1
|
Geraci L, Tirso R, Hunsberger R, Saenz GD, Balsis S. An examination of younger and older adults' age preferences. Psychol Aging 2024:2024-85930-001. [PMID: 38780547 DOI: 10.1037/pag0000826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Research suggests that how people feel about aging can contribute to their later physical, cognitive, and mental health. In two studies, we examined younger (ages 18-30) and older adults' (ages 61-70) views about aging by asking them to rate the extent to which they would find it desirable to be various ages between 0 and 120. Participants also indicated both their ideal age (the age at which they would most like to be) and their subjective age (how old they generally feel). Consistent with the previous studies, younger adults' ideal age was significantly younger than older adults' ideal age. Younger adults' subjective age was slightly older than their chronological age, whereas older adults' subjective age was slightly younger than their chronological age. Of interest was the finding that, for older adults, their desirability ratings of various ages gradually decreased after age 35. In contrast, younger adults' desirability ratings decreased precipitously after age 20 and remained low from age 45 through age 90. Results suggest that older adults view middle to later life in a more nuanced manner than younger adults, who viewed middle and later life as being undesirable and homogenous. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| | - Robert Tirso
- Student Affairs Planning, Assessment, and Research, Texas A&M University
| | | | | | - Steve Balsis
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Karaca M, Geraci L, Tirso R, Aube J. The Relationship Between Older Adults' Subjective Age and Perceived Effort on Cognitive Tasks. Exp Aging Res 2024; 50:248-278. [PMID: 36814141 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2022.2145163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although engagement in cognitively-demanding activities is beneficial for older adults, research suggests that older adults may be less motivated to engage in these types of activities because of the increased age-related costs associated with task engagement and their perceptions of the task demands. METHODS Across three studies, we investigated if older adults' subjective age predicted their perceptions of effort over the course of a working memory task. Younger and older adults reported their subjective age and then completed an increasingly difficult series of working memory trials, indicating perceived task demands and effort after each trial. RESULTS Results from all three studies showed that there was no age difference in performance or in perceptions of task difficulty, contrary to previous results. Also, there was no significant association between older adults' subjective age and perceived effort, suggesting that subjective age may not be a reliable predictor of perceptions of task demands in older adults. DISCUSSION Participant characteristics and the testing environment may play a role in determining the relationship between subjective age and perceived effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karaca
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Robert Tirso
- Student Affairs Planning, Assessment & Research, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States
| | - Jonathan Aube
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Karaca M, Geraci L, Kurpad N, Lithander MPG, Balsis S. Low-Performing Students Confidently Overpredict Their Grade Performance throughout the Semester. J Intell 2023; 11:188. [PMID: 37888420 PMCID: PMC10607382 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11100188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
When asked to predict how they will perform on an upcoming exam, students are often poorly calibrated, typically in the direction of overpredicting their performance. Research shows that low-performing students' calibration tends to remain poor across multiple tests over the course of a semester. We tested whether these students remain confident in these erroneously high grade predictions across the semester or whether their confidence wanes, suggesting some degree of metacognitive awareness. In two studies, students made grade predictions prior to taking four in-class exams and then rated their level of confidence in their predictions. Results from both studies showed that miscalibration and confidence remained stable across tests, suggesting that low-performing students continued to believe that they would perform well on upcoming exams despite prior evidence to the contrary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meltem Karaca
- Department of Neurology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; (L.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; (L.G.); (S.B.)
