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Liang L, Ziegler AD, Chen D, Ciais P, Li LZX, Liang S, Wang D, Xu R, Zeng Z. Changing footprint of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on global land surface air temperature. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:445-448. [PMID: 38103950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; SUSTech Energy Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Alan D Ziegler
- Faculty of Fisheries Technology and Aquatic Resources, Mae Jo University, Chiang Mai 50000, Thailand
| | - Deliang Chen
- Regional Climate Group, Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 40530, Sweden
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette 91191, France
| | - Laurent Z X Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Sorbonne Université, École Normale Supérieure, École Polytechnique, Paris 75000, France
| | - Shijing Liang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Dashan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Rongrong Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; SUSTech Energy Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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2
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Li Z, Ciais P, Wright JS, Wang Y, Liu S, Wang J, Li LZX, Lu H, Huang X, Zhu L, Goll DS, Li W. Increased precipitation over land due to climate feedback of large-scale bioenergy cultivation. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4096. [PMID: 37433799 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) is considered to be a key technology for removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. However, large-scale bioenergy crop cultivation results in land cover changes and activates biophysical effects on climate, with earth's water recycling altered and energy budget re-adjusted. Here, we use a coupled atmosphere-land model with explicit representations of high-transpiration woody (i.e., eucalypt) and low-transpiration herbaceous (i.e., switchgrass) bioenergy crops to investigate the range of impact of large-scale rainfed bioenergy crop cultivation on the global water cycle and atmospheric water recycling. We find that global land precipitation increases under BECCS scenarios, due to enhanced evapotranspiration and inland moisture advection. Despite enhanced evapotranspiration, soil moisture decreases only slightly, due to increased precipitation and reduced runoff. Our results indicate that, at the global scale, the water consumption by bioenergy crop growth would be partially compensated by atmospheric feedbacks. Thus, to support more effective climate mitigation policies, a more comprehensive assessment, including the biophysical effects of bioenergy cultivation, is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, LSCE/IPSL, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jonathon S Wright
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Liu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Jingmeng Wang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Laurent Z X Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, 75252, Paris, France
| | - Hui Lu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomeng Huang
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel S Goll
- Université Paris Saclay, CEA-CNRS-UVSQ, LSCE/IPSL, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Earth System Science, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Institute for Global Change Studies, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
- Ministry of Education Ecological Field Station for East Asian Migratory Birds, 100084, Beijing, China.
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3
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Lian X, Jeong S, Park CE, Xu H, Li LZX, Wang T, Gentine P, Peñuelas J, Piao S. Biophysical impacts of northern vegetation changes on seasonal warming patterns. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3925. [PMID: 35798743 PMCID: PMC9262912 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The seasonal greening of Northern Hemisphere (NH) ecosystems, due to extended growing periods and enhanced photosynthetic activity, could modify near-surface warming by perturbing land-atmosphere energy exchanges, yet this biophysical control on warming seasonality is underexplored. By performing experiments with a coupled land-atmosphere model, here we show that summer greening effectively dampens NH warming by −0.15 ± 0.03 °C for 1982–2014 due to enhanced evapotranspiration. However, greening generates weak temperature changes in spring (+0.02 ± 0.06 °C) and autumn (−0.05 ± 0.05 °C), because the evaporative cooling is counterbalanced by radiative warming from albedo and water vapor feedbacks. The dwindling evaporative cooling towards cool seasons is also supported by state-of-the-art Earth system models. Moreover, greening-triggered energy imbalance is propagated forward by atmospheric circulation to subsequent seasons and causes sizable time-lagged climate effects. Overall, greening makes winter warmer and summer cooler, attenuating the seasonal amplitude of NH temperature. These findings demonstrate complex tradeoffs and linkages of vegetation-climate feedbacks among seasons. The seasonal greening of Northern Hemisphere ecosystems due to extended growing periods and enhanced photosynthetic activity is, via experiments, shown to modify near-surface warming by perturbing land-atmosphere energy exchanges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lian
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sujong Jeong
- Department of Environmental Planning, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. .,Environmental Planning Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Chang-Eui Park
- Center for Sustainable Environment Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hao Xu
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Laurent Z X Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
