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Barros FDV, Lewis K, Robertson AD, Pennington RT, Hill TC, Matthews C, Lira-Martins D, Mazzochini GG, Oliveira RS, Rowland L. Cost-effective restoration for carbon sequestration across Brazil's biomes. Sci Total Environ 2023; 876:162600. [PMID: 36871717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tropical ecosystems are central to the global focus on halting and reversing habitat destruction as a means of mitigating carbon emissions. Brazil has been highlighted as a vital part of global climate agreements because, whilst ongoing land-use change causes it to be the world's fifth biggest greenhouse gas emitting country, it also has one of the greatest potentials to implement ecosystem restoration. Global carbon markets provide the opportunity of a financially viable way to implement restoration projects at scale. However, except for rainforests, the restoration potential of many major tropical biomes is not widely recognised, with the result that carbon sequestration potential may be squandered. We synthesize data on land availability, land degradation status, restoration costs, area of native vegetation remaining, carbon storage potential and carbon market prices for 5475 municipalities across Brazil's major biomes, including the savannas and tropical dry forests. Using a modelling analysis, we determine how fast restoration could be implemented across these biomes within existing carbon markets. We argue that even with a sole focus on carbon, we must restore other tropical biomes, as well as rainforests, to effectively increase benefits. The inclusion of dry forests and savannas doubles the area which could be restored in a financially viable manner, increasing the potential CO2e sequestered >40 % above that offered by rainforests alone. Importantly, we show that in the short-term avoiding emissions through conservation will be necessary for Brazil to achieve it's 2030 climate goal, because it can sequester 1.5 to 4.3 Pg of CO2e by 2030, relative to 0.127 Pg CO2e from restoration. However, in the longer term, restoration across all biomes in Brazil could draw down between 3.9 and 9.8 Pg of CO2e from the atmosphere by 2050 and 2080.
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Affiliation(s)
- F de V Barros
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK.
| | - K Lewis
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - A D Robertson
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Natural Resources Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - R T Pennington
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK; Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH3 5LR, UK
| | - T C Hill
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - C Matthews
- Independent Research, 3 Cultins Rd, Edinburgh EH11 4DF, UK
| | - D Lira-Martins
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - G G Mazzochini
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - L Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
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Pottieger M, Rowland L, DiSantis KI. Assessing Increases in Cannabis-Related Diagnoses in US Hospitals by Regional Policy Status. Popul Health Manag 2022; 25:738-743. [PMID: 36219744 DOI: 10.1089/pop.2022.0122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis policy is rapidly changing and more individuals are using cannabis nationally. Despite increased use and known adverse outcomes to cannabis use, there is a lack of understanding of health care utilization for cannabis-related conditions. The objectives of this study were: (1) To understand the change in the incidence of cannabis-related diagnoses from 2012 to 2015 nationally and (2) to describe the relationship between regional cannabis policies and changes in the incidence of cannabis-related diagnoses from 2012 to 2015. National Inpatient Sample (NIS) data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for 2012 and 2015 were analyzed using SPSS software for incidence of cannabis diagnoses. Previously defined NIS regions were assigned a policy status related to medical and recreational cannabis laws. Comparisons were made at the national and regional levels to better understand change in incidence of diagnoses. From 2012 to 2015, there was a 26.7% increase in cannabis-related diagnoses in the inpatient setting nationally. All 9 regions showed increases in the incidence of cannabis-related diagnoses ranging from 15.5% to 41.9% regardless of cannabis policy. As cannabis policy increased legal access, cannabis-related diagnoses increased nationally and regionally across the United States from 2012 to 2015 regardless of cannabis policy. Continued tracking of cannabis-related diagnoses is needed to identify where interventions are necessary to reduce negative impacts of increased cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Pottieger
- Department of Public Health and College of Health Sciences, Arcadia University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, Arcadia University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Leslie Rowland
- College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine I DiSantis
