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Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel NG, Vlasova VV, Shardina KY, Chereshnev VA, Shmagel KV. In HIV-Infected Immunological Non-Responders, Hepatitis C Virus Eradication Contributes to Incomplete Normalization of Systemic Inflammation Indexes, but Does Not Lead to Rapid CD4+ T-Cell Count Recovery. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2023; 512:274-278. [PMID: 38093130 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672923700448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
In HIV-positive individuals taking antiretroviral therapy, coinfection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) increases systemic inflammation, which interferes with the CD4+ T-cells regeneration. This study evaluated the effect of HCV eradication on systemic inflammation and CD4+ T-cell regeneration in patients who gave poor response to antiretroviral therapy, the so-called "immunological non-responders" (INRs). HIV-infected patients who received a course of direct-acting antivirals for treating hepatitis C were examined. The control groups included HIV/HCV-coinfected INRs and relatively healthy volunteers. It was established for the first time that HCV eradication is not accompanied by a complete suppression of systemic inflammation, but improves the T-cell pool composition: in INRs, the blood CD4+/CD8+ T-lymphocyte ratio increases and approaches those of healthy individuals. Apparently, in INRs treated for hepatitis C, the immune system recovery takes time and may be incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Saidakova
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - V V Vlasova
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - K Yu Shardina
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - K V Shmagel
- Perm Federal Research Center, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
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2
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Ferrari B, Da Silva AC, Liu KH, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shive C, Pacheco Sanchez G, Retuerto M, Sharma AA, Ghneim K, Noel-Romas L, Rodriguez B, Ghannoum MA, Hunt PP, Deeks SG, Burgener AD, Jones DP, Dobre MA, Marconi VC, Sekaly RP, Younes SA. Gut-derived bacterial toxins impair memory CD4+ T cell mitochondrial function in HIV-1 infection. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e149571. [PMID: 35316209 PMCID: PMC9057623 DOI: 10.1172/jci149571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
People living with HIV (PLWH) who are immune nonresponders (INRs) are at greater risk of comorbidity and mortality than are immune responders (IRs) who restore their CD4+ T cell count after antiretroviral therapy (ART). INRs have low CD4+ T cell counts (<350 c/μL), heightened systemic inflammation, and increased CD4+ T cell cycling (Ki67+). Here, we report the findings that memory CD4+ T cells and plasma samples of INRs from several cohorts are enriched in gut-derived bacterial solutes p-cresol sulfate (PCS) and indoxyl sulfate (IS) that both negatively correlated with CD4+ T cell counts. In vitro PCS or IS blocked CD4+ T cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and diminished the expression of mitochondrial proteins. Electron microscopy imaging revealed perturbations of mitochondrial networks similar to those found in INRs following incubation of healthy memory CD4+ T cells with PCS. Using bacterial 16S rDNA, INR stool samples were found enriched in proteolytic bacterial genera that metabolize tyrosine and phenylalanine to produce PCS. We propose that toxic solutes from the gut bacterial flora may impair CD4+ T cell recovery during ART and may contribute to CD4+ T cell lymphopenia characteristic of INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Ferrari
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amanda Cabral Da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Ken H. Liu
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Evgeniya V. Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Larisa B. Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Konstantin V. Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Carey Shive
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Gabriela Pacheco Sanchez
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Mauricio Retuerto
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center Ural Branch Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | | | - Khader Ghneim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Laura Noel-Romas
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Benigno Rodriguez
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Center for AIDS Research, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mahmoud A. Ghannoum
- Integrated Microbiome Core, Department of Dermatology, Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Peter P. Hunt
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- Department of Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Adam D. Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dean P. Jones
- Clinical Biomarkers Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mirela A. Dobre
- Department of Medicine (Nephrology), Case Western Reserve University/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Vincent C. Marconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Global Health, and Department of Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rafick-Pierre Sekaly
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
| | - Souheil-Antoine Younes
- Department of Pathology, Pathology Advanced Translational Research (PATRU), School of Medicine and
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3
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Vlasova VV, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel NG, Chereshnev VA, Shmagel KV. Metabolic Features of Activated Memory CD4 + T-Cells Derived from HIV-Infected Immunological Non-responders to Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy. Dokl Biol Sci 2021; 501:206-209. [PMID: 34962608 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496621060090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological non-responders (INR) are HIV-infected subjects that fail to restore CD4+ T-cell counts despite undetectable HIV viral load, which is controlled by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). In INR, impaired immune restoration is linked to low-productive proliferation of memory CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Taking into account that T-cell ability to divide depends on the activity of metabolic pathways, we aimed to determine rates of mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis in memory CD4+ T-cells of INR. Two groups of HIV-infected HAART-treated patients were studied: immunological non-responders and subjects with an adequate immunological response to therapy (immunological responders - IR). Control (C) group comprised uninfected volunteers. In both groups of HIV-infected patients glycolytic activity of memory CD4+ T-cells was lower than that in C. Mitochondrial respiration rate in memory CD4+ T-cells derived from IR was comparable to that of C at basal state, however, after stimulation IR failed to reach the values of uninfected subjects. INR had the lowest mitochondrial respiration rate both at basal state and after stimulation. Taken together, the data presented herein demonstrate that low regenerative potential of memory CD4+ T-cells derived from INR might be linked to diminished lymphocytes' metabolic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Vlasova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center UB RAS, 614081, Perm, Russia.
