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Hanon O, Vidal JS, Pisica-Donose G, Orvoën G, David JP, Chaussade E, Caillard L, de Jong LW, Boulloche N, Vinsonneau U, Bouée S, Krolak-Salmon P, Fauchier L, Jouanny P, Sacco G, Bellarbre F, Belmin J, Puisieux F, Lilamand M, Paillaud E, Boureau AS. Bleeding risk with rivaroxaban compared with vitamin K antagonists in patients aged 80 years or older with atrial fibrillation. Heart 2020; 107:1376-1382. [PMID: 33262185 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-317923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Direct oral anticoagulants have been evaluated in the general population, but proper evidence for their safe use in the geriatric population is still missing. We compared the bleeding risk of a direct oral anticoagulant (rivaroxaban) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) among French geriatric patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) aged ≥80 years. METHODS We performed a sequential observational prospective cohort study, using data from 33 geriatric centres. The sample comprised 908 patients newly initiated on VKAs between September 2011 and September 2014 and 995 patients newly initiated on rivaroxaban between September 2014 and September 2017. Patients were followed up for up to 12 months. One-year risks of major, intracerebral, gastrointestinal bleedings, ischaemic stroke and all-cause mortality were compared between rivaroxaban-treated and VKA-treated patients with propensity score matching and Cox models. RESULTS Major bleeding risk was significantly lower in rivaroxaban-treated patients (7.4/100 patient-years) compared with VKA-treated patients (14.6/100 patient-years) after multivariate adjustment (HR 0.66; 95% CI 0.43 to 0.99) and in the propensity score-matched sample (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.33 to 0.85). Intracerebral bleeding occurred less frequently in rivaroxaban-treated patients (1.3/100 patient-years) than in VKA-treated patients (4.0/100 patient-years), adjusted HR 0.59 (95% CI 0.24 to 1.44) and in the propensity score-matched sample HR 0.26 (95% CI 0.09 to 0.80). Major lower bleeding risk was largely driven by lower risk of intracerebral bleeding. CONCLUSIONS Our study findings indicate that bleeding risk, largely driven by lower risk of intracerebral bleeding, is lower with rivaroxaban than with VKA in stroke prevention in patients ≥80 years old with non-valvular AF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hanon
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Vidal
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - George Pisica-Donose
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France.,Medalice, F-78560 Le Port Marly, France
| | - Galdric Orvoën
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Philippe David
- Hôpital Henri Mondor, Service de Gériatrie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and Inserm U955, Université Paris Est Créteil (UPEC), F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Edouard Chaussade
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laure Caillard
- Hôpital Broca, Service de Gérontologie, Assistance Publique - Hopitaux de Paris and EA 4468, Université de Paris, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Laura W de Jong
- Service de Radiologie, Groupe hospitalier Sainte-Anne, F-75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Ulric Vinsonneau
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital d'Instruction des Armées Clermont-Tonnerre, F-29240 Brest, France
| | | | - Pierre Krolak-Salmon
- Centre de Recherche Clinique Vieillissement Cerveau - Fragilité, CHU Lyon, F-69000 Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Fauchier
- Service de Cardiologie, Hôpital Trousseau and Université François-Rabelais, F-37170 Chambray-les-Tours, France
| | - Pierre Jouanny
- Centre Champmaillot, Service de Médecine Interne Gériatrie, CHU de Dijon, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Guillaume Sacco
- Hôpital de Cimiez, Pole de Gérontologie, CHU de Nice, F-06003 Nice, France
| | - Fabienne Bellarbre
- Hôpital de la Milétrie, Service de Gériatrie, CHU de Poitiers, F-86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Joël Belmin
- Hôpital Charles Foix, Service de Gériatrie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, F-94400 Ivry-sur-Seine, France
| | - François Puisieux
- Hôpital Gériatrique Les Bateliers, Pôle de gérontologie, CHRU de Lille, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Matthieu Lilamand
- Hôpital Bichat, Service de Gériatrie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, F-75018 Paris, Paris
| | - Elena Paillaud
- Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Gériatrie, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris and Université de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Sophie Boureau
- Hôpital Bellier, Pole Hospitalo-Universitaire de Gérontologie Clinique, CHU de Nantes, F-44000 Nantes, France