- College of Population Health, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Yenilmez B, Kelly M, Zhang GF, Wetoska N, Ilkayeva OR, Min K, Rowland L, DiMarzio C, He W, Raymond N, Lifshitz L, Pan M, Han X, Xie J, Friedline RH, Kim JK, Gao G, Herman MA, Newgard CB, Czech MP. Paradoxical activation of transcription factor SREBP1c and de novo lipogenesis by hepatocyte-selective ATP-citrate lyase depletion in obese mice. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102401. [PMID: 35988648 PMCID: PMC9490592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis associated with high-fat diet, obesity, and type 2 diabetes is thought to be the major driver of severe liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Cytosolic acetyl CoA (AcCoA), a central metabolite and substrate for de novo lipogenesis (DNL), is produced from citrate by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) and from acetate through AcCoA synthase short chain family member 2 (ACSS2). However, the relative contributions of these two enzymes to hepatic AcCoA pools and DNL rates in response to high-fat feeding are unknown. We report here that hepatocyte-selective depletion of either ACSS2 or ACLY caused similar 50% decreases in liver AcCoA levels in obese mice, showing that both pathways contribute to the generation of this DNL substrate. Unexpectedly however, the hepatocyte ACLY depletion in obese mice paradoxically increased total DNL flux measured by D2O incorporation into palmitate, whereas in contrast, ACSS2 depletion had no effect. The increase in liver DNL upon ACLY depletion was associated with increased expression of nuclear sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c and of its target DNL enzymes. This upregulated DNL enzyme expression explains the increased rate of palmitate synthesis in ACLY-depleted livers. Furthermore, this increased flux through DNL may also contribute to the observed depletion of AcCoA levels because of its increased conversion to malonyl CoA and palmitate. Together, these data indicate that in fat diet-fed obese mice, hepatic DNL is not limited by its immediate substrates AcCoA or malonyl CoA but rather by activities of DNL enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batuhan Yenilmez
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Kelly
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guo-Fang Zhang
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nicole Wetoska
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Olga R Ilkayeva
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyounghee Min
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Leslie Rowland
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chloe DiMarzio
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wentao He
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Naideline Raymond
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence Lifshitz
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Meixia Pan
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Xianlin Han
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jun Xie
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Randall H Friedline
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jason K Kim
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Viral Vector Core, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark A Herman
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher B Newgard
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, and Department of Medicine, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Michael P Czech
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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Giles AL, Rowland L, Bittencourt PRL, Bartholomew DC, Coughlin I, Costa PB, Domingues T, Miatto RC, Barros FV, Ferreira LV, Groenendijk P, Oliveira AAR, da Costa ACL, Meir P, Mencuccini M, Oliveira RS. Small understorey trees have greater capacity than canopy trees to adjust hydraulic traits following prolonged experimental drought in a tropical forest. Tree Physiol 2022; 42:537-556. [PMID: 34508606 DOI: 10.1093/treephys/tpab121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Future climate change predictions for tropical forests highlight increased frequency and intensity of extreme drought events. However, it remains unclear whether large and small trees have differential strategies to tolerate drought due to the different niches they occupy. The future of tropical forests is ultimately dependent on the capacity of small trees (<10 cm in diameter) to adjust their hydraulic system to tolerate drought. To address this question, we evaluated whether the drought tolerance of neotropical small trees can adjust to experimental water stress and was different from tall trees. We measured multiple drought resistance-related hydraulic traits across nine common neotropical genera at the world's longest-running tropical forest throughfall-exclusion experiment and compared their responses with surviving large canopy trees. Small understorey trees in both the control and the throughfall-exclusion treatment had lower minimum stomatal conductance and maximum hydraulic leaf-specific conductivity relative to large trees of the same genera, as well as a greater hydraulic safety margin (HSM), percentage loss of conductivity and embolism resistance, demonstrating that they occupy a distinct