1
|
Pan X, Šmíd M, Štefaníková R, Donat F, Baehtz C, Burian T, Cerantola V, Gaus L, Humphries OS, Hajkova V, Juha L, Krupka M, Kozlová M, Konopkova Z, Preston TR, Wollenweber L, Zastrau U, Falk K. Imaging x-ray spectrometer at the high energy density instrument of the European x-ray free electron laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2023; 94:033501. [PMID: 37012789 DOI: 10.1063/5.0133639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A multipurpose imaging x-ray crystal spectrometer is developed for the high energy density instrument of the European X-ray Free Electron Laser. The spectrometer is designed to measure x rays in the energy range of 4-10 keV, providing high-resolution, spatially resolved spectral measurements. A toroidally bent germanium (Ge) crystal is used, allowing x-ray diffraction from the crystal to image along a one-dimensional spatial profile while spectrally resolving along the other. A detailed geometrical analysis is performed to determine the curvature of the crystal. The theoretical performance of the spectrometer in various configurations is calculated by ray-tracing simulations. The key properties of the spectrometer, including the spectral and spatial resolution, are demonstrated experimentally on different platforms. Experimental results prove that this Ge spectrometer is a powerful tool for spatially resolved measurements of x-ray emission, scattering, or absorption spectra in high energy density physics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Pan
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - M Šmíd
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - R Štefaníková
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - F Donat
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - C Baehtz
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Gaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - O S Humphries
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Krupka
- Institute of Physics of the ASCR, 18221 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M Kozlová
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - K Falk
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, 01328 Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wollenweber L, Preston TR, Descamps A, Cerantola V, Comley A, Eggert JH, Fletcher LB, Geloni G, Gericke DO, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Hastings J, Humphries OS, Jenei A, Karnbach O, Konopkova Z, Loetzsch R, Marx-Glowna B, McBride EE, McGonegle D, Monaco G, Ofori-Okai BK, Palmer CAJ, Plückthun C, Redmer R, Strohm C, Thorpe I, Tschentscher T, Uschmann I, Wark JS, White TG, Appel K, Gregori G, Zastrau U. Publisher's Note: "High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser" [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 92, 013101 (2021)]. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:039901. [PMID: 33820100 DOI: 10.1063/5.0043951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Geloni
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space & Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Göde
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - B Marx-Glowna
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D McGonegle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo 38123, TN, Italy
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C A J Palmer
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - C Plückthun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, Albert-Einstein-Straβe 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C Strohm
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I Thorpe
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T G White
- Physics Department, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89506, USA
| | - K Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wollenweber L, Preston TR, Descamps A, Cerantola V, Comley A, Eggert JH, Fletcher LB, Geloni G, Gericke DO, Glenzer SH, Göde S, Hastings J, Humphries OS, Jenei A, Karnbach O, Konopkova Z, Loetzsch R, Marx-Glowna B, McBride EE, McGonegle D, Monaco G, Ofori-Okai BK, Palmer CAJ, Plückthun C, Redmer R, Strohm C, Thorpe I, Tschentscher T, Uschmann I, Wark JS, White TG, Appel K, Gregori G, Zastrau U. High-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the high energy density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Rev Sci Instrum 2021; 92:013101. [PMID: 33514249 DOI: 10.1063/5.0022886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a setup to measure high-resolution inelastic x-ray scattering at the High Energy Density scientific instrument at the European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser (XFEL). The setup uses the Si (533) reflection in a channel-cut monochromator and three spherical diced analyzer crystals in near-backscattering geometry to reach a high spectral resolution. An energy resolution of 44 meV is demonstrated for the experimental setup, close to the theoretically achievable minimum resolution. The analyzer crystals and detector are mounted on a curved-rail system, allowing quick and reliable changes in scattering angle without breaking vacuum. The entire setup is designed for operation at 10 Hz, the same repetition rate as the high-power lasers available at the instrument and the fundamental repetition rate of the European XFEL. Among other measurements, it is envisioned that this setup will allow studies of the dynamics of highly transient laser generated states of matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Wollenweber