| | - Nayantara Kurpad
- Department of Psychology, St. Mary’s College of Maryland, St. Mary’s City, MD 20686, USA;
| | - Marcus P. G. Lithander
- Division of Digital Learning, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Steve Balsis
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA; (L.G.); (S.B.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balsis S, Carello W, Eskander TM, Balsis OR, Geraci L, Eskander MS. Reducing Surgical Complications in Spine Patients Through a Medication Management Support Program. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2023; 48:E198-E202. [PMID: 36607822 PMCID: PMC10249593 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000004570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A hospital-wide medication management program was implemented to ensure that high-risk patients would systematically pause antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications. We analyzed complications before and during the implementation of this program. OBJECTIVE The goal of the study was to determine if a medication management support program was effective for reducing perioperative complications, including hemorrhage, myocardial infarction, stroke, pulmonary embolism, and deep vein thrombosis. DATA AND METHODS Using data from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database, we examined the presence of 5 complications before and during the implementation of a medication management support program. There were 9732 patients in the clinic population who underwent elective spine surgery between 2011 and 2020 and were included in this analysis. Of those 9732 patients, 7205 had surgery before the introduction of the program, whereas 2527 had surgery at some point after the program was introduced. We conducted a series of Pearson's χ 2 tests to determine the relative frequencies of the complications before and during the program. RESULTS Results showed that during the implementation of the program, patients were relatively less likely to experience hemorrhage (3.16% vs. 1.11%; P <0.001). The reductions in thrombotic complications were clinically significant: myocardial infarction (0.12% vs. 0.00%), stroke (0.10% vs. 0.04%), pulmonary embolism (0.33% vs. 0.28%), and deep vein thrombosis (0.36% vs. 0.28%). These P values ranged from P =0.08 for myocardial infarction to P =0.67 for pulmonary embolism. CONCLUSIONS The use of this medication management support program appears effective for reducing the need for blood transfusions and thrombotic complications. While promising, the results should be interpreted with caution as we do not know whether this type of program will be effective for other hospital systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Balsis
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
| | - William Carello
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
- Spine Surgery, Delaware Orthopaedic Specialists, Newark, DE
| | - Theodore M. Eskander
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
- Spine Surgery, Delaware Orthopaedic Specialists, Newark, DE
| | - Owen R. Balsis
- Spine Surgery, Delaware Orthopaedic Specialists, Newark, DE
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Geraci L, Kurpad N, Tirso R, Gray KN, Wang Y. Metacognitive errors in the classroom: The role of variability of past performance on exam prediction accuracy. Metacogn Learn 2022; 18:219-236. [PMID: 36405646 PMCID: PMC9643913 DOI: 10.1007/s11409-022-09326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Students often make incorrect predictions about their exam performance, with the lowest-performing students showing the greatest inaccuracies in their predictions. The reasons why low-performing students make inaccurate predictions are not fully understood. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that low-performing students erroneously predict their exam performance in part because their past performance varies considerably, yielding unreliable data from which to make their predictions. In contrast, high-performing students tend to have consistently high past performance that they can rely on to make relatively accurate predictions of future test performance. Results showed that across different exams (Study 1) and different courses (Study 2), low-performing students had more variable past performance than high-performing students. Further, results from Study 2 showed that variability in past course performance (but not past exam performance) was associated with poor calibration. Results suggest that variability in past performance may be one factor that contributes to low-performing students' erroneous performance predictions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 USA
| | - Nayantara Kurpad
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 USA
| | - Robert Tirso
- Department of Student Life Studies, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Kathryn N. Gray
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA USA
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Taconnat L, Pinard F, Vanneste S, Bouazzaoui B, Fay S, Martinez L, Alibran E, Geraci L. Personality traits affect older adults' memory differently depending on the environmental support provided at encoding. Personality and Individual Differences 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
7
|
Lithander MP, Geraci L, Karaca M, Rydberg J. Correcting Neuromyths: A Comparison of Different Types of Refutations. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
8
|
Balsis S, Geraci L, Benge J, Lowe DA, Choudhury TK, Tirso R, Doody RS. Statistical Model of Dynamic Markers of the Alzheimer's Pathological Cascade. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2019; 73:964-973. [PMID: 29741663 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive disease reflected in markers across assessment modalities, including neuroimaging, cognitive testing, and evaluation of adaptive function. Identifying a single continuum of decline across assessment modalities in a single sample is statistically challenging because of the multivariate nature of the data. To address this challenge, we implemented advanced statistical analyses designed specifically to model complex data across a single continuum. Method We analyzed data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI; N = 1,056), focusing on indicators from the assessments of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volume, fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) metabolic activity, cognitive performance, and adaptive function. Item response theory was used to identify the continuum of decline. Then, through a process of statistical scaling, indicators across all modalities were linked to that continuum and analyzed. Results Findings revealed that measures of MRI volume, FDG-PET metabolic activity, and adaptive function added measurement precision beyond that provided by cognitive measures, particularly in the relatively mild range of disease severity. More specifically, MRI volume, and FDG-PET metabolic activity become compromised in the very mild range of severity, followed by cognitive performance and finally adaptive function. Conclusion Our statistically derived models of the AD pathological cascade are consistent with existing theoretical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Balsis
