha L, Jungwirth K, Hrebicek J, Medrik T, Golasowski J, Pfeifer M, Skala J, Pisarczyk P, Korneev P. Magnetized plasma implosion in a snail target driven by a moderate-intensity laser pulse. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17895. [PMID: 30559388 PMCID: PMC6297252 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical generation of compact magnetized plasma structures is studied in the moderate intensity domain. A sub-ns laser beam irradiated snail-shaped targets with the intensity of about 1016 W/cm2. With a neat optical diagnostics, a sub-megagauss magnetized plasmoid is traced inside the target. On the observed hydrodynamic time scale, the hot plasma formation achieves a theta-pinch-like density and magnetic field distribution, which implodes into the target interior. This simple and elegant plasma magnetization scheme in the moderate-intensity domain is of particular interest for fundamental astrophysical-related studies and for development of future technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pisarczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - S Yu Gus'kov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | | | - R Dudzak
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - O Renner
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Chodukowski
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - J Dostal
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Z Rusiniak
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - N Borisenko
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - M Rosinski
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Krupka
- Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Parys
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - D Klir
- Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Cikhardt
- Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Rezac
- Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Krasa
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y-J Rhee
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, IBS, Gwang-Ju, 61005, Korea
| | - P Kubes
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University, 166 27, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Singh
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - S Borodziuk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Krus
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - K Jungwirth
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Hrebicek
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Medrik
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Golasowski
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Pfeifer
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Skala
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 21, Prague, Czech Republic.,Insitute of Plasma Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 182 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - P Pisarczyk
- Warsaw University of Technology, ICS, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ph Korneev
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of RAS, Moscow, Russian Federation.,National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russian Federation
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9
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van den Berg QY, Fernandez-Tello EV, Burian T, Chalupský J, Chung HK, Ciricosta O, Dakovski GL, Hájková V, Hollebon P, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Minitti MP, Preston TR, de la Varga AG, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Wark JS, Velarde P, Vinko SM. Clocking Femtosecond Collisional Dynamics via Resonant X-Ray Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:055002. [PMID: 29481207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron-ion collisional dynamics is of fundamental importance in determining plasma transport properties, nonequilibrium plasma evolution, and electron damage in diffraction imaging applications using bright x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we describe the first experimental measurements of ultrafast electron impact collisional ionization dynamics using resonant core-hole spectroscopy in a solid-density magnesium plasma, created and diagnosed with the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray FEL. By resonantly pumping the 1s→2p transition in highly charged ions within an optically thin plasma, we have measured how off-resonance charge states are populated via collisional processes on femtosecond time scales. We present a collisional cross section model that matches our results and demonstrates how the cross sections are enhanced by dense-plasma effects including continuum lowering. Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium collisional radiative simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental results and provide new insight on collisional ionization and three-body-recombination processes in the dense-plasma regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E V Fernandez-Tello
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A G de la Varga
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Velarde
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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10
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Preston TR, Vinko SM, Ciricosta O, Hollebon P, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Krzywinski J, Minitti M, Burian T, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Juha L, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Lee RW, Wark JS. Measurements of the K-Shell Opacity of a Solid-Density Magnesium Plasma Heated by an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:085001. [PMID: 28952743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the spectrally resolved x rays emitted from solid-density magnesium targets of varying sub-μm thicknesses isochorically heated by an x-ray laser. The data exhibit a largely thickness-independent source function, allowing the extraction of a measure of the opacity to K-shell x rays within well-defined regimes of electron density and temperature, extremely close to local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The deduced opacities at the peak of the Kα transitions of the ions are consistent with those predicted by detailed atomic-kinetics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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11