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Cerantola
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, Berkshire RG7 4PR, United Kingdom
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - G Geloni
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space & Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - S Göde
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - O S Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A Jenei
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - O Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - Z Konopkova
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - B Marx-Glowna
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - D McGonegle
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Universita di Trento, via Sommarive 14, Povo 38123, TN, Italy
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - C A J Palmer
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, University Road, BT7 1NN Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - C Plückthun
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik, Albert-Einstein-Straße 23-24, 18051 Rostock, Germany
| | - C Strohm
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - I Thorpe
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | | | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - T G White
- Physics Department, University of Nevada at Reno, Reno, Nevada 89506, USA
| | - K Appel
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Šmíd M, Baehtz C, Pelka A, Laso García A, Göde S, Grenzer J, Kluge T, Konopkova Z, Makita M, Prencipe I, Preston TR, Rödel M, Cowan TE. Mirror to measure small angle x-ray scattering signal in high energy density experiments. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:123501. [PMID: 33379989 DOI: 10.1063/5.0021691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) is a well established technique to detect nanometer scale structures in matter. In a typical setup, this diagnostic uses a detector with a direct line of sight to the scattering target. However, in the harsh environment of high intensity laser interaction, intense secondary radiation and high-energy particles are generated. Such a setup would therefore suffer a significant increase of noise due to this background, which could eventually prevent such measurements. In this paper, we present a novel tool consisting of a mosaic graphite crystal that works as a mirror for the SAXS signal and allows us to position the detector behind appropriate shielding. This paper studies the performance of this mirror both by experiment at the European XFEL (X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility) laboratory and by simulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Šmíd
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - C Baehtz
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - A Pelka
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - A Laso García
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - S Göde
- European XFEL, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - J Grenzer
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - T Kluge
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | | | - M Makita
- European XFEL, Schenefeld 22869, Germany
| | - I Prencipe
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | | | - M Rödel
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| | - T E Cowan
- Helmholtz Zentrum Dresden Rossendorf, Dresden 01328, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Descamps A, Ofori-Okai BK, Appel K, Cerantola V, Comley A, Eggert JH, Fletcher LB, Gericke DO, Göde S, Humphries O, Karnbach O, Lazicki A, Loetzsch R, McGonegle D, Palmer CAJ, Plueckthun C, Preston TR, Redmer R, Senesky DG, Strohm C, Uschmann I, White TG, Wollenweber L, Monaco G, Wark JS, Hastings JB, Zastrau U, Gregori G, Glenzer SH, McBride EE. An approach for the measurement of the bulk temperature of single crystal diamond using an X-ray free electron laser. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14564. [PMID: 32884061 PMCID: PMC7471281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71350-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a method to determine the bulk temperature of a single crystal diamond sample at an X-Ray free electron laser using inelastic X-ray scattering. The experiment was performed at the high energy density instrument at the European XFEL GmbH, Germany. The technique, based on inelastic X-ray scattering and the principle of detailed balance, was demonstrated to give accurate temperature measurements, within [Formula: see text] for both room temperature diamond and heated diamond to 500 K. Here, the temperature was increased in a controlled way using a resistive heater to test theoretical predictions of the scaling of the signal with temperature. The method was tested by validating the energy of the phonon modes with previous measurements made at room temperature using inelastic X-ray scattering and neutron scattering techniques. This technique could be used to determine the bulk temperature in transient systems with a temporal resolution of 50 fs and for which accurate measurements of thermodynamic properties are vital to build accurate equation of state and transport models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Descamps
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA.
- Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - B K Ofori-Okai
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - K Appel
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - V Cerantola
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - A Comley
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK
| | - J H Eggert
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - L B Fletcher
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - D O Gericke
- Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - S Göde
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - O Humphries
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - O Karnbach
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - A Lazicki
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - R Loetzsch
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - D McGonegle
- Atomic Weapons Establishment, Aldermaston, Reading, RG7 4PR, UK
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - C A J Palmer
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University, University Road BT7 1NN, Belfast, UK
| | - C Plueckthun
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T R Preston
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R Redmer
- Institut für Physik, Universität Rostock, A.-Einstein-Str. 23-24, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - D G Senesky
- Aeronautics and Astronautics Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - C Strohm
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron, Notkestrasse 85, 22607, Hamburg, Germany
| | - I Uschmann
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - T G White
- University of Nevada, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - L Wollenweber
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Monaco
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Trento, Via Sommarive 14, 38123, Povo, TN, Italy
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - J B Hastings
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - U Zastrau
- European X-Ray Free-Electron Laser Facility GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869, Schenefeld, Germany
| | - G Gregori
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S H Glenzer
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, 94025, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Vinko SM, Vozda V, Andreasson J, Bajt S, Bielecki J, Burian T, Chalupsky J, Ciricosta O, Desjarlais MP, Fleckenstein H, Hajdu J, Hajkova V, Hollebon P, Juha L, Kasim MF, McBride EE, Muehlig K, Preston TR, Rackstraw DS, Roling S, Toleikis S, Wark JS, Zacharias H. Time-Resolved XUV Opacity Measurements of Warm Dense Aluminum. Phys Rev Lett 2020; 124:225002. [PMID: 32567902 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.225002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The free-free opacity in plasmas is fundamental to our understanding of energy transport in stellar interiors and for inertial confinement fusion research. However, theoretical predictions in the challenging dense plasma regime are conflicting and there is a dearth of accurate experimental data to allow for direct model validation. Here we present time-resolved transmission measurements in solid-density Al heated by an XUV free-electron laser. We use a novel functional optimization approach to extract the temperature-dependent absorption coefficient directly from an oversampled pool of single-shot measurements, and find a pronounced enhancement of the opacity as the plasma is heated to temperatures of order of the Fermi energy. Plasma heating and opacity enhancement are observed on ultrafast timescales, within the duration of the femtosecond XUV pulse. We attribute further rises in the opacity on ps timescales to melt and the formation of warm dense matter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - V Vozda
- Charles University, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Institute of Physics, Ke Karlovu 5, CZ-121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Andreasson
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Physics, 41296 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - S Bajt
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Bielecki
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupsky
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - M P Desjarlais
- Pulsed Power Sciences Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - H Fleckenstein
- Center for Free-Electron Laser Science, DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J Hajdu
- ELI Beamlines, Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, CZ-182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - V Hajkova
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - M F Kasim
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E E McBride
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K Muehlig
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, Box 596SE-751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - T R Preston
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S Roling
- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - S Toleikis
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H Zacharias
- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