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Chaussade E, Hanon O, Boully C, Labourée F, Caillard L, Gerotziafas G, Vidal JS, Elalamy I. Real-Life Peak and Trough Dabigatran Plasma Measurements over Time in Hospitalized Geriatric Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. J Nutr Health Aging 2018; 22:165-173. [PMID: 29300437 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few geriatric patients were included in studies on direct oral anticoagulants and data on dabigatran concentration and safety are needed in this population. Our objectives were to evaluate peak and trough dabigatran plasma concentrations over time in a geriatric population and to identify factors associated with dabigatran plasma concentrations and to assess the relationship with bleeding events. METHODS Peak and trough dabigatran plasma concentration were performed 4,8,15,30,45 days after inception of dabigatran treatment in 68 consecutive patients ≥75 years old hospitalized in a geriatric hospital with atrial fibrillation. Bleeding events were monitored for 1 year. RESULTS Mean age was 85.8(5.1) years old and 76.5% were women. Overall, 541 dabigatran plasma measurements (270 peak, 271 trough) were performed. Mean dabigatran concentrations of the 5 sequential measurements ranged 106-146ng/mL for peak and 66-84ng/mL for trough. Renal failure was associated with high peak and trough dabigatran concentration. Inter- and intra-individual coefficients of variation were 59.5% and 44.7% for peak and 74.5% and 44.6% for trough. Participants in the lower two tertiles of dabigatran concentration at day 8 (D8) remained below the 90th percentile (243.9ng/ml) on the next measurements. Bleeding events were associated with high trough dabigatran concentrations. Trough dabigatran concentration at D8>243.9ng/mL significantly predicted bleeding. CONCLUSION In this geriatric population, renal function and low albumin were associated with dabigatran concentrations. Despite large variability, participants in the lower two tertiles of dabigatran concentration at D8 remained below the 90th percentile on the following measurements. D8 dabigatran trough concentration≥243.9ng/mL identified patients at risk of bleeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Chaussade
- Prof. Olivier Hanon, Hôpital Broca, 54-56 Pascal, 75013 Paris, France, Tel: +33 1 44 08 30 00, Fax: +33 1 44 08 36 18,
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Hanon O, Caillard L, Chaussade E, Hernandorena I, Boully C. Blood pressure-lowering efficacy of indapamide SR/amlodipine combination in older patients with hypertension: A post hoc analysis of the NESTOR trial (Natrilix SR vs Enalapril in Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetics With Microalbuminuria). J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2017; 19:965-972. [DOI: 10.1111/jch.13053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hanon
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- APHP; Hôpital Broca; Paris France
| | - Laure Caillard
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- APHP; Hôpital Broca; Paris France
| | - Edouard Chaussade
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- APHP; Hôpital Broca; Paris France
| | - Intza Hernandorena
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- APHP; Hôpital Broca; Paris France
| | - Clemence Boully
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes; Paris France
- APHP; Hôpital Broca; Paris France
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Pluchery O, Zhang Y, Benbalagh R, Caillard L, Gallet JJ, Bournel F, Lamic-Humblot AF, Salmeron M, Chabal YJ, Rochet F. Static and dynamic electronic characterization of organic monolayers grafted on a silicon surface. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:3675-84. [PMID: 26757829 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05943g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Organic layers chemically grafted on silicon offer excellent interfaces that may open up the way for new organic-inorganic hybrid nanoelectronic devices. However, technological achievements rely on the precise electronic characterization of such organic layers. We have prepared ordered grafted organic monolayers (GOMs) on Si(111), sometimes termed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), by a hydrosilylation reaction with either a 7-carbon or an 11-carbon alkyl chain, with further modification to obtain amine-terminated surfaces. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) is used to determine the band bending (∼ 0.3 eV), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) to measure the work function (∼ 3.4 eV) and the HOMO edge. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) confirms that the GOM surface is clean and smooth. Finally, conductive AFM is used to measure electron transport through the monolayer and to identify transition between the tunneling and the field emission regimes. These organic monolayers offer a promising alternative to silicon dioxide thin films for fabricating metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) junctions. We show that gold nanoparticles can be covalently attached to mimic metallic nano-electrodes and that the electrical quality of the GOMs is completely preserved in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Pluchery
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France.
