Behavioural fever boosts the inflammatory response in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Behavioural fever, manifested as an increased preferred temperature, was shown in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss following an injection of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Simulated behavioural fever, through a 2·5° C water temperature rise following bacterial lipopolysaccharide injection, enhanced the expression of the cytokine interleukin-1β, in comparison with an untreated group held at the initial temperature. The present findings show that an important mediator in the immune response can be boosted through behavioural fever in fishes.

Disturbance of the intestinal mucosal immune system of farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), in response to long-term hypoxic conditions

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract has many important biological functions. One is to serve as a barrier between the fish and the external environment. A decreased physical barrier function of the intestine may lead to increased inflow of luminal content and subsequent activation of the intestinal mucosal immune system. This activation is governed by the ability of various compounds to induce cytokine release and immune cell activity, leading to an immune response. In mammals, the impact of stress on the intestinal barrier is well documented and results in increased intestinal permeability and thus increased stimulation of the mucosal immune system. Fish reared in sea cages may at times be exposed to unfavourable environmental conditions leading to chronic stress and disturbed intestinal integrity. This change in permeability may increase the exposure of the mucosal immune system to activating compounds. In the present study, the effect of a prolonged stress on the intestinal mucosal immune system of fish is therefore addressed. Atlantic salmon were exposed to low levels (50%) of dissolved oxygen (DO) for 6-7 weeks in consecutive experiments performed at 8 and 16 °C. Immune parameters were assessed in terms of mRNA expression of the key cytokines, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-8, IL-10, interferon-γ (IFNγ) and transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) as well as the immune regulatory inhibitor of nuclear factor κB (IκB). In the experiment at 8 °C also mucosal neutrophil infiltration was monitored. Subjecting the fish to low DO levels at 8 °C resulted in an increased mucosal neutrophil infiltration together with a down-regulation of IκB. At the higher temperature, 16 °C, low DO levels created decreased expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β in both intestinal regions as well as an increased expression of IL-10 in the proximal intestine. These results suggest that husbandry conditions in sea cages with DO levels as low as 50% clearly affects the intestinal mucosal immune system and results in a chronic inflammation. Moreover, the effects of low DO levels on the immune factors examined were more pronounced in the 16 °C experiment suggesting additive effects of high temperatures.

Adults with autism spectrum disorders and ADHD neuropsychological aspects

The purpose of the present study was to assess which types of neuropsychological deficits appear to be most commonly associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adults. The effect of the combination of ASD with ADHD (ASD/ADHD) was also studied. One hundred and sixty-one adult individuals (≥18 years of age) were included in the study. None had full scale IQ less than 71. The neuropsychological investigations included measures of intellectual ability, learning and memory, attention/executive function and theory of mind. The three diagnostic groups showed reduced performance in most cognitive domains. However, within these domains differentiating distinct features could be seen. The dysfunctions of the ASD/ADHD group cannot be seen as a summary of the dysfunctions found in the ASD and ADHD groups. The ADHD seemed to have the most severe neuropsychological impairments of the three groups. No domain-specific deficit typical of any of the diagnostic groups was found.

The neuropsychology of 22q11 deletion syndrome. A neuropsychiatric study of 100 individuals

The primary objective of this study was to study the impact of ASD/ADHD on general intellectual ability and profile, executive functions and visuo-motor skills in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). A secondary aim was to study if gender, age, heart disease, ASD, ADHD or ASD in combination with ADHD had an impact on general intellectual ability and profile. One hundred consecutively referred individuals aged 1-35 years with 22q11DS were given in-depth neuropsychological assessments. Mean full scale IQ was 71 with a normal distribution around this mean. Higher IQ for females than males, and a negative trend for IQ with higher age were found. Intellectual impairment, as well as visuo-motor dysfunction, was found to be related to 22q11DS per se and not to ASD/ADHD. In the area of executive function, the presence of ASD/ADHD predicted poor planning ability in the children in the study.

Autism, ADHD, mental retardation and behavior problems in 100 individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome

This study assessed the prevalence and type of associated neuropsychiatric problems in children and adults with 22q11 deletion syndrome. One-hundred consecutively referred individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome were given in-depth neuropsychiatric assessments and questionnaires screens. Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and/or attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were diagnosed in 44 cases. ASD was diagnosed in 23 cases of whom only 5 had autistic disorder. ADHD was diagnosed in 30 individuals. In nine of these cases with ASD or ADHD there was a combination of these diagnoses. Mental retardation (MR) with or without ASD/ADHD was diagnosed in 51 individuals. ASD, ADHD, and/or MR were present in 67 cases. Females had higher IQ than males. The results of this study showed that the vast majority of all individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome have behavior and/or learning problems and more than 40% meet criteria for either ASD, ADHD or both. Neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations are indicated as parts of the routine clinical assessment of individuals with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development

OBJECTIVE

The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders.

METHOD

Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II).

RESULTS

Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context.

CONCLUSIONS

ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.

The impact of ADHD and autism spectrum disorders on temperament, character, and personality development

OBJECTIVE

The authors describe personality development and disorders in relation to symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders.

METHOD

Consecutive adults referred for neuropsychiatric investigation (N=240) were assessed for current and lifetime ADHD and autism spectrum disorders and completed the Temperament and Character Inventory. In a subgroup of subjects (N=174), presence of axis II personality disorders was also assessed with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II).