| | - Tao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pierre Gentine
- Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Resources and Environment (TPESRE), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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4
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Li Y, Piao S, Chen A, Ciais P, Li LZX. Local and teleconnected temperature effects of afforestation and vegetation greening in China. Natl Sci Rev 2020; 7:897-912. [PMID: 34692111 PMCID: PMC8289082 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwz132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Afforestation in China provides carbon sequestration and prevents soil erosion, but its remote impacts on climate in other regions via the coupling of forest energy fluxes with atmospheric circulation are largely unknown. Here, we prescribe inventory-based forest cover change and satellite-observed leaf area index from 1982 to 2011 in a coupled land-atmosphere model to simulate their biophysical climate effects. Both local and global surface air temperatures show a seasonal contrast in response to past vegetation cover expansion over China: a phenomenon we primarily attribute to a variation of seasonality of vegetation greening. A large cooling in spring results in concurrent decreases in geopotential height over China and zonal wind over Mongolia, causing a dipole structure in the upper troposphere over the Arctic. This accounts for ∼58% of simulated spring warming over the Russian Arctic and ∼61% of simulated spring cooling over the Canadian Artic. Our results imply that spring vegetation dynamics in China may affect climate in northern high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.,Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.,Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives-CNRS-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laurent Z X Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, 75252 Paris, France
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5
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Lian X, Piao S, Li LZX, Li Y, Huntingford C, Ciais P, Cescatti A, Janssens IA, Peñuelas J, Buermann W, Chen A, Li X, Myneni RB, Wang X, Wang Y, Yang Y, Zeng Z, Zhang Y, McVicar TR. Summer soil drying exacerbated by earlier spring greening of northern vegetation. Sci Adv 2020; 6:eaax0255. [PMID: 31922002 PMCID: PMC6941915 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax0255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Earlier vegetation greening under climate change raises evapotranspiration and thus lowers spring soil moisture, yet the extent and magnitude of this water deficit persistence into the following summer remain elusive. We provide observational evidence that increased foliage cover over the Northern Hemisphere, during 1982-2011, triggers an additional soil moisture deficit that is further carried over into summer. Climate model simulations independently support this and attribute the driving process to be larger increases in evapotranspiration than in precipitation. This extra soil drying is projected to amplify the frequency and intensity of summer heatwaves. Most feedbacks operate locally, except for a notable teleconnection where extra moisture transpired over Europe is transported to central Siberia. Model results illustrate that this teleconnection offsets Siberian soil moisture losses from local spring greening. Our results highlight that climate change adaptation planning must account for the extra summer water and heatwave stress inherited from warming-induced earlier greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lian
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Laurent Z. X. Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, Paris, France
| | - Yue Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chris Huntingford
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Alessandro Cescatti
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Sustainable Resources, I-21027 Ispra (Varese), Italy
| | - Ivan A. Janssens
- Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk 2610, Belgium
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia 08193, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Buermann
- Institute of the Environment and Sustainability, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Geography, University of Augsburg, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 46907, USA
| | - Xiangyi Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ranga B. Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Yilong Wang
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement (LSCE), CEA CNRS UVSQ, 91191 Gif Sur Yvette, France
| | - Yuting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydro-Science and Engineering, Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhang
- Key Lab of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tim R. McVicar
- CSIRO Land and Water, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Climate Extremes, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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6
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Li Y, Piao S, Li LZX, Chen A, Wang X, Ciais P, Huang L, Lian X, Peng S, Zeng Z, Wang K, Zhou L. Divergent hydrological response to large-scale afforestation and vegetation greening in China. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar4182. [PMID: 29750196 PMCID: PMC5942916 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar4182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
