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Rastogi L, Dash K, Arunachalam J. Accurate quantitation standards of glutathione via traceable sulfur measurement by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry and ion chromatography. J Pharm Anal 2013; 3:180-186. [PMID: 29403814 PMCID: PMC5760957 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative analysis of glutathione (GSH) is important in different fields like medicine, biology, and biotechnology. Accurate quantitative measurements of this analyte have been hampered by the lack of well characterized reference standards. The proposed procedure is intended to provide an accurate and definitive method for the quantitation of GSH for reference measurements. Measurement of the stoichiometrically existing sulfur content in purified GSH offers an approach for its quantitation and calibration through an appropriate characterized reference material (CRM) for sulfur would provide a methodology for the certification of GSH quantity, that is traceable to SI (International system of units). The inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) approach negates the need for any sample digestion. The sulfur content of the purified GSH is quantitatively converted into sulfate ions by microwave-assisted UV digestion in the presence of hydrogen peroxide prior to ion chromatography (IC) measurements. The measurement of sulfur by ICP-OES and IC (as sulfate) using the "high performance" methodology could be useful for characterizing primary calibration standards and certified reference materials with low uncertainties. The relative expanded uncertainties (% U) expressed at 95% confidence interval for ICP-OES analyses varied from 0.1% to 0.3%, while in the case of IC, they were between 0.2% and 1.2%. The described methods are more suitable for characterizing primary calibration standards and certifying reference materials of GSH, than for routine measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K. Dash
- Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +91 40 27125463.
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Mohan V, Sinha RA, Pathak A, Rastogi L, Kumar P, Pal A, Godbole MM. Maternal thyroid hormone deficiency affects the fetal neocorticogenesis by reducing the proliferating pool, rate of neurogenesis and indirect neurogenesis. Exp Neurol 2012; 237:477-88. [PMID: 22892247 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal progenitor cell proliferation and their optimum number are indispensable for neurogenesis, which is determined by cell cycle length and cell cycle quitting rate of the dividing progenitors. These processes are tightly orchestrated by transcription factors like Tbr2, Pax6, and E2f-1. Radial glia and intermediate progenitor cells (IPC) through direct and indirect neurogenesis maintain surface area and neocortical thickness during development. Here we show that fetal neurogenesis is maternal thyroid hormone (MTH) dependent with differential effect on direct and indirect neurogenesis. MTH deficiency (MTHD) impairs direct neurogenesis through initial down-regulation of Pax6 and diminished progenitor pool with recovery even before the onset of fetal thyroid function (FTF). However, persistent decrease in Tbr2 positive IPCs, diminished NeuN positivity in layers I-III of neocortex, and reduced cortical thickness indicate a non-compensatory impairment in indirect neurogenesis. TH deficiency causes disrupted cell cycle kinetics and deranged neurogenesis. It specifically affects indirect neurogenesis governed by intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs). TH replacement in hypothyroid dams partially restored the rate of neurogenesis in the fetal neocortex. Taken together we describe a novel role of maternal TH in promoting IPCs derived neuronal differentiation in developing neo-cortex. We have also shown for the first time that ventricular zone progenitors are TH responsive as they express its receptor, TR alpha-1, transporters (MCT8) and deiodinases. This study highlights the importance of maternal thyroid hormone (TH) even before the start of the fetal thyroid function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishwa Mohan
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226014, UP India
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Dash K, Rastogi L, Arunachalam J. DNA quantification via traceable phosphorus measurement through microwave-assisted UV digestion-ion chromatography. Analyst 2012; 137:668-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c2an15883c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Sinha RA, Pathak A, Mohan V, Bandyopadhyay S, Rastogi L, Godbole MM. Maternal thyroid hormone: a strong repressor of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in rat embryonic neocortex. Endocrinology 2008; 149:4396-401. [PMID: 18467447 DOI: 10.1210/en.2007-1617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of how maternal thyroid inadequacy during early gestation poses a risk for developmental outcomes is still a challenge for the neuroendocrine community. Early neocortical neurogenesis is accompanied by maternal thyroid hormone (TH) transfer to fetal brain, appearance of TH receptors, and absence of antineurogenesis signals, followed