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Jared Benge
- Baylor Scott and White Neurosciences Institute, Temple, Texas
| | - Deborah A Lowe
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Tabina K Choudhury
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Robert Tirso
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station
| | - Rachelle S Doody
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Alzheimer's Disease and Memory Disorders Center, Houston, Texas
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tirso R, Geraci L, Saenz GD. Examining underconfidence among high-performing students: A test of the false consensus hypothesis. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2019.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
10
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D. Saenz
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell Lowell Massachusetts
| | - Robert Tirso
- Department of Psychological and Brain SciencesTexas A&M University College Station Texas
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Marrale M, Collura G, Napoli A, Geraci L, Catalano C, Midiri M, Lagalla R, Gagliardo C. 246. Analysis of signal-to-noise ratio for a 2-channels coil developed to enable transcranial Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (tcMRgFUS) with 1.5 T MRI scanners. Phys Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmp.2018.04.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
|
12
|
Rossi-Arnaud C, Spataro P, Geraci L. Effects of stereotype threat and prior task success on older adults’ eyewitness memory. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2018. [DOI: 10.1037/h0101822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
13
|
Dragarli A, lacone A, Angelini A, D'Antonio D, Accorsi P, Fioritoni G, Geraci L, Berardi A, Quaglietta A, Di Bartolomeo P, Antonucci A, Torlontano G. Seven-day Storage of Single Donor Platelets in Polyolefin Bags: Clinical, Biochemical, Morphological and Microbiological Evaluation. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139888801100112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We compared the in vitro and in vivo function of fresh and stored platelet concentrates (PCs) collected by an automated continuous-flow blood cell separator (CS 3000 Fenwal) in a closed-system apheresis kit in order to evaluate the possibility of extending the storage time to seven days with the polyolefin container (PL-732). The initial 220 ml platelet volume (5.14 ± 1.23 x 1011) was divided into two parts. Half was transfused and the other half was stored for 7 days. All cultured units were negative for bacterial contamination. Mean counts for fresh and stored platelets were respectively 2.34 ± 0.59 and 2.17 ± 0.50 x 1011/100 ml of PCs (mean recovery 88.7 ± 11.9%). The pO2 levels were maintained during storage (179.9 ± 30.5 mmHg) but pCO2, pH, LDH, osmolality, glucose consumption, bicarbonates, ATP, and osmotic stress values changed significantly after 7 days storage. From a clinical point of view, in 14 patients receiving a total of 38 PC transfusions no statistically significant change in corrected post-transfusional levels was observed between fresh and stored PC. Biochemical and morphological data and clinical results suggest that PCs collected with CS-3000 blood cell separator in a closed system and stored for 7 days in polyolefin bags (PL-732) can be satisfactorily employed in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Dragarli
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - A. lacone
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Angelini
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - D. D'Antonio
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - P. Accorsi
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - G. Fioritoni
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - L. Geraci
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Berardi
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Quaglietta
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - P. Di Bartolomeo
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Antonucci
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| | - G. Torlontano
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Pescara - Italy
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Angelini A, lacone A, Dragani A, Accorsi P, D'Antonio D, Geraci L, Berardi A, Quaglietta A, Cacciafiori G, Mascitelli G, Vizioli M, Di Bartolomeo P, Torlontano G. Enrichment of Marrow Hemopoietic Progenitor Cells using a Blood Cell Processor. Int J Artif Organs 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/039139888801100113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A total of 93 bone marrows (BM) from normal donors and patients were processed using the IBM-COBE 2991 blood cell washer to produce a concentrated buffy coat (BC) for either bone marrow transplantation (BMT) or cryopreservation for subsequent autologous BMT. The reduction in volume was 73.3 ± 8.5% and nucleated blood cells (NBC) recovery was 87.1 ± 9.1% of original marrow. Red blood cell (RBC) and platelet (PLT) contamination was reduced 64.5 ± 10.9% and 41.2 ± 24.1%, respectively. Clonogenic activity indicated that the NBC fraction was highly enriched in hematopoietic progenitor cells (> 100%) as assessed in vitro (CFU-GM). Results were not affected by diagnosis, initial marrow volume or cell count of the BM suspension. We conclude that this is a simple and reproducible method using blood bank, facilities and permits BC preparation from BM without significant loss of hematopoietic progenitor cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Angelini