| | - Y Zhang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA and Applied Science and Technology Graduate Program, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - R Benbalagh
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - L Caillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, F-75005, Paris, France. and Laboratory for Surface and Nanostructure Modification, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - J J Gallet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - F Bournel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - A-F Lamic-Humblot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7197, Laboratoire de Réactivité de Surface, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - M Salmeron
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Y J Chabal
- Laboratory for Surface and Nanostructure Modification, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Dallas, Texas 75080, USA
| | - F Rochet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS-UMR 7614, Laboratoire de Chimie Physique, Matière et Rayonnement, F-75005, Paris, France
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Pluchery O, Caillard L, Rynder A, Rochet F, Zhang Y, Salmeron M, Chabal YJ. Single Charge Electronics with Gold Nanoparticles and Organic Monolayers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1557/opl.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACTGold nanoparticles can be used as ultimate electrical materials for storing electrons or controlling their flow for the next generation nano-electronic devices. These particles are the core element of assemblies where the electrical current is reduced to the smallest possible since electrons are controlled one by one by using the Coulomb blockade phenomenon. We prepared colloidal gold nanoparticles beteween 4 and 15 nm and grafted them on a grafted organic monolayer (GOM) on silicon. GOM are highly ordered monolayers prepared by hydrosilylation of alkene molecules and subsequently modified with an amine group so that gold nanoparticles can be firmly immobilized on top of the layer. We discuss several electrical properties at a single electron level. Using the conductive tip of KPFM, we were also able to reveal the spontaneous charging behavior of the gold nanoparticles so that the local work function of a 10 nm gold nanoparticle is only 3.7 eV. By placing an STM tip above a nanoparticle, Coulomb blockade allows controlling the number of electrons simultaneously injected in the nanoparticle. This opens the way for new kinds of single electron memories or single electron transistors.
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Hanon O, Boully C, Caillard L, Labourée F, Cochiello S, Chaussade E. Treatment of Hypertensive Patients With Diabetes and Microalbuminuria With Combination Indapamide SR/Amlodipine: Retrospective Analysis of NESTOR. Am J Hypertens 2015; 28:1064-71. [PMID: 25628416 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpu297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Combination treatments for hypertension most often include a renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) inhibitor. However, systolic blood pressure (SBP) remains difficult to control. Non-RAAS-inhibiting strategies such as calcium channel blocker/thiazide-like diuretic combinations may offer effective alternatives. METHODS Hypertensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria were included in this retrospective, post-hoc analysis of the Natrilix SR Versus Enalapril Study in Hypertensive Type 2 Diabetics With MicrOalbuminuRia (NESTOR) trial if they were uncontrolled on monotherapy (indapamide slow release (SR) 1.5 mg or enalapril 10mg) and had been given add-on amlodipine 5 mg. Patients uncontrolled with monotherapy/amlodipine 5mg were uptitrated to 10 mg. RESULTS After 52 weeks, supine SBP/diastolic BP (DBP) decreased from baseline by 26±13/14±9 mm Hg in the indapamide SR/amlodipine group (n = 135) and by 21±14/11±9 mm Hg in the enalapril/amlodipine group (n = 156) (P = 0.006 for ΔSBP). In the amlodipine 10mg subgroup, SBP/DBP decreased from baseline by 26±13/13±9 mm Hg in the indapamide SR/amlodipine group (n = 62) and by 20±13/12±8 mm Hg in the enalapril/amlodipine group (n = 77) (P = 0.02 for ΔSBP). Treatment with indapamide SR/amlodipine was well tolerated. Few patients experienced edema, with no between-group differences. As expected with diuretics, slight changes in kalemia and in uricemia were observed in the indapamide SR/amlodipine group. Changes in fasting glucose, lipids, natremia, and creatinine clearance were similar between groups. CONCLUSIONS Indapamide SR/amlodipine results in superior SBP reduction with a safety profile in line with that of its components and tolerability equivalent to that of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor/amlodipine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Hanon
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France.
| | - Clemence Boully
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France
| | - Laure Caillard
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France
| | - Florian Labourée
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Cochiello
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France
| | - Edouard Chaussade
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, EA 4468, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Broca, Service de Gériatrie, Paris, France
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Caillard L, Sattayaporn S, Lamic-Humblot AF, Casale S, Campbell P, Chabal YJ, Pluchery O. Controlling the reproducibility of Coulomb blockade phenomena for gold nanoparticles on an organic monolayer/silicon system. Nanotechnology 2015; 26:065301. [PMID: 25611611 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/26/6/065301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two types of highly ordered organic layers were prepared on silicon modified with an amine termination for binding gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). These two grafted organic monolayers (GOMs), consisting of alkyl chains with seven or 11 carbon atoms, were grafted on oxide-free Si(111) surfaces as tunnel barriers between the silicon electrode and the AuNPs. Three kinds of colloidal AuNPs were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with three different reactants: citrate (Turkevich synthesis, diameter ∼16 nm), ascorbic acid (diameter ∼9 nm), or NaBH4 (Natan synthesis, diameter ∼7 nm). Scanning tunnel spectroscopy (STS) was performed in a UHV STM at 40 K, and Coulomb blockade behaviour was observed. The reproducibility of the Coulomb behavior was analysed as a function of several chemical and physical parameters: size, crystallinity of the AuNPs, influence of surrounding surfactant molecules, and quality of the GOM/Si interface (degree of oxidation after the full processing). Samples were characterized with scanning tunneling microscope, STS, atomic force microscope, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and high resolution transmission electronic microscope. We show that the reproducibility in observing Coulomb behavior can be as high as ∼80% with the Natan synthesis of AuNPs and GOMs with short alkyl chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caillard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 7588, Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, 4 place Jussieu, F-75005 Paris, France. Laboratory for Surface and Nanostructure Modifications, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Dallas, Texas 7508, USA
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Nion N, Arnal S, Caillard L, Seigneuret J, Pelletier C, Soares J. H-05 Bioterrorisme: Prise en charge paramédicale des suspicions de maladies du charbon dans le cadre du plan biotox. Med Mal Infect 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0399-077x(04)90246-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Abstract
Interactions of organic (methyl mercury) and mineral (acetate, chloride, nitrate: Hg2+) mercury salts with the serotonergic systems were studied in vitro using synaptosomal fractions prepared from rat brain cortex preloaded with [3H]5-HT. In the absence of calcium, mercury salts induced a spontaneous release of the amine corresponding to a total depletion of the synaptosomal content. EC50 for the organic and mineral forms of the ion were 66 +/- 2 microM and 107 +/- 16 microM respectively. In the presence of calcium (2.4 mM) a similar pattern of release was observed except that an additional release was induced by mineral mercury at low concentration (EC50 = 8.4 +/- 1.3 microM) which corresponded to a maximal release of 18.6 +/- 3.5% of the synaptosomal content. Therefore, the latter release appears calcium-dependent. Parallelly, the effects of mercury salts have been examined on the binding of [3H]5-HT to its high affinity 5-HT1 sites; organic and mineral mercury inhibited the binding with IC50 of 27.8 +/- 3.2 microM respectively. These results show that mercury ions interact with the serotonergic system by different mechanisms depending on their concentrations and their ionic forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oudar
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Neuro-immuno-endocrinological Pharmacology, Paris, France
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Oudar P, Caillard L, Fillion G. The effects of inorganic lead on the spontaneous and potassium-evoked release of 3H-5-HT from rat cortical synaptosome interaction with calcium. Pharmacol Toxicol 1989; 64:459-63. [PMID: 2771873 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1989.tb00687.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Interaction of lead with the serotonergic system has been studied in vitro in rat brain synaptosomal fraction prepared from cortical tissue. Synaptosomes were loaded with 3H-5-HT and spontaneous and K+-evoked release of the amine was examined in the presence and the absence of calcium. It was shown that lead itself induced the release of 3H-5-HT (EC50 = 27 microM). This effect decreased (40%) in the presence of calcium without modification of the EC50. Moreover, lead markedly inhibited the K+-evoked release of 3H-5-HT observed in the presence of calcium. This effect was obtained either in the presence of lead or using synaptosomes pretreated with lead and washed. These results indicate that lead interferes with neuronal 5-HT release by mechanism(s) involving calcium.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Oudar
- Institut Pasteur, Unit of Neuro-immuno-endocrinological Pharmacology, Paris, France
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Abstract
The ocular irritancy of 56 chemicals was tested in the rabbit eye, with and without rinsing, using a procedure that complied with the main requirements of three protocols, namely those proposed by the Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) in 1982 and by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development in 1979 for the testing of chemicals and that published by the French authorities (Journal Officiel 21 April 1971, p. 3862; ibid 5 June 1973, p. 3953) for the testing of cosmetics and toiletries. The results obtained were used to establish the extent to which the assessment of a chemical's irritation potential was affected by the differences between the three protocols in respect of the observation times prescribed, the inclusion and timing of rinsing, the number of animals used and the interpretation procedure. Conclusions were also drawn about the influence of the physical state and pH of a material on its potential irritancy and about the level of irritancy that necessitates the use of eye protection.
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Abstract
The primary cutaneous irritation of 56 chemicals was tested in the rabbit using three different procedures. The three protocols selected for the tests were the method published by the French authorities for the testing of cosmetics and toiletries (Journal Officiel 21 April 1973, p. 3862; ibid 5 June 1973, p. 3953) and the methods proposed for the testing of chemicals by the Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR) and, in 1979, by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The results of the three sets of tests were compared and the effects of differences in procedure and numbers of animals were studied, together with the possible relation between irritancy and the pH of the test material. It was concluded that the AFNOR protocol best met the requirements for such tests and that gloves should be worn for the handling of all substances classified as moderately or severely irritant on that scale.
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Truhaut R, Caillard L, Bohuon C. [Presence of methionine-S-adenosyltransferase in blood of rats poisoned by carbon tetrachloride]. C R Acad Hebd Seances Acad Sci D 1970; 270:2993-5. [PMID: 4987863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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