hydraulic niche. Surprisingly, in response to the drought treatment, small trees increased specific hydraulic conductivity by 56.3% and leaf:sapwood area ratio by 45.6%. The greater HSM of small understorey trees relative to large canopy trees likely enabled them to adjust other aspects of their hydraulic systems to increase hydraulic conductivity and take advantage of increases in light availability in the understorey resulting from the drought-induced mortality of canopy trees. Our results demonstrate that differences in hydraulic strategies between small understorey and large canopy trees drive hydraulic niche segregation. Small understorey trees can adjust their hydraulic systems in response to changes in water and light availability, indicating that natural regeneration of tropical forests following long-term drought may be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Giles
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - L Rowland
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - P R L Bittencourt
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - D C Bartholomew
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - I Coughlin
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-900, Brazil
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
| | - P B Costa
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - T Domingues
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - R C Miatto
- Departamento de Biologia, FFCLRP, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900 - Vila Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto SP 14040-900, Brazil
| | - F V Barros
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - L V Ferreira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Gov Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Brás, Belém PA 66040-170, Brazil
| | - P Groenendijk
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - A A R Oliveira
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Gov Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Brás, Belém PA 66040-170, Brazil
| | - A C L da Costa
- Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Gov Magalhães Barata, 376 - São Brás, Belém PA 66040-170, Brazil
- Biological Sciences, Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - P Meir
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, 134 Linnaeus Way, Canberra ACT 2601, Australia
- School of GeoSciences, University of Edinburgh, Drummond St Edinburgh EH9 3FF, UK
| | - M Mencuccini
- CREAF, Campus UAB, Edifici C Campus de Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallés 08193, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - R S Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Monteiro Lobato, 255 - Barão Geraldo, Campinas SP 13083-970, Brazil
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Zucker A, Karwowski P, Urso M, Bustamante G, Lugo D, Rowland L, Kao J. A Prospective Trial of Clinical Intuition to Predict Survival in Patients With Metastatic Cancer Referred to Radiation Oncology. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2021.07.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Sane RS, Ramsden D, Sabo JP, Cooper C, Rowland L, Ting N, Whitcher-Johnstone A, Tweedie DJ. Contribution of Major Metabolites toward Complex Drug-Drug Interactions of Deleobuvir: In Vitro Predictions and In Vivo Outcomes. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:466-75. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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7
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Rowland L, da Costa ACL, Galbraith DR, Oliveira RS, Binks OJ, Oliveira AAR, Pullen AM, Doughty CE, Metcalfe DB, Vasconcelos SS, Ferreira LV, Malhi Y, Grace J, Mencuccini M, Meir P. Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation. Nature 2015; 528:119-22. [DOI: 10.1038/nature15539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 370] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Rowland L, Bal N, Periasamy M. Loss of SLN‐mediated thermogenesis is compensated by increased brown adipose tissue activity (1105.4). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1105.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Naresh Bal
- The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
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Affiliation(s)
- Danesh Sopariwala
- Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Sana Shaikh
- Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Meghna Pant
- Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Leslie Rowland
- Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Physiology and Cell Biology The Ohio State UniversityColumbusOHUnited States
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Rowland L, Bal N, Periasamy M. A novel mechanism for UCP1‐independent thermogenesis. FASEB J 2013. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.27.1_supplement.1152.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Rowland
- Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
| | - Naresh Bal
- Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Physiology and Cell BiologyThe Ohio State UniversityColumbusOH
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11
