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Dai T, Seewoo BJ, Hennessy LA, Bolland SJ, Rosenow T, Rodger J. Identifying reproducible resting state networks and functional connectivity alterations following chronic restraint stress in anaesthetized rats. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1151525. [PMID: 37284657 PMCID: PMC10239969 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1151525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) in rodent models have the potential to bridge invasive experiments and observational human studies, increasing our understanding of functional alterations in the brains of patients with depression. A major limitation in current rodent rs-fMRI studies is that there has been no consensus on healthy baseline resting-state networks (RSNs) that are reproducible in rodents. Therefore, the present study aimed to construct reproducible RSNs in a large dataset of healthy rats and then evaluate functional connectivity changes within and between these RSNs following a chronic restraint stress (CRS) model within the same animals. Methods A combined MRI dataset of 109 Sprague Dawley rats at baseline and after two weeks of CRS, collected during four separate experiments conducted by our lab in 2019 and 2020, was re-analysed. The mICA and gRAICAR toolbox were first applied to detect optimal and reproducible ICA components and then a hierarchical clustering algorithm (FSLNets) was applied to construct reproducible RSNs. Ridge-regularized partial correlation (FSLNets) was used to evaluate the changes in the direct connection between and within identified networks in the same animals following CRS. Results Four large-scale networks in anesthetised rats were identified: the DMN-like, spatial attention-limbic, corpus striatum, and autonomic network, which are homologous across species. CRS decreased the anticorrelation between DMN-like and autonomic network. CRS decreased the correlation between amygdala and a functional complex (nucleus accumbens and ventral pallidum) in the right hemisphere within the corpus striatum network. However, a high individual variability in the functional connectivity before and after CRS within RSNs was observed. Conclusion The functional connectivity changes detected in rodents following CRS differ from reported functional connectivity alterations in patients with depression. A simple interpretation of this difference is that the rodent response to CRS does not reflect the complexity of depression as it is experienced by humans. Nonetheless, the high inter-subject variability of functional connectivity within networks suggests that rats demonstrate different neural phenotypes, like humans. Therefore, future efforts in classifying neural phenotypes in rodents might improve the sensitivity and translational impact of models used to address aetiology and treatment of psychiatric conditions including depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twain Dai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Bhedita J. Seewoo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Minderoo Foundation, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Samuel J. Bolland
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
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Grandjean J, Desrosiers-Gregoire G, Anckaerts C, Angeles-Valdez D, Ayad F, Barrière DA, Blockx I, Bortel A, Broadwater M, Cardoso BM, Célestine M, Chavez-Negrete JE, Choi S, Christiaen E, Clavijo P, Colon-Perez L, Cramer S, Daniele T, Dempsey E, Diao Y, Doelemeyer A, Dopfel D, Dvořáková L, Falfán-Melgoza C, Fernandes FF, Fowler CF, Fuentes-Ibañez A, Garin CM, Gelderman E, Golden CEM, Guo CCG, Henckens MJAG, Hennessy LA, Herman P, Hofwijks N, Horien C, Ionescu TM, Jones J, Kaesser J, Kim E, Lambers H, Lazari A, Lee SH, Lillywhite A, Liu Y, Liu YY, López-Castro A, López-Gil X, Ma Z, MacNicol E, Madularu D, Mandino F, Marciano S, McAuslan MJ, McCunn P, McIntosh A, Meng X, Meyer-Baese L, Missault S, Moro F, Naessens DMP, Nava-Gomez LJ, Nonaka H, Ortiz JJ, Paasonen J, Peeters LM, Pereira M, Perez PD, Pompilus M, Prior M, Rakhmatullin R, Reimann HM, Reinwald J, Del Rio RT, Rivera-Olvera A, Ruiz-Pérez D, Russo G, Rutten TJ, Ryoke R, Sack M, Salvan P, Sanganahalli BG, Schroeter A, Seewoo BJ, Selingue E, Seuwen A, Shi B, Sirmpilatze N, Smith JAB, Smith C, Sobczak F, Stenroos PJ, Straathof M, Strobelt S, Sumiyoshi A, Takahashi K, Torres-García ME, Tudela R, van den Berg M, van der Marel K, van Hout ATB, Vertullo R, Vidal B, Vrooman RM, Wang VX, Wank I, Watson DJG, Yin T, Zhang Y, Zurbruegg S, Achard S, Alcauter S, Auer DP, Barbier EL, Baudewig J, Beckmann CF, Beckmann N, Becq GJPC, Blezer ELA, Bolbos R, Boretius S, Bouvard S, Budinger E, Buxbaum JD, Cash D, Chapman V, Chuang KH, Ciobanu L, Coolen BF, Dalley JW, Dhenain M, Dijkhuizen RM, Esteban O, Faber C, Febo M, Feindel KW, Forloni G, Fouquet J, Garza-Villarreal EA, Gass N, Glennon JC, Gozzi A, Gröhn O, Harkin A, Heerschap A, Helluy X, Herfert K, Heuser A, Homberg JR, Houwing DJ, Hyder F, Ielacqua GD, Jelescu IO, Johansen-Berg H, Kaneko G, Kawashima R, Keilholz SD, Keliris GA, Kelly C, Kerskens C, Khokhar JY, Kind PC, Langlois JB, Lerch JP, López-Hidalgo MA, Manahan-Vaughan D, Marchand F, Mars RB, Marsella G, Micotti E, Muñoz-Moreno E, Near J, Niendorf T, Otte WM, Pais-Roldán P, Pan WJ, Prado-Alcalá RA, Quirarte GL, Rodger J, Rosenow T, Sampaio-Baptista C, Sartorius A, Sawiak SJ, Scheenen TWJ, Shemesh N, Shih YYI, Shmuel A, Soria G, Stoop R, Thompson GJ, Till SM, Todd N, Van Der Linden A, van der Toorn A, van Tilborg GAF, Vanhove C, Veltien A, Verhoye M, Wachsmuth L, Weber-Fahr W, Wenk P, Yu X, Zerbi V, Zhang N, Zhang BB, Zimmer L, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM, Hess A. Author Correction: A consensus protocol for functional connectivity analysis in the rat brain. Nat Neurosci 2023:10.1038/s41593-023-01328-1. [PMID: 37072562 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joanes Grandjean
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel Desrosiers-Gregoire
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Anckaerts
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diego Angeles-Valdez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fadi Ayad
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David A Barrière
- UMR INRAE/CNRS 7247 Physiologie des Comportements et de la Reproduction, Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Centre de recherche INRAE de Nouzilly, Tours, France
| | - Ines Blockx
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Bortel