by optimization of neuronal numbers through apoptosis. However, the effects of TH deprivation on neurogenesis and neuronal cell death before the onset of fetal thyroid are still not clear. We show that maternal TH deficiency during early gestational period causes massive premature elevation in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) with an associated neuronal death in embryonic rat neocortex. Maternal hypothyroidism was induced by feeding methimazole (0.025% wt/vol) in the drinking water to pregnant Sprague Dawley rats from embryonic d 6. Cerebral cortices from fetuses were harvested at different embryonic stages (embryonic d 14, 16, and 18) of hypothyroid and euthyroid groups. Immunoblotting and real-time PCR results showed that both protein and RNA levels of nNOS were prematurely increased under maternal hypothyroidism, and showed reversibility upon T4 administration. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased nNOS immunoreactivity in both the cortical plate and proliferative zone of neocortex along with a corroborative decrease in the microtubule associated protein-2 positive neurons under maternal TH insufficiency. Results combined, put forth nNOS as a novel target of maternal TH action in embryonic neocortex, and underscore the importance of prenatal screening and timely rectification of maternal TH insufficiency, even of a moderate degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Anthony Sinha
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, India
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Abstract
The cross-sectional epidemiological studies investigating hyperthyroidism as a risk factor for hypertension and stroke are not conclusive. Several case studies, however, indicate that persistent thyrotoxicosis aggravates neurological damage subsequent to a stroke. To test the hypothesis, we measured physiological and biochemical parameters in a model of transient focal ischemia in rats with prior induction of thyrotoxicosis to investigate its effects. Age- and weight-matched rats were made hyperthyroid prior to middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and killed after 3 days of reperfusion. We then estimated neurological deficit scores, body temperature, circulating total and free thyroxine (fT(4)) levels, lipid peroxide and thiol levels, and lactate dehydrogenase activity. While the standard 2-h occlusion of MCA resulted in very high mortality in hyperthyroid animals, the 30-min MCA occlusion resulted in a significant increase in neurological deficits compared with sham-operated animals. We observed a twofold or more increase in circulating fT(4) levels in rats receiving thyroxine. The increase in infarct size directly correlated with the increased dose of thyroxine. A significant thyroxine dose-dependent increase in lipid peroxide (malondialdehyde levels, P<0.05), lactate dehydrogenase activity (P<0.01), and a significant decrease in protective thiol levels (P<0.05) were observed. The data support our hypothesis that thyrotoxicosis is an independent risk factor which contributes to the aggravation of post-stroke injury and death. The study results indicate a need to control thyrotoxicosis in elderly populations to reduce the risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rastogi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226 014, India
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Kumar A, Sinha RA, Tiwari M, Singh R, Koji T, Manhas N, Rastogi L, Pal L, Shrivastava A, Sahu RP, Godbole MM. Hyperthyroidism induces apoptosis in rat liver through activation of death receptor-mediated pathways. J Hepatol 2007; 46:888-98. [PMID: 17321637 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2006.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/03/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The molecular basis of hepatic dysfunction in thyrotoxicosis is not fully understood. Here, we investigated the effect of altered thyroidal status on death receptor pathways including p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR), a member of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, in rat liver. METHODS Hyperthyroidism was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by daily injections of triiodothyronine in a dose of 12.5 microg/100 g body weight for 10 days. RESULTS Terminal deoxynucleotide-transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling assay and caspase-3 activation data confirmed apoptosis in hyperthyroid rat liver. We observed the elevated levels of death ligands, TNF-alpha, Fas ligand and their cognate receptors, TNF-receptor-1 and Fas, and 8-fold increase in caspase-8 activation in hyperthyroid rat liver (p<0.001). We demonstrated for the first time that hyperthyroidism elevates p75NTR levels and its ligands, pro-nerve growth factor and pro-brain-derived neurotrophic factor, in rat liver. Further we showed that most of the apoptotic cells in hyperthyroid liver express p75NTR. We also demonstrated that triiodothyronine administration to rats causes NF-kappaB activation, but persistent exposure (10 days) to triiodothyronine deactivates NF-kappaB leading to sustained c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that hyperthyroidism-induced apoptosis in rat liver involves the activation of death receptor-mediated pathways, including p75NTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Kumar