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - A. lacone
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Dragani
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - P. Accorsi
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - D. D'Antonio
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - L. Geraci
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Berardi
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - A. Quaglietta
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - G. Cacciafiori
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - G. Mascitelli
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - M. Vizioli
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - P. Di Bartolomeo
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| | - G. Torlontano
- Institutes of Hematology and Istology, University of Chieti
- Division of Hematology and Blood Bank Anestesiology Unit - ULSS Pescara - Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Balsis S, Choudhury TK, Geraci L, Benge JF, Patrick CJ. Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment: A Review and Illustrations Focusing on Item Response Theory Techniques. Assessment 2017; 25:360-373. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117745125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) affects neurological, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Thus, to accurately assess this disease, researchers and clinicians need to combine and incorporate data across these domains. This presents not only distinct methodological and statistical challenges but also unique opportunities for the development and advancement of psychometric techniques. In this article, we describe relatively recent research using item response theory (IRT) that has been used to make progress in assessing the disease across its various symptomatic and pathological manifestations. We focus on applications of IRT to improve scoring, test development (including cross-validation and adaptation), and linking and calibration. We conclude by describing potential future multidimensional applications of IRT techniques that may improve the precision with which AD is measured.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lisa Geraci
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jared F. Benge
- Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple, TX, USA
- Texas A&M Health Science Center, Temple, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hartley A, Angel L, Castel A, Didierjean A, Geraci L, Hartley J, Hazeltine E, Lemaire P, Maquestiaux F, Ruthruff E, Taconnat L, Thevenot C, Touron D. Successful aging: The role of cognitive gerontology. Exp Aging Res 2017; 44:82-93. [PMID: 29161195 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2017.1398849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This commentary explores the relationships between the construct of successful aging and the experimental psychology of human aging-cognitive gerontology. What can or should cognitive gerontology contribute to understanding, defining, and assessing successful aging? Standards for successful aging reflect value judgments that are culturally and historically situated. Fundamentally, they address social policy; they are prescriptive. If individuals or groups are deemed to be aging successfully, then their characteristics or situations can be emulated. If an individual or a group is deemed to be aging unsuccessfully, then intervention should be considered. Although science is never culture-free or ahistorical, cognitive gerontology is primarily descriptive of age-related change. It is not prescriptive. It is argue that cognitive gerontology has little to contribute to setting standards for successful aging. If, however, better cognitive function is taken as a marker of more successful aging-something not universally accepted-then cognitive gerontology can play an important assessment role. It has a great deal to contribute in determining whether an individual or a group evidences better cognitive function than another. More importantly, cognitive gerontology can provide tools to evaluate the effects of interventions. It can provide targeted measures of perception, attention, memory, executive function, and other facets of cognition that are more sensitive to change than most clinical measures. From a deep understanding of factors affecting cognitive function, cognitive gerontology can also suggest possible interventions. A brief narrative review of interventions that have and have not led to improved cognitive function in older adults. Finally, the enormous range is addressed in the estimates of the proportion of the population that meets a standard for aging successfully, from less than 10% to more than 90%. For research purposes, it would be better to replace absolute cutoffs with correlational approaches (e.g., Freund & Baltes, 1998, Psychology and Aging, 13, 531-543). For policy purposes, cutoffs are necessary, but we propose that assessments of successful aging be based not on absolute cutoffs but on population proportions. An example of one possible standard is this: Those more than 1 standard deviation above the mean are aging successfully; those more than 1 standard deviation below the mean are aging unsuccessfully; those in between are aging usually. Adoption of such a standard may reduce the wide discrepancies in the incidence of successful aging reported in the literature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Hartley
- a Department of Psychology, Scripps College , Claremont , California , USA
| | - Lucie Angel
- b Department of Psychology & CNRS, Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Alan Castel
- c Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles , Los Angeles , California , USA
| | - André Didierjean
- d Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Lisa Geraci
- e Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Joellen Hartley
- f Department of Psychology, California State University , Long Beach, Long Beach , California , USA
| | - Eliot Hazeltine
- g Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa , Ames , Iowa , USA
| | - Patrick Lemaire
- h Department of Psychology Location: Marseilles, Aix-Marseilles Université, xx , France
| | - François Maquestiaux
- d Department of Psychology, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté , Besançon , France
| | - Eric Ruthruff
- i Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico , Albuquerque , New Mexico , USA