| | - E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center UB RAS, 614081, Perm, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center UB RAS, 614081, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, 614065, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center UB RAS, 614081, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, 620219, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Perm Federal Research Center UB RAS, 614081, Perm, Russia
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Saidakova EV, Shmagel KV, Shmagel NG, Korolevskaya LB, Chereshnev VA. Changes in the Regulatory T-Lymphocyte Counts in HIV-Infected Patients with a Discordant Response to Antiretroviral Therapy. Dokl Biol Sci 2019; 487:128-131. [PMID: 31571082 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496619040082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We examined HIV-infected patients with different efficacies of immune system restoration during antiretroviral therapy. The study showed that against the background of low CD4+ T cell counts, subjects with a discordant immunologic response (patients with <350 CD4+ T cells per μL of blood after more than two years of treatment) develop a regulatory CD4+ T cell (Treg) deficiency. Furthermore, in these patients, the immunodeficiency is accompanied by an increase in the Treg frequency. Accumulation of regulatory T lymphocytes in the blood of HIV‑infected subjects with discordant response to the treatment indicates a high viability of this T cell subset.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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5
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Saidakova EV, Shmagel KV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmage NG, Chereshnev VA. Lymphopenia-induced proliferation of CD4 T-cells is associated with CD4 T-lymphocyte exhaustion in treated HIV-infected patients. Indian J Med Res 2018; 147:376-383. [PMID: 29998873 PMCID: PMC6057256 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_1801_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives: Under the lymphopenic condition, T-cells divide to maintain their peripheral pool size. Profound chronic lymphopenia in some treated HIV-infected patients, characterized by poor T-cell recovery, might result in intensive homeostatic proliferation and can cause T-cell exhaustion and/or senescence. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the homeostatic proliferation of CD4+ T-cells in treated HIV-infected individuals, and to determine the amount of phenotypically exhausted and senescent CD4 T-lymphocytes. Methods: Thirty seven treated HIV-infected patients with suppressed HIV viral load (<50 copies/ml) were studied. Patients were divided into two groups: immunological non-responders (INRs) with CD4+ T-cells <350/μl (n=16) and immunological responders (IRs) with CD4+ T-cells >350/μl (n=21). T-cell subsets [naïve, central memory (CM), and effector memory (EM)] and proportions of cycling (Ki-67+), senescent (CD57+) and exhausted (PD-1+) T-lymphocytes were assessed using flow cytometry. Results: CD4+ T-cell cycling rate was higher in INRs than in IRs due to more extensive proliferation of CM, 4.7 vs 2.7 per cent (P <0.01) and EM, 4.8 vs 3.2 per cent (P <0.05). The percentages of CD4+ Ki-67+ CM and EM T-lymphocytes were inversely related to the CD4+ T-cell counts in the appropriate subset, r=–0.584 (P <0.001) and r=–0.556, (P <0.001), respectively. Exhaustion [24.2 vs 16.7% (P <0.01)], but not senescence [7.1 vs 10.8% (P>0.05)] was more pronounced in the INR group than in the IR group. The frequency of CD4+ Ki-67+ CM T-cells was related to the proportion of CD4+ PD-1+ cells of the same subset, r=0.789 (P <0.001). The numbers of CD4+ Ki-67+ PD-1+ CM and EM T-cells were substantially higher in INRs than in IRs. Interpretation & conclusions: The present data indicated that intensive homeostatic proliferation contributed to the T-cell exhaustion in HIV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Saidakova
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Perm State University; Laboratory of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology & Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Shmagel
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Perm State University; Laboratory of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology & Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Larisa B Korolevskaya
- Laboratory of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology & Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - Nadezhda G Shmage
- Laboratory of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology & Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences; Perm Regional Center for Protection Against AIDS & Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - Valeriy A Chereshnev
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Perm State University; Laboratory of Ecological Immunology, Institute of Ecology & Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
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6