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Broadwater
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beatriz M Cardoso
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marina Célestine
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jorge E Chavez-Negrete
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Sangcheon Choi
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emma Christiaen
- Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Perrin Clavijo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis Colon-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Cramer
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tolomeo Daniele
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Dempsey
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yujian Diao
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arno Doelemeyer
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Dopfel
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lenka Dvořáková
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Falfán-Melgoza
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francisca F Fernandes
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Caitlin F Fowler
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Fuentes-Ibañez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Clément M Garin
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eveline Gelderman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Golden
- Seaver Autism Center for Research & Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chao C G Guo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes J A G Henckens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren A Hennessy
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Herman
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nita Hofwijks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corey Horien
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tudor M Ionescu
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jolyon Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kaesser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eugene Kim
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henriette Lambers
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Lazari
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Lillywhite
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yikang Liu
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yanyan Y Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alejandra López-Castro
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Xavier López-Gil
- Magnetic Imaging Resonance Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zilu Ma
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Eilidh MacNicol
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Madularu
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Mandino
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sabina Marciano
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J McAuslan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick McCunn
- Khokhar Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison McIntosh
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xianzong Meng
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Meyer-Baese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Missault
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of NeuroscienceIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daphne M P Naessens
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J Nava-Gomez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Hiroi Nonaka
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Juan J Ortiz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lore M Peeters
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Pereira
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pablo D Perez
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Febo Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malcolm Prior
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Henning M Reimann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Reinwald
- Translational Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Triana Del Rio
- Psychiatric neurosciences, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital Center, Unicentre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gabriele Russo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias J Rutten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rie Ryoke
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Markus Sack
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bhedita J Seewoo
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Aline Seuwen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bowen Shi
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nikoloz Sirmpilatze
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna A B Smith
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Corrie Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Filip Sobczak
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Petteri J Stenroos
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Milou Straathof
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Strobelt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Akira Sumiyoshi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kengo Takahashi
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria E Torres-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Raul Tudela
- Group of Biomedical Imaging, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica van den Berg
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kajo van der Marel
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aran T B van Hout
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Vertullo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Vidal
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Roël M Vrooman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victora X Wang
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David J G Watson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ting Yin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Section, Center for Biomedical Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- Neurosciences Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Achard
- Inria, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jürgen Baudewig
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erwin L A Blezer
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Bouvard
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Eike Budinger