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Cho BI, Cho MS, Kim M, Chung HK, Barbrel B, Engelhorn K, Burian T, Chalupský J, Ciricosta O, Dakovski GL, Hájková V, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Nam CH, Rackstraw DS, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Vinko SM, Wark JS, Zastrau U, Heimann PA. Observation of Reverse Saturable Absorption of an X-ray Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:075002. [PMID: 28949680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.075002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A nonlinear absorber in which the excited state absorption is larger than the ground state can undergo a process called reverse saturable absorption. It is a well-known phenomenon in laser physics in the optical regime, but is more difficult to generate in the x-ray regime, where fast nonradiative core electron transitions typically dominate the population kinetics during light matter interactions. Here, we report the first observation of decreasing x-ray transmission in a solid target pumped by intense x-ray free electron laser pulses. The measurement has been made below the K-absorption edge of aluminum, and the x-ray intensity ranges are 10^{16} -10^{17} W/cm^{2}. It has been confirmed by collisional radiative population kinetic calculations, underscoring the fast spectral modulation of the x-ray pulses and charge states relevant to the absorption and transmission of x-ray photons. The processes shown through detailed simulations are consistent with reverse saturable absorption, which would be the first observation of this phenomena in the x-ray regime. These light matter interactions provide a unique opportunity to investigate optical transport properties in the extreme state of matters, as well as affording the potential to regulate ultrafast x-ray free-electron laser pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - M S Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - M Kim
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - B Barbrel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Chang Hee Nam
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 61005, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Korea
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J J Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - P A Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
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12
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Dostal J, Dudzak R, Pisarczyk T, Pfeifer M, Huynh J, Chodukowski T, Kalinowska Z, Krousky E, Skala J, Hrebicek J, Medrik T, Golasowski J, Juha L, Ullschmied J. Synchronizing single-shot high-energy iodine photodissociation laser PALS and high-repetition-rate femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser system. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:045109. [PMID: 28456257 DOI: 10.1063/1.4979810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A system of precise pulse synchronization between a single-shot large-scale laser exploiting an acousto-optical modulator and a femtosecond high repetition rate laser is reported in this article. This opto-electronical system has been developed for synchronization of the sub-nanosecond kJ-class iodine photodissociation laser system (Prague Asterix Laser System-PALS) with the femtosecond 25-TW Ti:sapphire (Ti:Sa) laser operating at a repetition rate 1 kHz or 10 Hz depending on the required energy level of output pulses. At 1 kHz synchronization regime, a single femtosecond pulse of duration about 45 fs and a small energy less than 1 mJ are exploited as a probe beam for irradiation of a three-frame interferometer, while at 10 Hz repetition rate a single femtosecond pulse with higher energy about 7-10 mJ is exploited as a probe beam for irradiation of a two-channel polaro-interferometer. The synchronization accuracy ±100 ps between the PALS and the Ti:Sa laser pulses has been achieved in both regimes of synchronization. The femtosecond interferograms of laser-produced plasmas obtained by the three-frame interferometer and the femtosecond polarimetric images obtained by the two-frame polaro-interferometer confirm the full usefulness and correct functionality of the proposed method of synchronization.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dostal
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - R Dudzak
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Pisarczyk
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Ul. Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - M Pfeifer
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Huynh
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Chodukowski
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Ul. Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Z Kalinowska
- Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion, Ul. Hery 23, 01-497 Warsaw, Poland
| | - E Krousky
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Skala
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Hrebicek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - T Medrik
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Golasowski
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J Ullschmied
- Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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13
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Ciricosta O, Vinko SM, Barbrel B, Rackstraw DS, Preston TR, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Engelhorn K, Hájková V, Heimann P, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Measurements of continuum lowering in solid-density plasmas created from elements and compounds. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11713. [PMID: 27210741 PMCID: PMC4879242 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a dense plasma environment on the energy levels of an embedded ion is usually described in terms of the lowering of its continuum level. For strongly coupled plasmas, the phenomenon is intimately related to the equation of state; hence, an accurate treatment is crucial for most astrophysical and inertial-fusion applications, where the case of plasma mixtures is of particular interest. Here we present an experiment showing that the standard density-dependent analytical models are inadequate to describe solid-density plasmas at the temperatures studied, where the reduction of the binding energies for a given species is unaffected by the different plasma environment (ion density) in either the element or compounds of that species, and can be accurately estimated by calculations only involving the energy levels of an isolated neutral atom. The results have implications for the standard approaches to the equation of state calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Ciricosta
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S. M. Vinko
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - B. Barbrel
- Physics Department, UC Berkeley, LeConte Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D. S. Rackstraw
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. R. Preston
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - B. I. Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - H. -K. Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Vienna A-1400, Austria
| | - G. L. Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K. Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V. Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P. Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M. Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L. Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R. W. Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. J. Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U. Zastrau
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J. S. Wark
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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14