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Younes SA, Talla A, Pereira Ribeiro S, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shive CL, Freeman ML, Panigrahi S, Zweig S, Balderas R, Margolis L, Douek DC, Anthony DD, Pandiyan P, Cameron M, Sieg SF, Calabrese LH, Rodriguez B, Lederman MM. Cycling CD4+ T cells in HIV-infected immune nonresponders have mitochondrial dysfunction. J Clin Invest 2018; 128:5083-5094. [PMID: 30320604 DOI: 10.1172/jci120245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune nonresponder (INR) HIV-1-infected subjects are characterized by their inability to reconstitute the CD4+ T cell pool after antiretroviral therapy. This is linked to poor clinical outcome. Mechanisms underlying immune reconstitution failure are poorly understood, although, counterintuitively, INRs often have increased frequencies of circulating CD4+ T cells in the cell cycle. While cycling CD4+ T cells from healthy controls and HIV+ patients with restored CD4+ T cell numbers complete cell division in vitro, cycling CD4+ T cells from INRs do not. Here, we show that cells with the phenotype and transcriptional profile of Tregs were enriched among cycling cells in health and in HIV infection. Yet there were diminished frequencies and numbers of Tregs among cycling CD4+ T cells in INRs, and cycling CD4+ T cells from INR subjects displayed transcriptional profiles associated with the impaired development and maintenance of functional Tregs. Flow cytometric assessment of TGF-β activity confirmed the dysfunction of Tregs in INR subjects. Transcriptional profiling and flow cytometry revealed diminished mitochondrial fitness in Tregs among INRs, and cycling Tregs from INRs had low expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis regulators peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1-α (PGC1α) and transcription factor A for mitochondria (TFAM). In vitro exposure to IL-15 allowed cells to complete division, restored the expression of PGC1α and TFAM, and regenerated mitochondrial fitness in the cycling Tregs of INRs. Our data suggest that rescuing mitochondrial function could correct the immune dysfunction characteristic of Tregs in HIV-1-infected subjects who fail to restore CD4+ T cells during antiretroviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Carey L Shive
- Division of Infectious Disease and.,Divisions of Infectious and Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, The Cleveland VA Medical Center, and the Center for AIDS Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Leonid Margolis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and
| | - Daniel C Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Donald D Anthony
- Division of Infectious Disease and.,Divisions of Infectious and Rheumatic Diseases, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, The Cleveland VA Medical Center, and the Center for AIDS Research, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Pushpa Pandiyan
- School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Cameron
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Leonard H Calabrese
- Rheumatologic and Immunologic Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Shmagel KV, Shmagel NG, Korolevskaya LB, Saydakova EV, Chereshnev VA. [Causes of T lymphocyte activation in HIV-infected patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2018; 88:22-28. [PMID: 28005028 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016881122-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To establish the causes of T lymphocyte activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients coinfected with hepatitis C (HCV) who are adherent to their antiretroviral therapy regimen and interferon untreated. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Examinations were made in 62 people who were HIV+HCV-positive (n=21), HIV+HCV-negative (n=21), and noninfected volunteers (n=20). The activation (CD38+HLA-DR+) and proliferation (Ki-67+) of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes were estimated. The blood concentration of intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (I-FABP) was determined. RESULTS The proportion of activated cells among the CD4+ T lymphocytes was equal in the HIV+HCV-positive and HIV+HCV-negative groups. But these indicators were statistically significantly higher than those in the controls (HIV- HCV-). CD8+ T cell activation was greater in the HIV/HCV-coinfected patients than that in the other groups and that was higher in the HIV monoinfected than in the noninfected. The blood I-FABP concentrations were elevated in the HIV+HCV-positive and HIV+HCV groups compared with those in the HIV-HCV-negative group, but these did not differ among themselves. In the HIV+HCV-negative patients, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation directly and statistically significantly correlated with blood I-FABP levels. In the HIV+HCV-positive group, this correlation remained only for CD4+ T lymphocytes. CD8+ T cell activation in HIV/HCV-coinfected patients was unrelated to I-FABP concentrations. CONCLUSION The increased activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes in HIV monoinfection was found to be associated with intestinal epithelial destruction and unrelated to cell division processes. In HIV/HCV coinfection, the activated state of CD4+ T cells is determined by both the level of proliferative processes and impairment of the intestinal barrier and that of CD8+ T cells is only by proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shmagel
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia; Institute for Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia; Perm Territorial Centre for Protection and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia; Institute for Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - E V Saydakova
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia; Institute for Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia; Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