van den Berg QY, Fernandez-Tello EV, Burian T, Chalupský J, Chung HK, Ciricosta O, Dakovski GL, Hájková V, Hollebon P, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Minitti MP, Preston TR, de la Varga AG, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Wark JS, Velarde P, Vinko SM. Clocking Femtosecond Collisional Dynamics via Resonant X-Ray Spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2018; 120:055002. [PMID: 29481207 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.055002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron-ion collisional dynamics is of fundamental importance in determining plasma transport properties, nonequilibrium plasma evolution, and electron damage in diffraction imaging applications using bright x-ray free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we describe the first experimental measurements of ultrafast electron impact collisional ionization dynamics using resonant core-hole spectroscopy in a solid-density magnesium plasma, created and diagnosed with the Linac Coherent Light Source x-ray FEL. By resonantly pumping the 1s→2p transition in highly charged ions within an optically thin plasma, we have measured how off-resonance charge states are populated via collisional processes on femtosecond time scales. We present a collisional cross section model that matches our results and demonstrates how the cross sections are enhanced by dense-plasma effects including continuum lowering. Nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium collisional radiative simulations show excellent agreement with the experimental results and provide new insight on collisional ionization and three-body-recombination processes in the dense-plasma regime.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Y van den Berg
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - E V Fernandez-Tello
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
- Institute of Plasma Physics CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M P Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - A G de la Varga
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Velarde
- Instituto de Fusión Nuclear, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Preston TR, Vinko SM, Ciricosta O, Hollebon P, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Krzywinski J, Minitti M, Burian T, Chalupský J, Hájková V, Juha L, Vozda V, Zastrau U, Lee RW, Wark JS. Measurements of the K-Shell Opacity of a Solid-Density Magnesium Plasma Heated by an X-Ray Free-Electron Laser. Phys Rev Lett 2017; 119:085001. [PMID: 28952743 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.119.085001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present measurements of the spectrally resolved x rays emitted from solid-density magnesium targets of varying sub-μm thicknesses isochorically heated by an x-ray laser. The data exhibit a largely thickness-independent source function, allowing the extraction of a measure of the opacity to K-shell x rays within well-defined regimes of electron density and temperature, extremely close to local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions. The deduced opacities at the peak of the Kα transitions of the ions are consistent with those predicted by detailed atomic-kinetics calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - P Hollebon
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, A-1400 Vienna, Austria
| | - G L Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M Minitti
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - V Vozda
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- European XFEL GmbH, Holzkoppel 4, 22869 Schenefeld, Germany
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ciricosta O, Vinko SM, Barbrel B, Rackstraw DS, Preston TR, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Dakovski GL, Engelhorn K, Hájková V, Heimann P, Holmes M, Juha L, Krzywinski J, Lee RW, Toleikis S, Turner JJ, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Measurements of continuum lowering in solid-density plasmas created from elements and compounds. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11713. [PMID: 27210741 PMCID: PMC4879242 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of a dense plasma environment on the energy levels of an embedded ion is usually described in terms of the lowering of its continuum level. For strongly coupled plasmas, the phenomenon is intimately related to the equation of state; hence, an accurate treatment is crucial for most astrophysical and inertial-fusion applications, where the case of plasma mixtures is of particular interest. Here we present an experiment showing that the standard density-dependent analytical models are inadequate to describe solid-density plasmas at the temperatures studied, where the reduction of the binding energies for a given species is unaffected by the different plasma environment (ion density) in either the element or compounds of that species, and can be accurately estimated by calculations only involving the energy levels of an isolated neutral atom. The results have implications for the standard approaches to the equation of state calculations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Ciricosta
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - S. M. Vinko
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - B. Barbrel
- Physics Department, UC Berkeley, LeConte Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - D. S. Rackstraw
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. R. Preston
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T. Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - B. I. Cho
- Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea
- Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - H. -K. Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, P.O. Box 100, Vienna A-1400, Austria
| | - G. L. Dakovski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - K. Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - V. Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - P. Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - M. Holmes
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L. Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, 18221 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - J. Krzywinski
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R. W. Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - S. Toleikis
- Deutsches-Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, 22603 Hamburg, Germany
| | - J. J. Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - U. Zastrau