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Múčka V, Buňata M, Čuba V, Silber R, Juha L. Radiation induced dechlorination of some chlorinated hydrocarbons in aqueous suspensions of various solid particles. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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15
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Vinko SM, Ciricosta O, Preston TR, Rackstraw DS, Brown CRD, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Engelhorn K, Falcone RW, Fiokovinini R, Hájková V, Heimann PA, Juha L, Lee HJ, Lee RW, Messerschmidt M, Nagler B, Schlotter W, Turner JJ, Vysin L, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Investigation of femtosecond collisional ionization rates in a solid-density aluminium plasma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6397. [PMID: 25731816 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate at which atoms and ions within a plasma are further ionized by collisions with the free electrons is a fundamental parameter that dictates the dynamics of plasma systems at intermediate and high densities. While collision rates are well known experimentally in a few dilute systems, similar measurements for nonideal plasmas at densities approaching or exceeding those of solids remain elusive. Here we describe a spectroscopic method to study collision rates in solid-density aluminium plasmas created and diagnosed using the Linac Coherent light Source free-electron X-ray laser, tuned to specific interaction pathways around the absorption edges of ionic charge states. We estimate the rate of collisional ionization in solid-density aluminium plasmas at temperatures ~30 eV to be several times higher than that predicted by standard semiempirical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - C R D Brown
- Department of Plasma Physics, AWE Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, UK
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - B I Cho
- 1] Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea [2] Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, PO Box 100, Vienna A-1400, Austria
| | - K Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- 1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Fiokovinini
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - P A Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Messerschmidt
- National Science Foundation BioXFEL Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - B Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J J Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Vysin
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
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16
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Rackstraw DS, Ciricosta O, Vinko SM, Barbrel B, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Engelhorn K, Hájková V, Heimann P, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Saturable absorption of an x-ray free-electron-laser heated solid-density aluminum plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2015; 114:015003. [PMID: 25615475 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.114.015003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
High-intensity x-ray pulses from an x-ray free-electron laser are used to heat and probe a solid-density aluminum sample. The photon-energy-dependent transmission of the heating beam is studied through the use of a photodiode. Saturable absorption is observed, with the resulting transmission differing significantly from the cold case, in good agreement with atomic-kinetics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - B Barbrel
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - B I Cho
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea and Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J J Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA and IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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17
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Tiedtke K, Sorokin AA, Jastrow U, Juranić P, Kreis S, Gerken N, Richter M, Arp U, Feng Y, Nordlund D, Soufli R, Fernández-Perea M, Juha L, Heimann P, Nagler B, Lee HJ, Mack S, Cammarata M, Krupin O, Messerschmidt M, Holmes M, Rowen M, Schlotter W, Moeller S, Turner JJ. Absolute pulse energy measurements of soft x-rays at the Linac Coherent Light Source. Opt Express 2014; 22:21214-26. [PMID: 25321502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.021214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports novel measurements of x-ray optical radiation on an absolute scale from the intense and ultra-short radiation generated in the soft x-ray regime of a free electron laser. We give a brief description of the detection principle for radiation measurements which was specifically adapted for this photon energy range. We present data characterizing the soft x-ray instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS) with respect to the radiant power output and transmission by using an absolute detector temporarily placed at the downstream end of the instrument. This provides an estimation of the reflectivity of all x-ray optical elements in the beamline and provides the absolute photon number per bandwidth per pulse. This parameter is important for many experiments that need to understand the trade-offs between high energy resolution and high flux, such as experiments focused on studying materials via resonant processes. Furthermore, the results are compared with the LCLS diagnostic gas detectors to test the limits of linearity, and observations are reported on radiation contamination from spontaneous undulator radiation and higher harmonic content.
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18
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Juha L, Krása J, Láska L, Hamplová V, Soukup L, Engst P, Kubát P. Fast degradation of fullerenes by ultraviolet laser radiation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00324103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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19
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Gerasimova N, Dziarzhytski S, Weigelt H, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Vyšín L, Juha L. In situ focus characterization by ablation technique to enable optics alignment at an XUV FEL source. Rev Sci Instrum 2013; 84:065104. [PMID: 23822375 DOI: 10.1063/1.4807896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In situ focus characterization is demonstrated by working at an extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser source using ablation technique. Design of the instrument reported here allows reaching a few micrometres resolution along with keeping the ultrahigh vacuum conditions and ensures high-contrast visibility of ablative imprints on optically transparent samples, e.g., PMMA. This enables on-line monitoring of the beam profile changes and thus makes possible in situ alignment of the XUV focusing optics. A good agreement between focal characterizations retrieved from in situ inspection of ablative imprints contours and from well-established accurate ex situ analysis with Nomarski microscope has been observed for a typical micro-focus experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gerasimova
- Deutsches Electronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany.