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8
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Shmagel KV, Korolevskaya LB, Saidakova EV, Shmagel NG, Chereshnev VA, Margolis L, Anthony D, Lederman M. HCV coinfection of the HIV-infected patients with discordant CD4 + T-cell response to antiretroviral therapy leads to intense systemic inflammation. Dokl Biol Sci 2018; 477:244-247. [PMID: 29299802 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617060047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The level of proinflammatory markers was assessed in HIV-infected patients that were coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and had failed to restore the CD4+ T cell counts (immunological nonresponders, INR) during the antiretroviral therapy (ART). Among four patient groups (HIV+HCV- and HIV+HCV+ subjects with the concordant response to ART; HIV+HCV- and HIV+HCV+ subjects that were INR), the greatest systemic inflammation was in the latter group. The maximum difference was between the subjects HIV+HCV-INR and HIV+HCV+ INR: the blood of coinfected patients contained significantly higher concentrations of the IP-10, sCD163, sTNF-RI, and sTNF-RII and of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Systemic inflammation in HIV/HCV coinfected patients with the discordant response to ART is probably caused by a breach of hepatic barrier for the intestine products.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm Regional Center for Protection against AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - L Margolis
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D Anthony
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Saidakova EV, Shmagel KV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel NG, Chereshnev VA. CD8 + T cell expansion in HIV/HCV coinfection is associated with systemic inflammation. Dokl Biol Sci 2017; 474:126-128. [PMID: 28702728 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496617030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
High prevalence of non-AIDS-defining illnesses in treated HIV-infected patients is associated with increased peripheral CD8+ T cell counts. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) coinfection is an additional risk factor for the development of non-AIDS events. We found that, in HIV/HCV coinfection, the increased proportion of CD8+ T lymphocytes is due to the effector memory and terminal effector T cells gain. Moreover, in these patients, the accumulation of highly differentiated forms of CD8+ T lymphocytes was associated with increased concentrations of inflammatory indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Saidakova
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia. .,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.
| | - K V Shmagel
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Perm Regional Center for Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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10
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Saidakova EV, Shmagel NG, Chereshnev VA. Immune complexes that contain HIV antigens activate peripheral blood T cells. Dokl Biol Sci 2016; 469:196-8. [PMID: 27595830 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496616040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Uninfected donor T cells were treated in vitro by model immune complexes that contained either HIV or hepatitis C virus (HCV) antigens. Unlike HCV antigen-containing complexes, the immune complexes that contained HIV antigens have been shown to activate peripheral blood T cells of uninfected donors under in vitro conditions. Both the antiviral antibodies and HIV antigen were involved in the activation process. The unique properties of the immune complexes formed by HIV antigens and antiviral antibodies are believed to result from the virus-specific antibody properties and molecular conformation of the antigen-antibody complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia. .,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.
| | - K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
| | - E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia.,Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Perm AIDS Center, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Dividion, Russian Academy of Sciences, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Saidakova EV, Shmagel NG, Slobodchikova SV, Chereshnev VA. Effect of Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection on the Content of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T Cell Subpopulations in HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy. Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; 161:281-3. [PMID: 27388630 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3395-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of hepatitis C virus coinfection on T cell subpopulations in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Coinfection with hepatitis C virus was followed by a decrease in the number of naive CD4(+) T cells and an increase in the count of central CD8(+) memory T cells in these patients. Hepatitis C virus had no effect on the number of CD4(+) memory T cells (main target for HIV). This can explain the absence of strong negative effect of hepatitis C virus on the course of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia. .,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.