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow 226 014, India
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Sharma P, Singh S, Siddiqui TI, Singh VS, Kundu B, Prathipati P, Saxena AK, Dikshit DK, Rastogi L, Dixit C, Gupta MB, Patnaik GK, Dikshit M. alpha-Amino acid derivatives as proton pump inhibitors and potent anti-ulcer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2006; 42:386-93. [PMID: 17045703 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2006.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 08/30/2006] [Accepted: 08/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In a program to identify new anti-ulcer compounds, a series of N-acyl derivatives of alpha-amino acids were screened for their in vitro H(+)/K(+) ATPase inhibitory activity, and in vivo efficacy in Pylorus ligation model. 3D-QSAR studies were carried out and a representative compound 13 was studied for the nature of its proton pump inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Sharma
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Chattar Manzil Palace, Lucknow 226 001, India
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Rastogi L, Godbole MM, Ray M, Rathore P, Rathore P, Pradhan S, Gupta SK, Pandey CM. Reduction in oxidative stress and cell death explains hypothyroidism induced neuroprotection subsequent to ischemia/reperfusion insult. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:290-300. [PMID: 16616921 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2005] [Revised: 02/04/2006] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypometabolic state following hypothermia is known to protect tissues from ischemic injury. Hypothyroidism produces a hypometabolic state. The present study was undertaken to investigate the protective effects of hypothyroidism following cerebral ischemia and to ascertain the underlying mechanism. Euthyroid (E) and hypothyroid (H) animals were exposed to a 2 h of middle cerebral artery occlusion followed by 24 h of reperfusion (I/R). Specific enzymatic methods and flowcytometry were used to assess the quantitative changes of molecules involved in neuronal damage as well as in protection. As compared to euthyroid ischemic reperfused (E + I/R) rats, H + I/R rats had insignificant neurological deficit, and smaller area of infarct. H + I/R rats had significantly lower markers of oxidative stress, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity (a marker for necrosis). Natural antioxidant activity (particularly superoxide dismutase) and integrity of mitochondria (membrane potential) were maintained in H + I/R group but not in E + I/R group. The number of neurons undergoing apoptosis significantly lower in hypothyroid ischemic rats as compared to euthyroid ones. These results suggest that hypothyroid animals face ischemia and reperfusion much better compared to euthyroid animals. A possible explanation could be the decreased oxidative stress and maintained antioxidant activity that finally leads to a decrease in necrosis and apoptosis. These observations may suggest strategies to induce brain-specific downregulation of metabolism that may have implications in the management of strokes in human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leena Rastogi
- Department of Endocrinology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow-226014, India
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Abstract
In the present investigation, the effect of nitric oxide (NO) modulators on pylorus-ligation-induced gastric ulcers in rats was studied. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1 mg kg-1), a NO donor, l-arginine (l-Arg, 300 mg kg-1), the NO precursor, nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor and lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 3 mg kg-1), a NOS inducer have been administered prior to pylorus ligation. The effects of these interventions on the gastric mucosal nitrite content, the incidence of ulcers, the ulcer index, the volume of gastric secretions and the free and total acidity 4 h after pylorus ligation were investigated. SNP, l-Arg and LPS pretreatment increased the mucosal nitrite contents and protected the animals against pyloric-ligation-induced increase in acidity and ulcer index. However, inhibition of NOS activity by l-NAME (10 mg kg-1) decreased the nitrite content and augmented the ulcer-induced increase in the gastric acid contents. Coadministration of l-Arg with l-NAME prevented the l-NAME-induced changes. Interventions which increased the mucosal nitrite content were found to be protective against ulcers. However, the NOS inhibitor l-NAME decreased mucosal nitrite levels and was ulcerogenic. Results obtained thus indicate the protective effect of NO on the pyloric-ligation-induced ulcers in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Dixit
- Division of Pharmacology, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226001, India
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Abstract