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20
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Cho BI, Engelhorn K, Vinko SM, Chung HK, Ciricosta O, Rackstraw DS, Falcone RW, Brown CRD, Burian T, Chalupský J, Graves C, Hájková V, Higginbotham A, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee HJ, Messersmidt M, Murphy C, Ping Y, Rohringer N, Scherz A, Schlotter W, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Vysin L, Wang T, Wu B, Zastrau U, Zhu D, Lee RW, Nagler B, Wark JS, Heimann PA. Resonant Kα spectroscopy of solid-density aluminum plasmas. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:245003. [PMID: 23368333 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.245003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The x-ray intensities made available by x-ray free electron lasers (FEL) open up new x-ray matter interaction channels not accessible with previous sources. We report here on the resonant generation of Kα emission, that is to say the production of copious Kα radiation by tuning the x-ray FEL pulse to photon energies below that of the K edge of a solid aluminum sample. The sequential absorption of multiple photons in the same atom during the 80 fs pulse, with photons creating L-shell holes and then one resonantly exciting a K-shell electron into one of these holes, opens up a channel for the Kα production, as well as the absorption of further photons. We demonstrate rich spectra of such channels, and investigate the emission produced by tuning the FEL energy to the K-L transitions of those highly charged ions that have transition energies below the K edge of the cold material. The spectra are sensitive to x-ray intensity dependent opacity effects, with ions containing L-shell holes readily reabsorbing the Kα radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B I Cho
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA
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21
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Ciricosta O, Vinko SM, Chung HK, Cho BI, Brown CRD, Burian T, Chalupský J, Engelhorn K, Falcone RW, Graves C, Hájková V, Higginbotham A, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee HJ, Messerschmidt M, Murphy CD, Ping Y, Rackstraw DS, Scherz A, Schlotter W, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Vysin L, Wang T, Wu B, Zastrau U, Zhu D, Lee RW, Heimann P, Nagler B, Wark JS. Direct measurements of the ionization potential depression in a dense plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2012; 109:065002. [PMID: 23006275 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.109.065002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We have used the Linac Coherent Light Source to generate solid-density aluminum plasmas at temperatures of up to 180 eV. By varying the photon energy of the x rays that both create and probe the plasma, and observing the K-α fluorescence, we can directly measure the position of the K edge of the highly charged ions within the system. The results are found to disagree with the predictions of the extensively used Stewart-Pyatt model, but are consistent with the earlier model of Ecker and Kröll, which predicts significantly greater depression of the ionization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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22
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Schlotter WF, Turner JJ, Rowen M, Heimann P, Holmes M, Krupin O, Messerschmidt M, Moeller S, Krzywinski J, Soufli R, Fernández-Perea M, Kelez N, Lee S, Coffee R, Hays G, Beye M, Gerken N, Sorgenfrei F, Hau-Riege S, Juha L, Chalupsky J, Hajkova V, Mancuso AP, Singer A, Yefanov O, Vartanyants IA, Cadenazzi G, Abbey B, Nugent KA, Sinn H, Lüning J, Schaffert S, Eisebitt S, Lee WS, Scherz A, Nilsson AR, Wurth W. The soft x-ray instrument for materials studies at the linac coherent light source x-ray free-electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2012; 83:043107. [PMID: 22559515 DOI: 10.1063/1.3698294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The soft x-ray materials science instrument is the second operational beamline at the linac coherent light source x-ray free electron laser. The instrument operates with a photon energy range of 480-2000 eV and features a grating monochromator as well as bendable refocusing mirrors. A broad range of experimental stations may be installed to study diverse scientific topics such as: ultrafast chemistry, surface science, highly correlated electron systems, matter under extreme conditions, and laboratory astrophysics. Preliminary commissioning results are presented including the first soft x-ray single-shot energy spectrum from a free electron laser.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Schlotter
- LCLS, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Rd., Menlo Park, California 94025, USA.