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Huang W, Bansode RR, Xie Y, Rowland L, Mehta M, Davidson NO, Mehta KD. Disruption of the murine protein kinase Cbeta gene promotes gallstone formation and alters biliary lipid and hepatic cholesterol metabolism. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22795-805. [PMID: 21550971 PMCID: PMC3123047 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.250282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase C (PKC) family of Ca(2+) and/or lipid-activated serine-threonine protein kinases is implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and insulin resistance. We recently reported that protein kinase Cβ (PKCβ), a calcium-, diacylglycerol-, and phospholipid-dependent kinase, is critical for maintaining whole body triglyceride homeostasis. We now report that PKCβ deficiency has profound effects on murine hepatic cholesterol metabolism, including hypersensitivity to diet-induced gallstone formation. The incidence of gallstones increased from 9% in control mice to 95% in PKCβ(-/-) mice. Gallstone formation in the mutant mice was accompanied by hyposecretion of bile acids with no alteration in fecal bile acid excretion, increased biliary cholesterol saturation and hydrophobicity indices, as well as hepatic p42/44(MAPK) activation, all of which enhance susceptibility to gallstone formation. Lithogenic diet-fed PKCβ(-/-) mice also displayed decreased expression of hepatic cholesterol-7α-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) and sterol 12α-hydroxylase (CYP8b1). Finally, feeding a modified lithogenic diet supplemented with milk fat, instead of cocoa butter, both increased the severity of and shortened the interval for gallstone formation in PKCβ(-/-) mice and was associated with dramatic increases in cholesterol saturation and hydrophobicity indices. Taken together, the findings reveal a hitherto unrecognized role of PKCβ in fine tuning diet-induced cholesterol and bile acid homeostasis, thus identifying PKCβ as a major physiological regulator of both triglyceride and cholesterol homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and
| | - Rishipal R. Bansode
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and
| | - Yan Xie
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Leslie Rowland
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and
| | - Madhu Mehta
- the Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio 43210 and
| | - Nicholas O. Davidson
- the Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Kamal D. Mehta
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, and
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Huang F, Allen L, Huang DB, Moy F, Vinisko R, Nguyen T, Rowland L, MacGregor TR, Castles MA, Robinson P. Evaluation of steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between ritonavir-boosted BILR 355, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, and lamivudine/zidovudine in healthy subjects. J Clin Pharm Ther 2010; 37:81-8. [PMID: 21128991 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2010.01235.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE BILR 355 is a second generation non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It has shown promising in vitro anti-HIV-1 activities and favourable human pharmacokinetic properties after co-administration with ritonavir (RTV). Lamivudine (3TC) is a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor. It is excreted predominantly in urine by a transporter-mediated pathway. These two drugs are likely to be given together to HIV-infected patients. The objective of this study was to investigate any steady-state pharmacokinetic interactions between RTV-boosted BILR 355 and 3TC/zidovudine (ZDV). METHODS This was a randomized, open label, prospective study. In group A, 39 healthy subjects were given 3TC/ZDV (150 mg/300 mg) twice daily (b.i.d.) for 7 days, and then BILR 355 and RTV (BILR 355/r, 150 mg/100 mg) were co-administered with this regimen for an additional 7 days. Intensive blood samples were taken on days 7 and 14 for pharmacokinetic assessments. In group B, 12 healthy subjects were given BILR 355/r (150 mg/100 mg) b.i.d. for 7 days. The pharmacokinetic data from group B were pooled with data from group B subjects in other similar studies performed in parallel (BILR 355 alone group in BILR 355 drug-drug interaction studies with tipranavir, lopinavir/RTV, and emtricitabine/tenofovir DF; BILR 355 regimen was the same). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION After co-administration with BILR 355/r, the AUC(12,ss) and C(max,ss) of 3TC increased by 45% and 24%, respectively; the elimination half-life (t(1/2) ,ss) of 3TC was significantly increased. However, the pharmacokinetics of ZDV was unchanged. Co-administration with 3TC/ZDV resulted in a 22% decrease in AUC(12,ss) and a 20% decrease in C(max,ss) for BILR 355. The observed increase in exposure and prolongation of t(1/2,ss) of 3TC is potentially related to inhibition of OCT-mediated urinary excretion of 3TC. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Concomitant administration of BILR 355 with 3TC/ZDV resulted in a modest decrease in exposure to BILR 355 and a 45% increase in exposure to 3TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Huang
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877-0368, USA.