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - J. S. Wark
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
|
11
|
Vinko SM, Ciricosta O, Preston TR, Rackstraw DS, Brown CRD, Burian T, Chalupský J, Cho BI, Chung HK, Engelhorn K, Falcone RW, Fiokovinini R, Hájková V, Heimann PA, Juha L, Lee HJ, Lee RW, Messerschmidt M, Nagler B, Schlotter W, Turner JJ, Vysin L, Zastrau U, Wark JS. Investigation of femtosecond collisional ionization rates in a solid-density aluminium plasma. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6397. [PMID: 25731816 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rate at which atoms and ions within a plasma are further ionized by collisions with the free electrons is a fundamental parameter that dictates the dynamics of plasma systems at intermediate and high densities. While collision rates are well known experimentally in a few dilute systems, similar measurements for nonideal plasmas at densities approaching or exceeding those of solids remain elusive. Here we describe a spectroscopic method to study collision rates in solid-density aluminium plasmas created and diagnosed using the Linac Coherent light Source free-electron X-ray laser, tuned to specific interaction pathways around the absorption edges of ionic charge states. We estimate the rate of collisional ionization in solid-density aluminium plasmas at temperatures ~30 eV to be several times higher than that predicted by standard semiempirical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Vinko
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - O Ciricosta
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - T R Preston
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - D S Rackstraw
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - C R D Brown
- Department of Plasma Physics, AWE Aldermaston, Reading RG7 4PR, UK
| | - T Burian
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - J Chalupský
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - B I Cho
- 1] Center for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Gwangju 500-712, Korea [2] Department of Physics and Photon Science, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
| | - H-K Chung
- Atomic and Molecular Data Unit, Nuclear Data Section, IAEA, PO Box 100, Vienna A-1400, Austria
| | - K Engelhorn
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA
| | - R W Falcone
- 1] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, California 94720, USA [2] Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - R Fiokovinini
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - V Hájková
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - P A Heimann
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Juha
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - H J Lee
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - R W Lee
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Messerschmidt
- National Science Foundation BioXFEL Science and Technology Center, 700 Ellicott Street, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA
| | - B Nagler
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - W Schlotter
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - J J Turner
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - L Vysin
- Institute of Physics ASCR, Na Slovance 2, Prague 8 18221, Czech Republic
| | - U Zastrau
- IOQ, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, Jena 07743, Germany
| | - J S Wark
- Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare restricted suckling of tropical cows by their own or another cow's calf with artificial rearing of the calves and no suckling. In Exp. 1, cows were mechanically milked twice daily, after which for 15 min they were either suckled by their own calf (Treatment O) or multiple-suckled by other cows' calves (Treatment M) or unsuckled, with the calves reared artificially (Treatment A). Machine milk yield was similar for the three treatments, but in the two suckling treatments the additional milk consumed by the calf increased (P = 0.02) total production (2,682, 2,634, and 2,336 kg/lactation for Treatments O, M, and A, respectively). Machine milk fat concentration was reduced (P = 0.05) by suckling (2.90, 3.07, and 3.20% for Treatments 0, M, and A, respectively), but the milk sampled just before suckling (to represent that taken by the calves) had a high fat concentration (mean 7.9%). Machine milk somatic cell count was also reduced (P = 0.05) by suckling, from 106,000/mL (Treatment A) to 85,000/mL (Treatment M) and 95,000 (Treatment O). Cows suckling their own calf lost more weight and body condition than cows whose calves were reared artificially, with multiple-suckled calves intermediate. Cows suckling their own calf had postpartum interval to first estrus increased (P = 0.01) by 31 d and conception rates to first service of 44% compared to 77% for the other two treatments (P = 0.01). The growth of the suckled calves was compared with that of the artificially reared calves, which were given recommended milk allowances. The artificially reared calves consumed more milk and concentrates, which were available ad libitum to all calves, and gained (P = 0.03) 0.07 kg/d more weight than suckled calves. A second experiment determined that suckling once daily did not reduce reproductive performance compared to artificial rearing. We conclude that suckling cows twice daily increases total milk production but reduces body weight in early lactation. Cows suckling their own calves have reduced reproductive performance compared to those suckling other calves or reared artificially.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J K Margerison
- School of Agricultural and Forest Sciences, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Nhan NTH, Hon NV, Ngu NT, Von NT, Preston TR, Leng RA. Practical Application of Defaunation of Cattle on Farms in Vietnam: Response of Young Cattle Fed Rice Straw and Grass to a Single Drench of Groundnut Oil. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 2001. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2001.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