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23
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Wierzchowski W, Wieteska K, Balcer T, Klinger D, Sobierajski R, Żymierska D, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Burian T, Gleeson A, Juha L, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Vyšín L, Wabnitz H, Gaudin J. X-ray topographic investigation of the deformation field around spots irradiated by FLASH single pulses. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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24
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De Grazia M, Merdji H, Auguste T, Carré B, Gaudin J, Geoffroy G, Guizard S, Krejci F, Kuba J, Chalupsky J, Cihelka J, Hajkova V, Ledinský M, Juha L. Desorption mechanisms in PMMA irradiated by high order harmonics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1117/12.890093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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25
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Galtier E, Rosmej FB, Dzelzainis T, Riley D, Khattak FY, Heimann P, Lee RW, Nelson AJ, Vinko SM, Whitcher T, Wark JS, Tschentscher T, Toleikis S, Fäustlin RR, Sobierajski R, Jurek M, Juha L, Chalupsky J, Hajkova V, Kozlova M, Krzywinski J, Nagler B. Decay of cystalline order and equilibration during the solid-to-plasma transition induced by 20-fs microfocused 92-eV free-electron-laser pulses. Phys Rev Lett 2011; 106:164801. [PMID: 21599370 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.164801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We have studied a solid-to-plasma transition by irradiating Al foils with the FLASH free electron laser at intensities up to 10(16) W/cm(2). Intense XUV self-emission shows spectral features that are consistent with emission from regions of high density, which go beyond single inner-shell photoionization of solids. Characteristic features of intrashell transitions allowed us to identify Auger heating of the electrons in the conduction band occurring immediately after the absorption of the XUV laser energy as the dominant mechanism. A simple model of a multicharge state inverse Auger effect is proposed to explain the target emission when the conduction band at solid density becomes more atomiclike as energy is transferred from the electrons to the ions. This allows one to determine, independent of plasma simulations, the electron temperature and density just after the decay of crystalline order and to characterize the early time evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Galtier
- Sorbonne Universités, Pierre et Marie Curie, UMR 7605, LULI, Paris, France
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26
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Sobierajski R, Bruijn S, Khorsand AR, Louis E, van de Kruijs RWE, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Cihelka J, Gleeson A, Grzonka J, Gullikson EM, Hajkova V, Hau-Riege S, Juha L, Jurek M, Klinger D, Krzywinski J, London R, Pelka JB, Płociński T, Rasiński M, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Vysin L, Wabnitz H, Bijkerk F. Damage mechanisms of MoN/SiN multilayer optics for next-generation pulsed XUV light sources. Opt Express 2011; 19:193-205. [PMID: 21263557 DOI: 10.1364/oe.19.000193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the damage mechanism of MoN/SiN multilayer XUV optics under two extreme conditions: thermal annealing and irradiation with single shot intense XUV pulses from the free-electron laser facility in Hamburg - FLASH. The damage was studied "post-mortem" by means of X-ray diffraction, interference-polarizing optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microscopy. Although the timescale of the damage processes and the damage threshold temperatures were different (in the case of annealing it was the dissociation temperature of Mo2N and in the case of XUV irradiation it was the melting temperature of MoN) the main damage mechanism is very similar: molecular dissociation and the formation of N2, leading to bubbles inside the multilayer structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sobierajski
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Nieuwegein, Netherlands.
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27
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Andreasson J, Iwan B, Andrejczuk A, Abreu E, Bergh M, Caleman C, Nelson AJ, Bajt S, Chalupsky J, Chapman HN, Fäustlin RR, Hajkova V, Heimann PA, Hjörvarsson B, Juha L, Klinger D, Krzywinski J, Nagler B, Pálsson GK, Singer W, Seibert MM, Sobierajski R, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Vinko SM, Lee RW, Hajdu J, Tîmneanu N. Saturated ablation in metal hydrides and acceleration of protons and deuterons to keV energies with a soft-x-ray laser. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2011; 83:016403. [PMID: 21405780 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.83.016403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Studies of materials under extreme conditions have relevance to a broad area of research, including planetary physics, fusion research, materials science, and structural biology with x-ray lasers. We study such extreme conditions and experimentally probe the interaction between ultrashort soft x-ray pulses and solid targets (metals and their deuterides) at the FLASH free-electron laser where power densities exceeding 10(17) W/cm(2) were reached. Time-of-flight ion spectrometry and crater analysis were used to characterize the interaction. The results show the onset of saturation in the ablation process at power densities above 10(16) W/cm(2). This effect can be linked to a transiently induced x-ray transparency in the solid by the femtosecond x-ray pulse at high power densities. The measured kinetic energies of protons and deuterons ejected from the surface reach several keV and concur with predictions from plasma-expansion models. Simulations of the interactions were performed with a nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium code with radiation transfer. These calculations return critical depths similar to the observed crater depths and capture the transient surface transparency at higher power densities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andreasson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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28
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Chalupský J, Krzywinski J, Juha L, Hájková V, Cihelka J, Burian T, Vysín L, Gaudin J, Gleeson A, Jurek M, Khorsand AR, Klinger D, Wabnitz H, Sobierajski R, Störmer M, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S. Spot size characterization of focused non-Gaussian X-ray laser beams. Opt Express 2010; 18:27836-45. [PMID: 21197057 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.027836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a new technique for the characterization of non-Gaussian laser beams which cannot be described by an analytical formula. As a generalization of the beam spot area we apply and refine the definition of so called effective area (A(eff)) [1] in order to avoid using the full-width at half maximum (FWHM) parameter which is inappropriate for non-Gaussian beams. Furthermore, we demonstrate a practical utilization of our technique for a femtosecond soft X-ray free-electron laser. The ablative imprints in poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA and amorphous carbon (a-C) are used to characterize the spatial beam profile and to determine the effective area. Two procedures of the effective area determination are presented in this work. An F-scan method, newly developed in this paper, appears to be a good candidate for the spatial beam diagnostics applicable to lasers of various kinds.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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29
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Hau-Riege SP, London RA, Graf A, Baker SL, Soufli R, Sobierajski R, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Juha L, Gaudin J, Krzywinski J, Moeller S, Messerschmidt M, Bozek J, Bostedt C. Interaction of short x-ray pulses with low-Z x-ray optics materials at the LCLS free-electron laser. Opt Express 2010; 18:23933-23938. [PMID: 21164739 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.023933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Materials used for hard x-ray-free-electron laser (XFEL) optics must withstand high-intensity x-ray pulses. The advent of the Linac Coherent Light Source has enabled us to expose candidate optical materials, such as bulk B4C and SiC films, to 0.83 keV XFEL pulses with pulse energies between 1 μJ and 2 mJ to determine short-pulse hard x-ray damage thresholds. The fluence required for the onset of damage for single pulses is around the melt fluence and slightly lower for multiple pulses. We observed strong mechanical cracking in the materials, which may be due to the larger penetration depths of the hard x-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Hau-Riege
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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30
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Vinko SM, Zastrau U, Mazevet S, Andreasson J, Bajt S, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Chapman HN, Cihelka J, Doria D, Döppner T, Düsterer S, Dzelzainis T, Fäustlin RR, Fortmann C, Förster E, Galtier E, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Gregori G, Hajdu J, Hajkova V, Heimann PA, Irsig R, Juha L, Jurek M, Krzywinski J, Laarmann T, Lee HJ, Lee RW, Li B, Meiwes-Broer KH, Mithen JP, Nagler B, Nelson AJ, Przystawik A, Redmer R, Riley D, Rosmej F, Sobierajski R, Tavella F, Thiele R, Tiggesbäumker J, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Vysin L, Whitcher TJ, White S, Wark JS. Electronic structure of an XUV photogenerated solid-density aluminum plasma. Phys Rev Lett 2010; 104:225001. [PMID: 20867176 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.104.225001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
By use of high intensity XUV radiation from the FLASH free-electron laser at DESY, we have created highly excited exotic states of matter in solid-density aluminum samples. The XUV intensity is sufficiently high to excite an inner-shell electron from a large fraction of the atoms in the focal region. We show that soft-x-ray emission spectroscopy measurements reveal the electronic temperature and density of this highly excited system immediately after the excitation pulse, with detailed calculations of the electronic structure, based on finite-temperature density functional theory, in good agreement with the experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, United Kingdom.