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Quinzii C, Bonilla E, Vu T, Grewal R, Tanji K, Kattah A, Camano P, Otaegui D, Blake D, Wilhelmsen K, Rowland L, Hays A, Hirano M. G.P.7.10 Clinical and genetic characterization of a new X-linked dominant scapuloperoneal myopathy. Neuromuscul Disord 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nmd.2007.06.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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14
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Abstract
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((1)H-MRS) is a noninvasive technique that can quantify biochemical compounds in the brain. (1)H-MRS has been used to investigate neural structures implicated in the pathology of schizophrenia. The majority of research has revealed reduced N-acetylaspartate (NAA), an index of neuronal integrity, in frontal and temporal regions of medicated and chronically ill patients with schizophrenia. This review summarizes basic principles of (1)H-MRS, studies of frontal, temporal, subcortical, and cerebellar regions in schizophrenia. Technical and study design limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Weng HR, Lee JI, Lenz FA, Schwartz A, Vierck C, Rowland L, Dougherty PM. Functional plasticity in primate somatosensory thalamus following chronic lesion of the ventral lateral spinal cord. Neuroscience 2001; 101:393-401. [PMID: 11074162 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00368-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The long-term consequences of thoracic spinothalamic tract lesion on the physiological properties of neurons in the ventral posterior lateral nucleus of the thalamus in monkeys were assessed. Neurons responding to both compressive and phasic brush stimuli (multireceptive neurons), but not brush-specific (low-threshold) neurons, in the partially deafferented thalamus showed increased spontaneous activity, increased responses evoked by cutaneous stimuli and larger mean receptive field size than the same types of cells in the thalamus with intact innervation. The spike train properties of both the spontaneous and evoked discharges of cells were also altered so that there was an increased incidence of spike-bursts in cells of deafferented thalamus. These changes were widespread in the thalamus, and included cells in both the fully innervated forelimb representation and the partially denervated hindlimb representation ipsilateral to the lesion. The spontaneous and evoked spike trains in the ipsilateral thalamus also show increased frequency of both spike-burst and non-burst events compared to the intact thalamus. These results indicate that chronic spinothalamic tract lesion produces widespread changes in the physiological properties of a discrete cell population of the thalamus.The findings in this study indicate that the thalamic processing of somatosensory information conveyed by the lemniscal system is altered by transection of the spinothalamic tract. This change in sensory processing in the thalamus would result in altered cortical processing of innocuous somatosensory inputs following deafferentation and so possibly contribute to the generation of the central pain syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R Weng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Thomas M, Sing H, Belenky G, Holcomb H, Mayberg H, Dannals R, Wagner H, Thorne D, Popp K, Rowland L, Welsh A, Balwinski S, Redmond D. Neural basis of alertness and cognitive performance impairments during sleepiness. I. Effects of 24 h of sleep deprivation on waking human regional brain activity. J Sleep Res 2000; 9:335-52. [PMID: 11123521 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 618] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The negative effects of sleep deprivation on alertness and cognitive performance suggest decreases in brain activity and function, primarily in the thalamus, a subcortical structure involved in alertness and attention, and in the prefrontal cortex, a region subserving alertness, attention, and higher-order cognitive processes. To test this hypothesis, 17 normal subjects were scanned for quantifiable brain activity changes during 85 h of sleep deprivation using positron emission tomography (PET) and (18)Fluorine-2-deoxyglucose ((18)FDG), a marker for regional cerebral metabolic rate for glucose (CMRglu) and neuronal synaptic activity. Subjects were scanned prior to and at 24-h intervals during the sleep deprivation period, for a total of four scans per subject. During each 30 min (18)FDG uptake, subjects performed a sleep deprivation-sensitive Serial Addition/Subtraction task. Polysomnographic monitoring confirmed that subjects were awake. Twenty-four hours of sleep deprivation, reported here, resulted in a significant decrease in global CMRglu, and significant decreases in absolute regional CMRglu in several cortical and subcortical structures. No areas of the brain evidenced a significant increase in absolute regional CMRglu. Significant decreases in relative regional CMRglu, reflecting regional brain reductions greater than the global decrease, occurred predominantly in the thalamus and prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices. Alertness and cognitive performance declined in association with these brain deactivations. This study provides evidence that short-term sleep deprivation produces global decreases in brain activity, with larger reductions in activity in the distributed cortico-thalamic network mediating attention and higher-order cognitive processes, and is complementary to studies demonstrating deactivation of these cortical regions during NREM and REM sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Thomas
- Division of Neuropsychiatry, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA 20910-7500, USA.