14
|
van Thu N, Pearson RA, Preston TR, Fajersson P. Effect of work crushing sugarcane on pregnancy and lactation in cattle and buffaloes. Asian Australas J Anim Sci 1996. [DOI: 10.5713/ajas.1996.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
15
|
|
16
|
Leng RA, Gill M, Kempton TJ, Rowe JB, Nolan JV, Stachiw SJ, Preston TR. Kinetics of large ciliate protozoa in the rumen of cattle given sugar cane diets. Br J Nutr 1981; 46:371-84. [PMID: 6793059 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19810042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
1. Experiments were undertaken to examine the kinetics of large ciliate protozoa in the rumen of cattle on sugar-cane diets. 2. Three Zebu bulls were fed once daily on a diet of sugar cane and wheat bran. The diurnal patterns of volatile fatty acids and ammonia concentrations, and the numbers of protozoa in rumen fluid were determined. The numbers of protozoa reached values of 5 X 10(4)/ml for holotrichs (large ciliates) mainly Isotricha and Dasytricha spp and 4 X 10(5) for smaller protozoa, mainly Entodinia (small ciliates). 3. A method was developed which allowed large ciliate protozoa in rumen fluid to be separated from plant material and bacteria and concentrated in a relatively uncontaminated form. Analysis of these protozoa indicated that 1.8 X 10(5) large ciliates contained 1 mg nitrogen and approximately 32 mg dry matter. 4. A labelled preparation consisting mainly of large ciliates (principally Isotricha spp.) was obtained by incubating isolated protozoa in rumen fluid (free of plant materials) containing [14C-methyl]choline and then isolating them by sedimentation and differential centrifugation. 5. A portion of the preparation containing labelled protozoa was incubated in vitro with rumen fluid to determine the turnover of 14C-labelled metabolites. There was no apparent dilution of the label in the protozoa over a 22 h period. 6. A major portion of the preparation containing labelled protozoa was returned to the rumen of each of the donor cattle as a single injection. The specific radioactivity in the large protozoa (microCi/mg N) was monitored frequently for over 30 h, and thereafter daily for a further 12 d. The kinetics of tracer dilution were analyzed to give estimates of the size of the pool of these large ciliates in the rumen (24-46 g N), and of their apparent rate of turnover. 7. In contrast to the slow turnover of the large ciliates, the rate of turnover of the rumen fluid pool (approximately 54 1), estimated from the rate of dilution of polyethylene glycol, was considerably faster. Large ciliates were therefore selectively retained within the rumen.
Collapse
|
17
|
Ferreiro HM, Priego A, Lopez J, Preston TR, Leng RA. Glucose metabolism in cattle given sugar cane based diets supplemented with varying quantities of rice polishings. Br J Nutr 1979; 42:341-7. [PMID: 476046 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19790119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
1. Glucose entry rates were measured with [2−3H]glucose in groups of cattle given sugar-cane diets and between o and 1200 g rice polishings.2. In the first experiment measurements of glucose metabolism were estimated in four animals (one of each being given 0, 400, 600 and 1000 g supplement) over 24 h using a repeated single injection at 6 h intervals and sampling blood for 3 h.3. The results indicated that in a short time period of each isotope experiment relatively steady-state conditions existed since the plot of log specific radioactivity v. time was linear with a high correlation coefficient.4. The pattern of glucose entry rates was variable over the 24 h period being highest shortly after feeding and then declining to quite low levels immediately before the next feed, 24 h later. However, the more rice polishings that were made available to the cattle, the higher the glucose entry rate at 4–7 h, and it remained higher for a longer time.5. In the second experiment with nineteen animals there was a linear relationship between the glucose entry rate (measured 4–7 h after feeding) and the amount of rice polishings consumed by the animal.6. The results suggest that glucose is being made available in quite large quantities from the supplement. Using the means of these estimates over 24 h to predict glucose entry rate on a daily basis, it is suggested that at least 50% of the starch in the rice polishings was made available to the animal as glucose.7. The results are discussed in relation to the suggestion that the availability of glucose may be limiting nutrient in cattle given low-protein diets.
Collapse
|
18
|
|
19
|
Ly MVJ, Preston TR. Digestible and Metabolizable Energy Values for Pigs of Diets Based on High-Test Molasses or Final Molasses and Sugar1. J Anim Sci 1969. [DOI: 10.2527/jas1969.294578x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
20
|
Preston TR, Willis MB, Martin JL. Efficiency of utilization for fattening of the metabolizable energy of molasses-based diets. J Anim Sci 1969; 28:796-801. [PMID: 5356686 DOI: 10.2527/jas1969.286796x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
|
21
|
|
22
|
Bradshaw RB, Carr CJ, Carrie LES, Cope V, Cuddigan BJ, Delahunty JE, Essenhigh DM, Fisher A, Froggatt DL, Gear MWL, Hadfield JIH, Hampton JR, Holt JM, Lee MR, Maddox G, Massarella GR, Middleton GD, Preston TR, Prout BJ, Pugh JL, Pugh MA, Ramsell TG, Roth JA, Weeks SK, Whitehead R. Review Body's Report: Hospital Medical Staff. West J Med 1966. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.1.5498.1294-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
23
|
Preston TR. Extensive Intramedullary Cyst of the Spinal Cord. Proc R Soc Med 1963. [DOI: 10.1177/003591576305600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|