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31
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Khorsand AR, Sobierajski R, Louis E, Bruijn S, van Hattum ED, van de Kruijs RWE, Jurek M, Klinger D, Pelka JB, Juha L, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Cihelka J, Hajkova V, Vysin L, Jastrow U, Stojanovic N, Toleikis S, Wabnitz H, Tiedtke K, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Shymanovich U, Krzywinski J, Hau-Riege S, London R, Gleeson A, Gullikson EM, Bijkerk F. Single shot damage mechanism of Mo/Si multilayer optics under intense pulsed XUV-exposure. Opt Express 2010; 18:700-712. [PMID: 20173890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.18.000700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated single shot damage of Mo/Si multilayer coatings exposed to the intense fs XUV radiation at the Free-electron LASer facility in Hamburg - FLASH. The interaction process was studied in situ by XUV reflectometry, time resolved optical microscopy, and "post-mortem" by interference-polarizing optical microscopy (with Nomarski contrast), atomic force microscopy, and scanning transmission electron microcopy. An ultrafast molybdenum silicide formation due to enhanced atomic diffusion in melted silicon has been determined to be the key process in the damage mechanism. The influence of the energy diffusion on the damage process was estimated. The results are of significance for the design of multilayer optics for a new generation of pulsed (from atto- to nanosecond) XUV sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Khorsand
- FOM-Institute for Plasma Physics Rijnhuizen, Edisonbaan 14, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
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32
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Klinger D, Sobierajski R, Nietubyć R, Krzywiński J, Pełka J, Juha L, Jurek M, Żymierska D, Guizard S, Merdji H. Surface modification of polymethylmethacrylate irradiated with 60fs single laser pulses. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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33
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Nelson AJ, Toleikis S, Chapman H, Bajt S, Krzywinski J, Chalupsky J, Juha L, Cihelka J, Hajkova V, Vysin L, Burian T, Kozlova M, Fäustlin RR, Nagler B, Vinko SM, Whitcher T, Dzelzainis T, Renner O, Saksl K, Khorsand AR, Heimann PA, Sobierajski R, Klinger D, Jurek M, Pelka J, Iwan B, Andreasson J, Timneanu N, Fajardo M, Wark JS, Riley D, Tschentscher T, Hajdu J, Lee RW. Soft x-ray free electron laser microfocus for exploring matter under extreme conditions. Opt Express 2009; 17:18271-8. [PMID: 19907618 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.018271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We have focused a beam (BL3) of FLASH (Free-electron LASer in Hamburg: lambda = 13.5 nm, pulse length 15 fs, pulse energy 10-40 microJ, 5 Hz) using a fine polished off-axis parabola having a focal length of 270 mm and coated with a Mo/Si multilayer with an initial reflectivity of 67% at 13.5 nm. The OAP was mounted and aligned with a picomotor controlled six-axis gimbal. Beam imprints on poly(methyl methacrylate) - PMMA were used to measure focus and the focused beam was used to create isochoric heating of various slab targets. Results show the focal spot has a diameter of < or =1 microm. Observations were correlated with simulations of best focus to provide further relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Nelson
- LawrenceLivermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
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Chalupský J, Juha L, Hájková V, Cihelka J, Vysín L, Gautier J, Hajdu J, Hau-Riege SP, Jurek M, Krzywinski J, London RA, Papalazarou E, Pelka JB, Rey G, Sebban S, Sobierajski R, Stojanovic N, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Valentin C, Wabnitz H, Zeitoun P. Non-thermal desorption/ablation of molecular solids induced by ultra-short soft x-ray pulses. Opt Express 2009; 17:208-217. [PMID: 19129890 DOI: 10.1364/oe.17.000208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We report the first observation of single-shot soft x-ray laser induced desorption occurring below the ablation threshold in a thin layer of poly (methyl methacrylate)--PMMA. Irradiated by the focused beam from the Free-electron LASer in Hamburg (FLASH) at 21.7 nm, the samples have been investigated by atomic-force microscope (AFM) enabling the visualization of mild surface modifications caused by the desorption. A model describing non-thermal desorption and ablation has been developed and used to analyze single-shot imprints in PMMA. An intermediate regime of materials removal has been found, confirming model predictions. We also report below-threshold multiple-shot desorption of PMMA induced by high-order harmonics (HOH) at 32 nm. Short-time exposure imprints provide sufficient information about transverse beam profile in HOH's tight focus whereas long-time exposed PMMA exhibits radiation-initiated surface ardening making the beam profile measurement infeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Mocek T, Rus B, Kozlová M, Polan J, Homer P, Juha L, Hájková V, Chalupský J. Single-shot soft x-ray laser-induced ablative microstructuring of organic polymer with demagnifying projection. Opt Lett 2008; 33:1087-1089. [PMID: 18483521 DOI: 10.1364/ol.33.001087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We report on a single-shot micropatterning of an organic polymer achieved by ablation with demagnifying projection using a Ne-like Zn 21.2 nm soft x-ray laser. A nickel mesh with a period of 100 microm was approximately 10x demagnified and imprinted on poly(methyl methacrylate) via direct ablation. The quality of the ablated microstructure was found to be mainly dependent on the quality of the projected mask. This first demonstration (to our knowledge) of single-shot projection, single-step lithography illustrates the potential of soft x-ray lasers for the direct patterning of materials with a resolution scalable down to submicrometer domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Mocek
- Department of X-ray Lasers, Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8-182 21, Czech Republic.