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research & Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Diana Cash
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bram F Coolen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Esteban
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Febo Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirk W Feindel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodogenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jérémie Fouquet
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo A Garza-Villarreal
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Natalia Gass
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Herfert
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Houwing
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ileana O Jelescu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gen Kaneko
- School of Arts & Sciences, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, USA
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shella D Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Georgios A Keliris
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clare Kelly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Khokhar Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jason P Lerch
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, QC, Canada
| | - Monica A López-Hidalgo
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Fabien Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerardo Marsella
- Animal Care Unit, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Biology of Neurodogenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Magnetic Imaging Resonance Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jamie Near
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, QC, Canada
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willem M Otte
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Pais-Roldán
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Wen-Ju Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roberto A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Gina L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Translational Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Noam Shemesh
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ron Stoop
- Psychiatric neurosciences, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital Center, Unicentre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sally M Till
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick Todd
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annemie Van Der Linden
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annette van der Toorn
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Andor Veltien
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia Wenk
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Baogui B Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
- CERMEP - Imagerie du vivant, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Grandjean J, Desrosiers-Gregoire G, Anckaerts C, Angeles-Valdez D, Ayad F, Barrière DA, Blockx I, Bortel A, Broadwater M, Cardoso BM, Célestine M, Chavez-Negrete JE, Choi S, Christiaen E, Clavijo P, Colon-Perez L, Cramer S, Daniele T, Dempsey E, Diao Y, Doelemeyer A, Dopfel D, Dvořáková L, Falfán-Melgoza C, Fernandes FF, Fowler CF, Fuentes-Ibañez A, Garin CM, Gelderman E, Golden CEM, Guo CCG, Henckens MJAG, Hennessy LA, Herman P, Hofwijks N, Horien C, Ionescu TM, Jones J, Kaesser J, Kim E, Lambers H, Lazari A, Lee SH, Lillywhite A, Liu Y, Liu YY, López-Castro A, López-Gil X, Ma Z, MacNicol E, Madularu D, Mandino F, Marciano S, McAuslan MJ, McCunn P, McIntosh A, Meng X, Meyer-Baese L, Missault S, Moro F, Naessens DMP, Nava-Gomez LJ, Nonaka H, Ortiz JJ, Paasonen J, Peeters LM, Pereira M, Perez PD, Pompilus M, Prior M, Rakhmatullin R, Reimann HM, Reinwald J, Del Rio RT, Rivera-Olvera A, Ruiz-Pérez D, Russo G, Rutten TJ, Ryoke R, Sack M, Salvan P, Sanganahalli BG, Schroeter A, Seewoo BJ, Selingue E, Seuwen A, Shi B, Sirmpilatze N, Smith JAB, Smith C, Sobczak F, Stenroos PJ, Straathof M, Strobelt S, Sumiyoshi A, Takahashi K, Torres-García ME, Tudela R, van den Berg M, van der Marel K, van Hout ATB, Vertullo R, Vidal B, Vrooman RM, Wang VX, Wank I, Watson DJG, Yin T, Zhang Y, Zurbruegg S, Achard S, Alcauter S, Auer DP, Barbier EL, Baudewig J, Beckmann CF, Beckmann N, Becq GJPC, Blezer ELA, Bolbos R, Boretius S, Bouvard S, Budinger E, Buxbaum JD, Cash D, Chapman V, Chuang KH, Ciobanu L, Coolen BF, Dalley JW, Dhenain M, Dijkhuizen RM, Esteban O, Faber C, Febo M, Feindel KW, Forloni G, Fouquet J, Garza-Villarreal EA, Gass N, Glennon JC, Gozzi A, Gröhn O, Harkin A, Heerschap A, Helluy X, Herfert K, Heuser A, Homberg JR, Houwing DJ, Hyder F, Ielacqua GD, Jelescu IO, Johansen-Berg H, Kaneko G, Kawashima R, Keilholz SD, Keliris GA, Kelly C, Kerskens C, Khokhar JY, Kind PC, Langlois JB, Lerch JP, López-Hidalgo MA, Manahan-Vaughan D, Marchand F, Mars RB, Marsella G, Micotti E, Muñoz-Moreno E, Near J, Niendorf T, Otte WM, Pais-Roldán P, Pan WJ, Prado-Alcalá RA, Quirarte GL, Rodger J, Rosenow T, Sampaio-Baptista C, Sartorius A, Sawiak SJ, Scheenen TWJ, Shemesh N, Shih YYI, Shmuel A, Soria G, Stoop R, Thompson GJ, Till SM, Todd N, Van Der Linden A, van der Toorn A, van Tilborg GAF, Vanhove C, Veltien A, Verhoye M, Wachsmuth L, Weber-Fahr W, Wenk P, Yu X, Zerbi V, Zhang N, Zhang BB, Zimmer L, Devenyi GA, Chakravarty MM, Hess A. A consensus protocol for functional connectivity analysis in the rat brain. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:673-681. [PMID: 36973511 PMCID: PMC10493189 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-023-01286-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Task-free functional connectivity in animal models provides an experimental framework to examine connectivity phenomena under controlled conditions and allows for comparisons with data modalities collected under invasive or terminal procedures. Currently, animal acquisitions are performed with varying protocols and analyses that hamper result comparison and integration. Here we introduce StandardRat, a consensus rat functional magnetic resonance imaging acquisition protocol tested across 20 centers. To develop this protocol with optimized acquisition and processing parameters, we initially aggregated 65 functional imaging datasets acquired from rats across 46 centers. We developed a reproducible pipeline for analyzing rat data acquired with diverse protocols and determined experimental and processing parameters associated with the robust detection of functional connectivity across centers. We show that the standardized protocol enhances biologically plausible functional connectivity patterns relative to previous acquisitions. The protocol and processing pipeline described here is openly shared with the neuroimaging community to promote interoperability and cooperation toward tackling the most important challenges in neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanes Grandjean