China has experienced substantial changes in vegetation cover, with a 10% increase in the leaf area index and an ~41.5 million-hectare increase in forest area since the 1980s. Earlier studies have suggested that increases in leaf area and tree cover have led to a decline in soil moisture and runoff due to increased evapotranspiration (ET), especially in dry regions of China. However, those studies often ignored precipitation responses to vegetation increases, which could offset some of the negative impact on soil moisture by increased ET. We investigated 30-year vegetation impacts on regional hydrology by allowing for vegetation-induced changes in precipitation using a coupled land-atmosphere global climate model, with a higher spatial resolution zoomed grid over China. We found high spatial heterogeneity in the vegetation impacts on key hydrological variables across China. In North and Southeast China, the increased precipitation from vegetation greening and the increased forest area, although statistically insignificant, supplied enough water to cancel out enhanced ET, resulting in weak impact on soil moisture. In Southwest China, however, the increase in vegetation cover significantly reduced soil moisture while precipitation was suppressed by the weakened summer monsoon. In Northeast China, the only area where forest cover declined, soil moisture was significantly reduced, by -8.1 mm decade-1, likely because of an intensified anticyclonic circulation anomaly during summer. These results suggest that offline model simulations can overestimate the increase of soil dryness in response to afforestation in North China, if vegetation feedbacks lead to increased precipitation like in our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shilong Piao
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Key Laboratory of Alpine Ecology and Biodiversity, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Tibetan Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Laurent Z. X. Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Sorbonne Université, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Ecole Polytechnique, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Anping Chen
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 46907, USA
| | - Xuhui Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l’Environnement/Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives–CNRS–Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Université Paris-Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ling Huang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xu Lian
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shushi Peng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Sino-French Institute for Earth System Science, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222, USA
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7
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Shen M, Piao S, Jeong SJ, Zhou L, Zeng Z, Ciais P, Chen D, Huang M, Jin CS, Li LZX, Li Y, Myneni RB, Yang K, Zhang G, Zhang Y, Yao T. Evaporative cooling over the Tibetan Plateau induced by vegetation growth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9299-304. [PMID: 26170316 PMCID: PMC4522821 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504418112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Arctic, climate warming enhances vegetation activity by extending the length of the growing season and intensifying maximum rates of productivity. In turn, increased vegetation productivity reduces albedo, which causes a positive feedback on temperature. Over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), regional vegetation greening has also been observed in response to recent warming. Here, we show that in contrast to arctic regions, increased growing season vegetation activity over the TP may have attenuated surface warming. This negative feedback on growing season vegetation temperature is attributed to enhanced evapotranspiration (ET). The extra energy available at the surface, which results from lower albedo, is efficiently dissipated by evaporative cooling. The net effect is a decrease in daily maximum temperature and the diurnal temperature range, which is supported by statistical analyses of in situ observations and by decomposition of the surface energy budget. A daytime cooling effect from increased vegetation activity is also modeled from a set of regional weather research and forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model simulations, but with a magnitude smaller than observed, likely because the WRF model simulates a weaker ET enhancement. Our results suggest that actions to restore native grasslands in degraded areas, roughly one-third of the plateau, will both facilitate a sustainable ecological development in this region and have local climate cobenefits. More accurate simulations of the biophysical coupling between the land surface and the atmosphere are needed to help understand regional climate change over the TP, and possible larger scale feedbacks between climate in the TP and the Asian monsoon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaogen Shen
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China;
| | - Shilong Piao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Su-Jong Jeong
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91011
| | - Liming Zhou
- Department of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY 12222
| | - Zhenzhong Zeng
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Philippe Ciais
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 1572 Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique-CNRS, Université de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Deliang Chen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Gothenberg, 405 30 Gothenberg, Sweden
| | - Mengtian Huang
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chun-Sil Jin
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Laurent Z X Li
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 75252 Paris, France
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Ranga B Myneni
- Department of Earth and Environment, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Kun Yang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Gengxin Zhang
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yangjian Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tandong Yao
- Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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