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17
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Lumley M, Rowland L, Torosian T, Bank A, Ketterer M, Pickard S. Decreased health care use among patients with silent myocardial ischemia: support for a generalized rather than cardiac-specific silence. J Psychosom Res 2000; 48:479-84. [PMID: 10880669 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-3999(00)00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The absence of angina among patients with silent myocardial ischemia (SMI) may be a cardiac phenomenon or may reflect a generalized lack of bodily awareness and symptom reporting. We tested the hypothesis that the silence is generalized, and, therefore, that patients with SMI would make fewer health care visits for noncardiac/chest-pain problems than patients with symptomatic ischemia. METHODS We counted all out-patient visits to our medical system for the prior 18 months for 95 patients who demonstrated ischemia during treadmill exercise testing and subsequent nuclear scanning: 62 of the patients had SMI during exercise, and 33 of the patients had symptomatic ischemia. RESULTS Patients with SMI made were significantly less likely to have sought emergency care or primary care and had significantly fewer primary care visits than patients with symptomatic ischemia. Group differences remained after controlling for demographics and health status variables. The two groups did not differ on utilization of specialty care. CONCLUSION The reduced use of emergency and primary care among patients with SMI suggests that they have a generalized rather than cardiac-specific reduction in somatic awareness and/or symptom reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lumley
- Department of Psychology, Wayne State University, 71 West Warren Avenue, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
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18
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Abstract
The results of two randomized, single-dose, crossover bioavailability studies are presented which describe the pharmacokinetics and oral bioavailability of nevirapine, a novel nonnucleoside antiretroviral drug. In the first study 12 healthy male volunteers received nevirapine 15 mg via short-term i.v. infusion or orally as a 50 mg tablet or reference solution (50 mg/200 mL). Following the i.v. dose, nevirapine had a low systemic clearance (Mean +/- S.D., Cl = 1.4 +/- 0.3 L/h) and a prolonged elimination phase (t(1/2beta) = 52.8 +/- 14.8 h; MRT = 81.4 +/- 22.4 h). Nevirapine absolute bioavailability was 93 +/- 9% and 91 +/- 8% for the tablet and oral solution, respectively. In the second study, 24 healthy male volunteers were administered nevirapine as a 200 mg production-line tablet or oral reference solution (200 mg/200 mL). There was no significant difference in bioavailability between the tablet and reference solution. Overall, comparison of the pharmacokinetic parameters between the 50 and 200 mg doses indicates that nevirapine is well absorbed at clinically relevant doses. The absorption profiles using deconvolution revealed no evidence of differential enzyme induction between the two doses or routes of administration following a single dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Lamson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield, CT 06877, USA.
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Dougherty PM, Li YJ, Lenz FA, Rowland L, Mittman S. Correlation of effects of general anesthetics on somatosensory neurons in the primate thalamus and cortical EEG power. J Neurophysiol 1997; 77:1375-92. [PMID: 9084604 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1997.77.3.1375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of two types of general anesthetic on the neurophysiological properties of the primate somatosensory thalamus were correlated with effects on frontal cortex electroencephalographic (EEG) power and spectral properties. Graded doses of the intravenous agent methohexital sodium (METH) were studied in 12 cells in three monkeys on a halothane baseline anesthetic. Low doses of METH (0.2-1.0 mg/kg) produced a reduction of EEG power but had no effects on spontaneous or evoked thalamic activity. EEG power showed maximal attenuation after 2.0 mg/kg METH, whereas decreases in thalamic activity were first noted over a similar moderate dose range (2.0-5.0 mg/kg). The physiological parameter most sensitive to METH was the spontaneous activity, which showed initial changes in rate and moderate doses followed by marked inhibition at higher doses. Finally, the high dose of METH (10.0 mg/kg) produced marked reduction in all neurophysiological parameters with recovery over the following 30-45 min. The effects of the volatile anesthetic halothane were studied on 15 cells in four monkeys anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The low dose of halothane (0.25%) produced a facilitation of responses to cutaneous stimuli as well as decrease in the rate and burst patterns in the spontaneous activity. The power in the EEG was not affected at this concentration. The responses of the cells to the mechanical stimuli at moderate doses (0.5-1.0%) of halothane returned to the baseline magnitude, whereas spontaneous activity remained unaffected compared with initial effects. EEG power was reduced by 1% halothane. Finally, all neurophysiological parameters showed profound reduction at the highest halothane concentrations (2.0-3.0%) with recovery over the next 30-45 min. In conclusion, the two classes of anesthetics most commonly used for acute neurophysiological studies in the primate show well-defined thresholds at which changes in the response properties of thalamic neurons are produced. This threshold for the barbiturates and halothane can be predicted by monitoring of cortical EEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dougherty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, Maryland 21287-7509, USA