| | - K V Shmagel
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - E V Saidakova
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Perm Regional Center for Prevention of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - S V Slobodchikova
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm State National Research University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia.,Ural Federal University Named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, Ekaterinburg, Russia
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Shmagel KV, Saidakova EV, Shmagel NG, Korolevskaya LB, Chereshnev VA, Robinson J, Grivel JC, Douek DC, Margolis L, Anthony DD, Lederman MM. Systemic inflammation and liver damage in HIV/hepatitis C virus coinfection. HIV Med 2016; 17:581-9. [PMID: 27187749 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV viral infections are characterized by systemic inflammation. Yet the relative levels, drivers and correlates of inflammation in these settings are not well defined. METHODS Seventy-nine HIV-infected patients who had been receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than 2 years and who had suppressed plasma HIV levels (< 50 HIV-1 RNA copies/mL) were included in the study. Two patient groups, HCV-positive/HIV-positive and HCV-negative/HIV-positive, and a control group comprised of healthy volunteers (n = 20) were examined. Markers of systemic inflammation [interleukin (IL)-6, interferon gamma-induced protein (IP)-10, soluble tumour necrosis factor receptor-I (sTNF-RI) and sTNF-RII], monocyte/macrophage activation [soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble CD14 and neopterin], intestinal epithelial barrier loss [intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)] and coagulation (d-dimers) were analysed. CD4 naïve T cells and CD4 recent thymic emigrants (RTEs) were enumerated. RESULTS Plasma levels of IP-10, neopterin and sCD163 were higher in HCV/HIV coinfection than in HIV monoinfection and were positively correlated with indices of hepatic damage [aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and the AST to platelet ratio index (APRI)]. Levels of I-FABP were comparably increased in HIV monoinfection and HIV/HCV coinfection but LPS concentrations were highest in HCV/HIV coinfection, suggesting impaired hepatic clearance of LPS. Plasma HCV levels were not related to any inflammatory indices except sCD163. In coinfected subjects, a previously recognized relationship of CD4 naïve T-cell and RTE counts to hepatocellular injury was defined more mechanistically by an inverse relationship to sCD163. CONCLUSIONS Hepatocellular injury in HCV/HIV coinfection is linked to elevated levels of certain inflammatory cytokines and an apparent failure to clear systemically translocated microbial products. A related decrease in CD4 naïve T cells and RTEs also merits further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia.,Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia.,Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Perm Regional Center for Protection against AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia.,Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia.,Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology UB RAS, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - J Robinson
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - J-C Grivel
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D C Douek
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - L Margolis
- National Institute of Child Health and Development, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - D D Anthony
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - M M Lederman
- Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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13
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shmagel NG, Saidakova EV. Systemic activation of the immune system in HIV infection: The role of the immune complexes (hypothesis). Med Hypotheses 2016; 88:53-6. [PMID: 26880638 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Currently, immune activation is proven to be the basis for the HIV infection pathogenesis and a strong predictor of the disease progression. Among the causes of systemic immune activation the virus and its products, related infectious agents, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and regulatory CD4+ T cells' decrease are considered. Recently microbial translocation (bacterial products yield into the bloodstream as a result of the gastrointestinal tract mucosal barrier integrity damage) became the most popular hypothesis. Previously, we have found an association between immune complexes present in the bloodstream of HIV infected patients and the T cell activation. On this basis, we propose a significantly modified hypothesis of immune activation in HIV infection. It is based on the immune complexes' participation in the immunocompetent cells' activation. Immune complexes are continuously formed in the chronic phase of the infection. Together with TLR-ligands (viral antigens, bacterial products coming from the damaged gut) present in the bloodstream they interact with macrophages. As a result macrophages are transformed into the type II activated forms. These macrophages block IL-12 production and start synthesizing IL-10. High level of this cytokine slows down the development of the full-scale Th1-response. The anti-viral reactions are shifted towards the serogenesis. Newly synthesized antibodies' binding to viral antigens leads to continuous formation of the immune complexes capable of interacting with antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia; Perm State University, Perm, Russia.
| | - Konstantin V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia; Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Nadezhda G Shmagel
- Perm Regional Centre for Protection against AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia; Perm State University, Perm, Russia
| | - Evgeniya V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms UB RAS, Perm, Russia; Perm State University, Perm, Russia
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Shmagel NG, Shmagel KV, Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Chereshnev VA. Discordant response of CD4(+) T cells to antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus is accompanied by increased liver damage. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2016; 465:358-60. [PMID: 26728724 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672915060034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A study of HIV-infected patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) but not treated with interferon was performed. Patients were divided into two groups-with standard and inefficient recovery of CD4(+) T cells. It was found that patients with discordant response of CD4(+) T cells to ART showed heavier destructive processes in the liver than the successfully recovered subjects. They had increased levels of ALT and AST. In these patients, the risk of development of liver cirrhosis is greater.