The present investigation was undertaken to suggest the involvement of free radicals in the pathogenesis of pyloric ligation induced ulcers in rats. Lipid peroxidation product (MDA), antioxidant contents and secretory activity have been studied in the rat stomach at different time intervals after pylorus ligation induced ulcers. A time-dependent increase in the peptic activity, free and total acid content in the gastric juice was observed. MDA level, myeloperoxidase (a neutrophil maker) and catalase activity in the rat stomach homogenate were augmented 2, 4 and 19 h after pylorus ligation. While a significant and time-dependent decrease in the glutathione content, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity was observed after pyloric ligation. An increase in the acid and pepsin content in the gastric juice in N-ethyl maleamide (GSH depletor) or aminotriazole (catalase inhibitor) pretreated animals, further suggests that depletion in the antioxidant levels enhance ulceration. Thus the results obtained have shown alterations in the antioxidant status following ulceration, indicating that free radicals seems to be associated with the pylorus ligation induced ulceration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rastogi
- Pharmacology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Nath C, Rastogi L, Dikshit M, Patnaik GK, Saxena RC, Gupta MB. Interferon-inducer polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid: a potent anti-gastric ulcer agent and inhibitor of the gastric proton pump in rats. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1998; 25:564-7. [PMID: 9673429 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.1998.tb02252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (Poly I:Poly C), an interferon inducer was studied for its effect on gastric ulceration in rats. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (1, 2 and 4 mg/kg, i.m.) showed a dose-dependent inhibition of gastric ulcers induced by aspirin, cold restraint stress and pylorus ligation (Shay's model). Protective dose (PD50) +/- SEM values of Poly I:Poly C on these models of ulcers were 1.9 +/- 0.2, 2.3 +/- 0.4 and 2.8 +/- 0.4 (mg/kg, i.m.) respectively. 2. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid (10-60 micrograms) produced dose-dependent inhibition of gastric proton pump (H+/K(+)-ATPase) activity in the gastric parietal microsomal fraction. The concentration of Poly I:Poly C causing a 50% inhibition (IC50) +/- SEM was found to be 17.6 +/- 1.2 micrograms. 3. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid caused a significant decrease in free and total acid and pepsin and an increase in mucin content in Shay (pylorus-ligated) rat. 4. Polyriboinosinic-polyribocytidylic acid did not exert a significant influence on isolated tissue preparations for anti-cholinergic (acetylcholine-induced contraction of guinea-pig ileum) and H2-anti-histaminic (histamine-induced contraction of rat uterus and guinea-pig auricle) activities. 5. Thus, the present study indicates that Poly I:Poly C may possess anti-gastric ulcer activity as a result of inhibition of the gastric proton pump.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nath
- Neuropharmacology Unit (Central Drug Research Institute), KG Medical College, Lucknow, India.
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Dikshit M, Rastogi L, Shukla R, Srimal RC. Prevention of ischaemia-induced biochemical changes by curcumin & quinidine in the cat heart. Indian J Med Res 1995; 101:31-5. [PMID: 7883281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Effect of myocardial ischaemia on the bioantioxidants levels in the cat heart was evaluated. In addition, effect of curcumin, an anti-inflammatory and anti-thrombotic drug, and quinidine, a standard antiarrhythmic drug, was also studied in the cat. Myocardial ischaemia was induced by the ligation of left descending coronary artery. Quinidine (1 mg/kg, iv) was administered 15 min prior to while curcumin (100 mg/kg, ip) was given 30 min before ligation. Hearts were removed 4 h post coronary artery ligation. Levels of glutathione (GSH), malonaldelhyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were estimated in the ischaemic and non-ischaemic zones. Both the drugs protected the animals against decrease in the heart rate and blood pressure following ischaemia. In the ischaemic zone, after 4 h of ligation, an increase in the level of MDA and activities of MPO and SOD (cytosolic fraction) were observed. Quinidine and curcumin pretreatment prevented the ischaemia-induced elevation in MDA contents and LDH release. Curcumin pretreatment did not prevent the increase in MPO activity while quinidine did. Results obtained indicate alterations in the bioantioxidants following ischaemia and both curcumin and quinidine prevented ischaemia induced changes in the cat heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dikshit
- Pharmacology Division, Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow
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Rastogi GK, Ghani F, Rastogi L, Nath R. Prevalence of goitre and iodine kinetic studies in school children of a goitrous area four years after iodine prophylaxis. J Assoc Physicians India 1972; 20:471-6. [PMID: 4655733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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