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Gabriel Desrosiers-Gregoire
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cynthia Anckaerts
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Diego Angeles-Valdez
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Fadi Ayad
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David A Barrière
- UMR INRAE/CNRS 7247 Physiologie des Comportements et de la Reproduction, Physiologie de la reproduction et des comportements, Centre de recherche INRAE de Nouzilly, Tours, France
| | - Ines Blockx
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Bortel
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Margaret Broadwater
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beatriz M Cardoso
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marina Célestine
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Jorge E Chavez-Negrete
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Sangcheon Choi
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Emma Christiaen
- Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Perrin Clavijo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Luis Colon-Perez
- Department of Pharmacology & Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Samuel Cramer
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Tolomeo Daniele
- Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elaine Dempsey
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Yujian Diao
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Arno Doelemeyer
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Dopfel
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Lenka Dvořáková
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Claudia Falfán-Melgoza
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Francisca F Fernandes
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Caitlin F Fowler
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Fuentes-Ibañez
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Clément M Garin
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eveline Gelderman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Golden
- Seaver Autism Center for Research & Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chao C G Guo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marloes J A G Henckens
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren A Hennessy
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Peter Herman
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nita Hofwijks
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Corey Horien
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Tudor M Ionescu
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Jolyon Jones
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes Kaesser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eugene Kim
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Henriette Lambers
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Alberto Lazari
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Sung-Ho Lee
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amanda Lillywhite
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Yikang Liu
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Yanyan Y Liu
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Alejandra López-Castro
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Xavier López-Gil
- Magnetic Imaging Resonance Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zilu Ma
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Eilidh MacNicol
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Dan Madularu
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Center for Translational Neuroimaging, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Francesca Mandino
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Sabina Marciano
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Matthew J McAuslan
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick McCunn
- Khokhar Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Alison McIntosh
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Xianzong Meng
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa Meyer-Baese
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Stephan Missault
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Federico Moro
- Laboratory of Acute Brain Injury and Therapeutic Strategies, Department of NeuroscienceIstituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Daphne M P Naessens
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laura J Nava-Gomez
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, México
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | - Hiroi Nonaka
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Juan J Ortiz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jaakko Paasonen
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lore M Peeters
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mickaël Pereira
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Pablo D Perez
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Marjory Pompilus
- Febo Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Malcolm Prior
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Henning M Reimann
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Reinwald
- Translational Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Rodrigo Triana Del Rio
- Psychiatric neurosciences, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital Center, Unicentre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alejandro Rivera-Olvera
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gabriele Russo
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tobias J Rutten
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rie Ryoke
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Markus Sack
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Piergiorgio Salvan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Basavaraju G Sanganahalli
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Aileen Schroeter
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bhedita J Seewoo