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20
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Abstract
Neurons in and posterior to the primate sensory nucleus of the thalamus (VPL) were tested for excitation by iontophoretically applied excitatory amino acid agonists. In addition, in several cells the effects of iontophoretically applied excitatory amino acid antagonists on the responses to cutaneous stimuli were examined. All neurons showed responses to all agonists. The responses of several neurons to cutaneous stimuli were attenuated or blocked by local administration of receptor antagonists. These results provide initial evidence that somatosensory responses of neurons in the primate thalamus are mediated by excitatory amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dougherty
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins Medical School, Baltimore, MD 21287-7509, USA
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Rowland L, Dickinson EJ, Newman P, Ford D, Ebrahim S. Look After Your Heart programme: impact on health status, exercise knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of retired women in England. J Epidemiol Community Health 1994; 48:123-8. [PMID: 8189164 PMCID: PMC1059919 DOI: 10.1136/jech.48.2.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of the Health Education Authority's 20 hour Look After Your Heart health promotion course on a large group of retired women. DESIGN Three groups of retired women were compared: group 1 women, drawn from 12 retirement groups, participated in the programme; group 2, drawn randomly from the same groups, declined; group 3, selected randomly from 12 different retirement groups matched for geographical area, were not offered the course. SETTING Twenty four retirement groups established by a major national retail company in England. SUBJECTS A total of 739 women with a mean age of 66 years participated. Altogether 200 women were in group 1, 192 in group 2, and 347 in group 3. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE The Nottingham Health Profile was administered and exercise knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of the three groups were assessed using a validated, reliable questionnaire. RESULTS Group 1 had significantly better self-perceived health, indicated by lower Nottingham Health Profile scores, more exercise knowledge, and positive exercise attitudes and they did more exercise than the other two groups. The responses of groups 2 and 3 were similar. Time since completion of the programme did not have any effect on Nottingham Health Profile scores, exercise knowledge, and behaviour. CONCLUSION The Look After Your Heart programme is associated with beneficial and persistent effects in retired women. Detailed studies are needed to confirm whether these associations are due to the programme or reflect the selection of fitter, healthier subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rowland
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, London
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Rowland L. Handbook of behavioral assessment. Behav Res Ther 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0005-7967(88)90024-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Abstract
Alcohol-induced growth retardation is a fetal effect consistently associated with maternal ethanol consumption. In humans, those infants whose mothers consume even a limited amount of ethanol during pregnancy have a significant incidence of growth inhibition. The molecular mechanism responsible for this growth deficiency is unknown, and prevention depends on maternal abstinence during pregnancy. The data reported here suggest that ethanol-mediated increases in tissue prostaglandin (PG) E levels (PGE1 plus PGE2) are correlated with the growth retardation. Further, simultaneous administration of PG synthesis inhibitors with the alcohol blocks the rise in tissue PG levels and protects against the alcohol-induced hypoplasia.
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Davis JC, Reiffel JA, Behrens M, Rowland L, Mascitelli R, Seplowitz A. Optic neuritis and heart block in Kearns-Sayre syndrome. N Y State J Med 1981; 81:1364-8. [PMID: 6943448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Cort J, Hayworth J, Little B, Lobstein T, McBrearty E, Reszetniak S, Rowland L. The relationship between the amplitude and the recovery half-time of the skin conductance response. Biol Psychol 1978; 6:308-11. [PMID: 708815 DOI: 10.1016/0301-0511(78)90033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jaretzki A, Bethea M, Wolff M, Olarte MR, Lovelace RE, Penn AS, Rowland L. A rational approach to total thymectomy in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Ann Thorac Surg 1977; 24:120-30. [PMID: 879895 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-4975(10)63720-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Thymectomy is important in the treatment of myasthenia gravis. Total removal of the gland is considered indicated. Although median sternotomy has been the accepted surgical procedure, the transcervical approach has been advocated as a safer method of achieving total thymectomy. A surgical-anatomical study of the thymus was made in 22 patients. A high incidence of surgically important variations in thymic anatomy was found in the neck and in the mediastinum. We believe wide exposure by way of median sternotomy with direct vision is required to remove all of the extracapsular mediastinal thymus in many patients, and good cervical exposure is required to remove the anomalous tissue in the neck. If a total thymectomy is to be achieved, we recommend a median sternotomy and a cervical incision, using the meticulous dissection described.
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