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Chalupský J, Juha L, Kuba J, Cihelka J, Hájková V, Koptyaev S, Krása J, Velyhan A, Bergh M, Caleman C, Hajdu J, Bionta RM, Chapman H, Hau-Riege SP, London RA, Jurek M, Krzywinski J, Nietubyc R, Pelka JB, Sobierajski R, Meyer-Ter-Vehn J, Tronnier A, Sokolowski-Tinten K, Stojanovic N, Tiedtke K, Toleikis S, Tschentscher T, Wabnitz H, Zastrau U. Characteristics of focused soft X-ray free-electron laser beam determined by ablation of organic molecular solids. Opt Express 2007; 15:6036-6043. [PMID: 19546907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.15.006036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A linear accelerator based source of coherent radiation, FLASH (Free-electron LASer in Hamburg) provides ultra-intense femtosecond radiation pulses at wavelengths from the extreme ultraviolet (XUV; lambda<100nm) to the soft X-ray (SXR; lambda<30nm) spectral regions. 25-fs pulses of 32-nm FLASH radiation were used to determine the ablation parameters of PMMA - poly (methyl methacrylate). Under these irradiation conditions the attenuation length and ablation threshold were found to be (56.9+/-7.5) nm and approximately 2 mJ*cm(-2), respectively. For a second wavelength of 21.7 nm, the PMMA ablation was utilized to image the transverse intensity distribution within the focused beam at mum resolution by a method developed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic.
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Batani D, Stabile H, Ravasio A, Lucchini G, Strati F, Desai T, Ullschmied J, Krousky E, Skala J, Juha L, Kralikova B, Pfeifer M, Kadlec C, Mocek T, Präg A, Nishimura H, Ochi Y. Ablation pressure scaling at short laser wavelength. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2003; 68:067403. [PMID: 14754363 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.68.067403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The ablation pressure at a 0.44-microm laser wavelength has been measured at irradiance up to 2 x 10(14) W/cm(2). The diagnostics consisted in the detection of shock breakout from stepped Al targets. By adopting large focal spots and smoothed laser beams, the lateral energy transport and "drilling effects" have been avoided. The measured scaling shows a fair agreement with analytical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Batani
- Dipartimento di Fisica G. Occhialini, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca and INFM, Piazza della Scienza 3, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Krása J, Cejnarová A, Juha L, Ryć L, Scholz M, Kubes P. Semiconductor and thermoluminescent dosimetry of pulsed soft X ray plasma sources. Radiat Prot Dosimetry 2002; 100:429-432. [PMID: 12382914 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a005906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A multichannel detection system having a dynamic range of approximately 1 x 10(-9) Gy --20 Gy was developed with the use of commercially produced Si-photodiodes and TLDs for accurate measurement of X ray energy emitted from plasma-focus facility and from laser-produced plasmas. The proof of linearity of the employed detectors accomplished by a comparison of their responses to a broad band spectrum of X rays emitted from plasmas, is reported. It is demonstrated that TLDs irradiated with no protective filter show an incorrect response due to overloading in the sub-keV range and repopulation of dosimetric peaks induced by the UV radiation. The measurement of the power of undesirable secondary X ray sources driven by the primary plasma inside the interaction chamber was performed on the basis of analysis of space dependence of X ray intensity with respect to the assumed r(-2) decrease in the intensity far away from the plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Krása
- Department of Gas Lasers, Institute of Physics, ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Posp�?il J, Nov�k R, Sopko B, Sp?v�?ek V, Hl�dek P, Mat?jka P, Mackov� A, Cejnarov� A, Juha L, Kr�sa J. Thermoluminescence of CVD Diamond Films Used in Photon Dosimetry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/1521-396x(200105)185:1<195::aid-pssa195>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Juha L, Fárníková M, Hamplová V, Kodymová J, Müllerová A, Krása J, Láska L, Špalek O, Kubát P, Stibor L, Koudoumas E, Couris S. The Role of the Oxygen Molecule in the Photolysis of Fullerenes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10641220009351415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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