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | | | - Aline Seuwen
- Institute for Biomedical Engineering, University and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bowen Shi
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Nikoloz Sirmpilatze
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Joanna A B Smith
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Corrie Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Filip Sobczak
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Petteri J Stenroos
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Milou Straathof
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Strobelt
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Akira Sumiyoshi
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kengo Takahashi
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maria E Torres-García
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Raul Tudela
- Group of Biomedical Imaging, Consorcio Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBER) de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica van den Berg
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kajo van der Marel
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aran T B van Hout
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roberta Vertullo
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Vidal
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Roël M Vrooman
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Victora X Wang
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Isabel Wank
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - David J G Watson
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ting Yin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Section, Center for Biomedical Imaging, École polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yongzhi Zhang
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan Zurbruegg
- Neurosciences Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Achard
- Inria, University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble, France
| | - Sarael Alcauter
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Dorothee P Auer
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emmanuel L Barbier
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Jürgen Baudewig
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian F Beckmann
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Nicolau Beckmann
- Musculoskeletal Diseases Department, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Erwin L A Blezer
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Susann Boretius
- Functional Imaging Laboratory, German Primate Center - Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Psychology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sandrine Bouvard
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
| | - Eike Budinger
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Joseph D Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research & Treatment, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Diana Cash
- Biomarker Research And Imaging in Neuroscience (BRAIN) Centre, Department of Neuroimaging King's College London, London, UK
| | - Victoria Chapman
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- Pain Centre Versus Arthritis, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kai-Hsiang Chuang
- Queensland Brain Institute and Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Bram F Coolen
- Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Marc Dhenain
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), CNRS, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Rick M Dijkhuizen
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Oscar Esteban
- Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Cornelius Faber
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcelo Febo
- Febo Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Kirk W Feindel
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodogenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Jérémie Fouquet
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
| | - Eduardo A Garza-Villarreal
- Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Natalia Gass
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jeffrey C Glennon
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alessandro Gozzi
- Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Rovereto, Italy
| | - Olli Gröhn
- Biomedical Imaging Unit, A.I.V. Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Andrew Harkin
- Neuropsychopharmacology Research Group, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Arend Heerschap
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Xavier Helluy
- Department of Neurophysiology, Medical Faculty, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Department of Biopsychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Kristina Herfert
- Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Arnd Heuser
- Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Danielle J Houwing
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Fahmeed Hyder
- Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Quantitative Neuroscience with Magnetic Resonance (QNMR) Core Center, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | | | - Ileana O Jelescu
- CIBM Center for Biomedical Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Johansen-Berg
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gen Kaneko
- School of Arts & Sciences, University of Houston-Victoria, Victoria, TX, USA
| | - Ryuta Kawashima
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shella D Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Georgios A Keliris
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Clare Kelly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- School of Psychology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christian Kerskens
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Khokhar Lab, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Peter C Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Jason P Lerch
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, QC, Canada
| | - Monica A López-Hidalgo
- Escuela Nacional de Estudios Superiores, Juriquilla, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
| | | | - Fabien Marchand
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1107 Neuro-Dol, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Rogier B Mars
- Donders Institute for Brain, Behaviour, and Cognition, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Gerardo Marsella