RESULTS

Patients with ADHD reported high novelty seeking and high harm avoidance. Patients with autism spectrum disorders reported low novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and high harm avoidance. Character scores (self-directedness and cooperativeness) were extremely low among subjects with neuropsychiatric disorders, indicating a high overall prevalence of personality disorders, which was confirmed with the SCID-II. Cluster B personality disorders were more common in subjects with ADHD, while cluster A and C disorders were more common in those with autism spectrum disorders. The overlap between DSM-IV personality disorder categories was high, and they seem less clinically useful in this context.

CONCLUSIONS

ADHD and autism spectrum disorders are associated with specific temperament configurations and an increased risk of personality disorders and deficits in character maturation.

Language skills in 5-8-year-old children with 22q11 deletion syndrome

BACKGROUND

Language impairment and delayed language onset have been described, although not investigated in detail, in children with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

AIMS

To investigate different areas of language: the ability to retell a narrative, phonology, syntax and receptive vocabulary in a group of 5-8-year-old children with 22q11 deletion syndrome regardless of whether or not they had a history of speech and language difficulties. Gender differences were also investigated.

METHODS & PROCEDURES

Nineteen consecutively referred children with 22q11 deletion syndrome, ten girls and nine boys, between the ages of 5 and 8 years, participated in the study. The mean full-scale IQ of the group was 78. Six children had an autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, or a combination of these. Three different language tests were used: (1) the Bus Story - a test of narrative speech and language; (2) an articulation test including all Swedish phonemes in different positions; and (3) the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test - Revised (PPVT-R).

OUTCOMES & RESULTS

All but two children had an information score in the retelling task of 1 SD below the population mean. A negative correlation between age and the information score implied that the older the children, the more severe the problems. One child had an average sentence length within the normal limits and five children had subordinate clauses within normal limits. A median of 4% of the utterances included grammatical errors. About 50% of the children had a complete consonant inventory. The phonological process analysis implied delayed rather than deviant development. The group had a moderately low score for receptive vocabulary.

CONCLUSIONS

Language difficulties in all investigated areas of language were found. It is suggested that speech-language impairment is a common feature of 22q11 deletion syndrome. An implication of these results is that follow-ups of language skills are important not only for pre-school children, but also for school age children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome.

Attention deficits in children with 22q.11 deletion syndrome

This study examined attention abilities of children with 22q.11 deletion syndrome. Thirty children (14 males, 16 females; age range 7 to 13y) were given comprehensive neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric assessments. Learning disability was found in 13 children. Superiority in verbal over performance IQ was very common. Attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (mainly of inattentive subtype) was diagnosed in 13 children. There appeared to be a relation between low IQ and presence of autism spectrum problems. The presence of attention deficits was clearly supported by the scores on the Child Behavior Checklist and the Conners Questionnaire. On the Becker attention tests the reaction times were significantly longer in the two visual and auditory tests, indicating that the ability to sustain attention is critically impaired in this group. A tendency of inferiority on auditory compared with visual tests was noted but there were no specific problems with the focus-execute aspect of attention.

Co-existing disorders in ADHD -- implications for diagnosis and intervention

BACKGROUND

It is only recently that "comorbidity" in ADHD has come to the forefront as one of the most important aspects of the disorder. It is agreed that, often, these problems are at least as important as ADHD in contributing to the longer term outcome in the individual child.

OBJECTIVE

To provide the reader with basic information about clinics and treatment of "comorbidity" in ADHD.

METHOD

Review of the empirically based literature.

RESULTS

ADHD exists in a surprisingly high frequency together with a broad range of child neuropsychiatric disorders. This is accompanied with many still unresolved treatment problems.

CONCLUSION

It would not be appropriate to develop ADHD-services where clinicians would only have expertise in ADHD as such. Anyone working with children, adolescents and adults with ADHD would need to have training in general neuropsychiatry. Further research in this field is urgently needed.

Chromosome 22q11 deletion syndrome (CATCH 22): neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological aspects

Twenty children and young adults (age range 5 to 33 years, 12 females and eight males) with genetically confirmed 22q11 deletion syndrome (CATCH 22: Cardiac anomaly, Anomalous face, Thymus hypoplasia/aplasia, Cleft palate, and Hypocalcaemia), recruited from a large ongoing study, were given comprehensive assessments with a view to determining the pattern of neuropsychiatric and neuropsychological deficits thought to be part of the syndrome in many cases. IQ ranged between 46 and 100 with a mean score of 70. Half the group had an IQ <70. In 13 individuals, attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mainly inattentive or combined type in most cases, and/or autism spectrum problems were diagnosed. Many participants, even among those who had an IQ within the normal range and had neither ADHD nor autistic spectrum problems, showed a characteristic and pronounced behavioural profile with low mental energy, initiation difficulties, deficits in sustained attention, and social interaction (often augmented by limited facial expression and communication and speech problems).

Neuropsychiatric disorders in the 22q11 deletion syndrome

PURPOSE

This study was undertaken with a view to establishing the occurrence of neuropsychiatric disorders in the 22q11 deletion syndrome.

METHODS

Thirty-two children and young adults with genetically confirmed 22q11 deletion were given comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessments.

RESULTS

Altogether, 56% had a neuropsychiatric disorder. Only 6% were of normal IQ and free of physchiatric disorder. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder was diagnosed in 44% and 31% had an autism spectrum problem. In 16% criteria for both these diagnoses were met. Fifty-three percent had mental retardation, often with a test-profile suggesting a nonverbal learning disorder.

CONCLUSION

The findings imply that a majority of children and adolescents with 22q11 deletion syndrome are in need of neuropsychiatric assessment and intervention.