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Affiliation(s)
- N G Shmagel
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Perm Regional Center for Protection against AIDS and Infectious Diseases, Perm, Russia
| | - K V Shmagel
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia. .,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia.
| | - E V Saidakova
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia
| | - L B Korolevskaya
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia
| | - V A Chereshnev
- Perm State University, Perm, Russia.,Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Pervomaiskaya 91, Yekaterinburg, 620041, Russia.,Yeltsin Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg, Russia
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Shmagel NG, Shmagel KV, Korolevskaya LB, Saidakova EV, Chereshnev VA. [SYSTEMIC INFLAMMATION AND COMPROMISED INTESTINAL BARRIER DURING SUCCESSFUL TREATMENT OF HIV INFECTION]. Klin Med (Mosk) 2016; 94:47-51. [PMID: 27172723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The relationship between immunity disorders, destruction of intestinal barrier and development of systemic inflammation during antiviral therapy in patients with HIV infection is a topical issue in terms of suppression of virus replication and reduction of its role in the pathological process. STUDY OBJECT Blood of HIV-infected patients given antiretroviral therapy (n = 21) and non-infected volunteers (n = 20). METHODS Identification of cells among CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes expressing markers of activation (CD38, HLA-DR), depletion (PD-1), and interleukin (IL) 7 receptor (CD127); measurement of blood levels of IL-6, neopterin, soluble CD14 (sCD14), intestinal fatty acid-binding peptide (I-FABP), and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Correlation analysis of the dependence between cell immunity and systemic inflammation was performed. RESULTS HIV-infected patients had more activated CD4⁺ and CD8⁺ T-lymphocytes and CD4⁺ T-cells expressing PD-1 marker than non-infected subjects but less CD4⁺ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes expressing CD127. Blood IL-6, neopterin, soluble CD14, I-FABP and bacterial lipopolysaccharide levels in the former were higher than in the latter HIV-infected patients showed significant correlation of cell immunity parameters with blood neopterin and FABP levels. CONCLUSION The process of activation, depletion, and regeneration of T-lymphocytes in. HIV infection are related to the destruction of intestinal barrier and systemic macrophage activation.
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16
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shmagel NG. Characteristics of Circulating Immune Complexes in HIV-Infected Patients with Different Viral Load. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 159:469-71. [PMID: 26388572 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2994-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentration of antiviral antibodies was measured in HIV-infected patients with different viral load. It was found that higher concentrations of HIV-antigens correspond to higher titer of antiviral antibodies. Circulating immune complexes were isolated from patients' serum to estimate their size and immunoglobulin composition. High levels of small IgG- and IgM-containing complexes were identified in HIV-infected patients. In patients receiving antiretroviral treatment, the content of these complexes was significantly lower than in patients with high HIV load. This attests to positive role of specific therapy in preventing immune complex-associated pathology in HIV patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia. .,Regional Center on Prophylaxis and Combating of AIDS and Infection Diseases, Perm', Russia.
| | - K V Shmagel
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ekaterinburg, Russia
| | - N G Shmagel
- Regional Center on Prophylaxis and Combating of AIDS and Infection Diseases, Perm', Russia
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV. Effect of complement on sizes of model immune complexes. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 458:167-9. [PMID: 25366280 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672914050020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia,
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Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel NG, Shmagel KV, Chereshnev VA. The role of interleukin 7 and its cell receptor in a poor recovery of CD4(+) T cells in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Dokl Biol Sci 2014; 458:313-315. [PMID: 25371261 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496614050068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm', Russia,
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Shmagel NG, Chereshnev VA. The size and composition of circulating immune complexes during HIV infection. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 457:134-6. [PMID: 25172334 DOI: 10.1134/s160767291404005x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia,
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Chereshnev VA. Effect of medium pH and antibody Fc fragment on the size of model immune complexes. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2014; 453:286-7. [PMID: 24385097 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672913060045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Ural Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Goleva 13, Perm, 614081, Russia
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Saidakova EV, Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel NG, Shmagel KV, Chereshnev VA. T cell apoptosis in HIV-infected patients with incomplete immune recovery after antiretroviral therapy. Dokl Biol Sci 2013; 450:189-91. [PMID: 23821064 DOI: 10.1134/s0012496613030010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E V Saidakova
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm', Russia
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22
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Korolevskaya LB, Shmagel KV, Chereshnev VA. Alkylhydroxybenzenes modify immune complex size. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2012; 446:229-30. [PMID: 23132715 DOI: 10.1134/s1607672912050122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L B Korolevskaya
- Institute of Ecology and Genetics of Microorganisms, Russian Academy of Sciences, Perm, Russia
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