- Animal Care Unit, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Edoardo Micotti
- Biology of Neurodogenerative Disorders, Department of Neuroscience Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Emma Muñoz-Moreno
- Magnetic Imaging Resonance Core Facility, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jamie Near
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Physical Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, QC, Canada
| | - Thoralf Niendorf
- Berlin Ultrahigh Field Facility (B.U.F.F.), Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, A Joint Cooperation Between the Charité Medical Faculty and the Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Willem M Otte
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia Pais-Roldán
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Medical Imaging Physics (INM-4), Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Forschungszentrum Juelich, Juelich, Germany
| | - Wen-Ju Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Roberto A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Gina L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, WA, Australia
| | - Tim Rosenow
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alexander Sartorius
- Translational Imaging, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Translational Neuroimaging Laboratory, Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Tom W J Scheenen
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for MR Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Noam Shemesh
- Preclinical MRI, Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Yen-Yu Ian Shih
- Center for Animal MRI, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Research Imaging Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Amir Shmuel
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guadalupe Soria
- Laboratory of Surgical Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ron Stoop
- Psychiatric neurosciences, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University and University Hospital Center, Unicentre, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Sally M Till
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Patrick Wild Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nick Todd
- Focused Ultrasound Laboratory, Department of Radiology Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Annemie Van Der Linden
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Annette van der Toorn
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Geralda A F van Tilborg
- Biomedical MR Imaging and Spectroscopy Group, Center for Image Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht & Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Vanhove
- Institute Biomedical Technology (IBiTech), Electronics and Information Systems (ELIS), Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Andor Veltien
- Department for Medical Imaging, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Marleen Verhoye
- Bio-imaging Lab, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- µNEURO Research Centre of Excellence, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lydia Wachsmuth
- Experimental Magnetic Resonance Group, Clinic of Radiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Weber-Fahr
- Translational Imaging, Department of Neuroimaging, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Patricia Wenk
- Combinatorial NeuroImaging Core Facility, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Xin Yu
- Translational Neuroimaging and Neural Control Group, High-Field Magnetic Resonance, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tuebingen, Germany
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Valerio Zerbi
- Neuro-X Institute, School of Engineering (STI), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nanyin Zhang
- Translational Neuroimaging and Systems Neuroscience Lab, Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Baogui B Zhang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Luc Zimmer
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM, CNRS, Lyon, France
- CERMEP - Imagerie du vivant, Lyon, France
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Verdun, QC, Canada
- Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Andreas Hess
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, FAU Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Hennessy LA, Seewoo BJ, Jaeschke LA, Mackie LA, Figliomeni A, Arena-Foster Y, Etherington SJ, Dunlop SA, Croarkin PE, Rodger J. Accelerated low-intensity rTMS does not rescue anxiety behaviour or abnormal connectivity in young adult rats following chronic restraint stress. Neuroimage: Reports 2022; 2. [PMID: 36277329 PMCID: PMC9583935 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2022.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Currently approved repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols for the treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD) involve once-daily (weekday) stimulation sessions, with 10 Hz or intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) frequencies, over 4–6 weeks. Recently, accelerated treatment protocols (multiple daily stimulation sessions for 1–2 weeks) have been increasingly studied to optimize rTMS treatments. Accelerated protocols might confer unique advantages for adolescents and young adults but there are many knowledge gaps related to dosing in this age group. Off-label, clinical practice frequently outpaces solid evidence as rigorous clinical trials require substantial time and resources. Murine models present an opportunity for high throughput dose finding studies to focus subsequent clinical trials in humans. This project investigated the brain and behavioural effects of an accelerated low-intensity rTMS (LI-rTMS) protocol in a young adult rodent model of chronic restraint stress (CRS). Depression and anxiety-related behaviours were induced in young adult male Sprague Dawley rats using the CRS model, followed by the 3-times-daily delivery of 10 Hz LI-rTMS, for two weeks. Behaviour was assessed using the Elevated Plus Maze and Forced Swim Test, and functional, chemical, and structural brain changes measured using magnetic resonance imaging techniques. CRS induced an agitated depression-like phenotype but therapeutic effects from the accelerated protocol were not detected. Our findings suggest that the age of rodents may impact response to CRS and LI-rTMS. Future studies should also examine higher intensities of rTMS and accelerated theta burst protocols.
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Seewoo BJ, Hennessy LA, Jaeschke LA, Mackie LA, Etherington SJ, Dunlop SA, Croarkin PE, Rodger J. A Preclinical Study of Standard Versus Accelerated Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Depression in Adolescents. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2022; 32:187-193. [PMID: 34978846 PMCID: PMC9057889 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Ongoing studies are focused on adapting transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for the treatment of major depressive disorder in adolescent humans. Most protocols in adolescent humans to date have delivered daily 10 Hz prefrontal stimulation with mixed results. Novel TMS dosing strategies such as accelerated TMS have recently been considered. There are knowledge gaps related to the potential clinical and pragmatic advantages of accelerated TMS. This pilot study compared the behavioral effects of a standard daily and accelerated low-intensity TMS (LI-TMS) protocol in an adolescent murine model of depression. Methods: Male adolescent Sprague Dawley rats were placed in transparent plexiglass tubes for 2.5 hours daily for 13 days as part of a study to validate the chronic restraint stress (CRS) protocol. Rats subsequently received 10 minutes of active or sham 10 Hz LI-TMS daily for 2 weeks (standard) or three times daily for 1 week (accelerated). Behavior was assessed using the elevated plus maze and forced swim test (FST). Hippocampal neurogenesis was assessed by injection of the thymidine analogue 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine at the end of LI-TMS treatment (2 weeks standard, 1 week accelerated), followed by postmortem histological analysis. Results: There were no significant differences in behavioral outcomes among animals receiving once-daily sham or active LI-TMS treatment. However, animals treated with accelerated LI-TMS demonstrated significant improvements in behavioral outcomes compared with sham treatment. Specifically, animals receiving active accelerated treatment showed greater latency to the first immobility behavior (p < 0.05; active: 130 ± 46 seconds; sham: 54 ± 39 seconds) and increased climbing behaviors (p < 0.05; active: 16 ± 5; sham: 9 ± 5) during FST. There were no changes in hippocampal neurogenesis nor any evidence of cell death in histological sections. Conclusions: An accelerated LI-TMS protocol outperformed the standard (once-daily) protocol in adolescent male animals with depression-like behaviors induced by CRS and was not accompanied by any toxicity or tolerability concerns. These preliminary findings support the speculation that novel TMS dosing strategies should be studied in adolescent humans and will inform future clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhedita J. Seewoo
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation and Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Liz A. Jaeschke
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leah A. Mackie
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah J. Etherington
- Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sarah A. Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Minderoo Foundation, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Group, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Address correspondence to: Jennifer Rodger, PhD, Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
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6
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Seewoo BJ, Chua EG, Arena-Foster Y, Hennessy LA, Gorecki AM, Anderton R, Rodger J. Changes in the rodent gut microbiome following chronic restraint stress and low-intensity rTMS. Neurobiol Stress 2022; 17:100430. [PMID: 35146078 PMCID: PMC8819474 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2022.100430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bhedita J. Seewoo
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Centre for Microscopy, Characterisation & Analysis, Research Infrastructure Centres, The University of Western Australia, 6 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Eng Guan Chua
- The Marshall Centre for Infectious Diseases Research and Training, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Yasmin Arena-Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Lauren A. Hennessy
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Anastazja M. Gorecki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ryan Anderton
- Institute for Health Research and School of Health Sciences, University of Notre Dame Australia, 33 Phillimore Street, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, 8 Verdun St, Nedlands, WA, 6009, Australia
- Corresponding author. School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Ryan DH, Mitchell SJ, Hennessy LA, Bauer KD, Horan PK, Cohen HJ. Improved detection of rare CALLA-positive cells in peripheral blood using multiparameter flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1984; 74:115-28. [PMID: 6238994 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(84)90373-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A major limitation to the detection of rare cell types in the peripheral blood using monoclonal antibodies is nonspecific binding of the antibody reagent to normal cells. Detection of rare common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (CALLA)-positive cells in peripheral blood is significantly improved by using multiple flow cytometric parameters to exclude a variety of mature blood cells which may nonspecifically bind the antibody reagent. Monocytes and granulocytes are excluded by gating out cells with high 90 degrees light scatter. By gating on red fluorescence, a variety of mature cell types binding to phycoerythrin (PE)-conjugated Leu 3, Leu 2, and M3 monoclonal antibodies are also excluded. CALLA-positive lymphoblasts from 6 consecutive patients were not excluded on the basis of these parameters. Gating on log 90 degrees light scatter and log red fluorescence in this fashion reduced the incidence of nonspecific binding to peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a fluorescein-conjugated irrelevant monoclonal antibody by 98% from 308 cells per million to 5 cells per million. One CALLA-positive lymphoblast per 100,000 peripheral blood mononuclear cells could be detected in mixture experiments using this method. The normal range of CALLA-positive cells in adults is less than 16 cells per million peripheral blood mononuclear cells. This low background of CALLA-positive peripheral blood cells may permit the detection of early leukemic relapse in acute lymphoblastic leukemia by analysis of the peripheral blood. This methodology can be applied to the detection of any rare cell type by using phycoerythrin-conjugated antibodies to markers that the cell type does not possess.
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