| | - Laurence Taconnat
- b Department of Psychology & CNRS, Université de Tours , Tours , France
| | - Catherine Thevenot
- j Institute of Psychology, Université de Lausanne , Lausanne , Switzerland
| | - Dayna Touron
- k Department of Psychology, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , North Carolina , USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Geraci L, Hughes ML, Miller TM, De Forrest RL. The Effect of Prior Task Success on Older Adults' Memory Performance: Examining the Influence of Different Types of Task Success. Exp Aging Res 2017; 42:365-81. [PMID: 27410244 DOI: 10.1080/0361073x.2016.1191860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT Negative aging stereotypes can lead older adults to perform poorly on memory tests. Yet, memory performance can be improved if older adults have a single successful experience on a cognitive test prior to participating in a memory experiment (Geraci & Miller, 2013, Psychology and Aging, 28, 340-345). The current study examined the effects of different types of prior task experience on subsequent memory performance. METHODS Before participating in a verbal free recall experiment, older adults in Experiment 1 successfully completed either a verbal or a visual cognitive task or no task. In Experiment 2, they successfully completed either a motor task or no task before participating in the free recall experiment. RESULTS Results from Experiment 1 showed that relative to control (no prior task), participants who had prior success, either on a verbal or a visual task, had better subsequent recall performance. Experiment 2 showed that prior success on a motor task, however, did not lead to a later memory advantage relative to control. CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that older adults' memory can be improved by a successful prior task experience so long as that experience is in a cognitive domain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- a Department of Psychology , Texas A&M University, College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Matthew L Hughes
- b Department of Psychology , Brandeis University , Waltham , Massachusetts , USA
| | - Tyler M Miller
- c Department of Psychology , South Dakota State University , Brookings , South Dakota , USA
| | - Ross L De Forrest
- a Department of Psychology , Texas A&M University, College Station , Texas , USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Geraci L, De Forrest R, Hughes M, Saenz G, Tirso R. The effect of cognitive testing and feedback on older adults’ subjective age. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition 2017; 25:333-350. [DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2017.1299853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas AM University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Ross De Forrest
- Department of Psychology, Texas AM University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Matthew Hughes
- Department of Psychology, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Gabriel Saenz
- Department of Psychology, Texas AM University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Robert Tirso
- Department of Psychology, Texas AM University, College Station, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND/STUDY CONTEXT This study examined the effect of age and response competition on implicit memory performance. METHODS Younger and older adults studied high- and low-frequency words and took a word stem completion test that could be completed with multiple solutions. To manipulate response competition, the test list consisted of word stems that could be completed with target low-frequency words, as well as multiple other solutions with higher frequencies than the target (the high response competition condition) and word stems that could be completed with target high-frequency words, as well as multiple other solutions with lower frequencies than the target (the low response competition condition). RESULTS Relative to younger adults, older adults showed reduced levels of priming only under conditions of high response competition (low-frequency targets with high-frequency competitors). CONCLUSION In support of a response competition mechanism, older adults were more likely to complete stems with nonstudied high-frequency solutions than were younger adults. Results demonstrate that older adults have reduced priming compared with younger adults under some conditions of high response competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- a Department of Psychology , Texas A&M University , College Station , Texas , USA
| | - Maryellen Hamilton
- b Department of Psychology , Saint Peter's University , Jersey City , New Jersey , USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Mainstream psychological research has been characterized as androcentric in its construction of males as the norm. Does an androcentric bias also characterize the professional visibility of psychologists? We examined this issue for cognitive psychology, where the gender distribution in doctoral degrees has been roughly equal for several decades. Our investigation revealed that, across all indicators surveyed, male cognitive psychologists are more visible than their female counterparts: they are over-represented in professional society governance, as editors-in-chief of leading journals in the field, as Fellows in professional societies, and as recipients of prestigious senior level awards. Taken together, our findings indicate that a gender parity in doctoral degrees in cognitive psychology does not translate into a parity in professional visibility. We discuss a variety of potential reasons for the observed gender gap and suggest that, without attention to gendered structures of status and power, as noted by Shields, existing gender hierarchies may persist and be reproduced.
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Miller TM, Geraci L. The influence of retrieval practice on metacognition: The contribution of analytic and non-analytic processes. Conscious Cogn 2016; 42:41-50. [PMID: 26985881 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
People may change their memory predictions after retrieval practice using naïve theories of memory and/or by using subjective experience - analytic and non-analytic processes respectively. The current studies disentangled contributions of each process. In one condition, learners studied paired-associates, made a memory prediction, completed a short-run of retrieval practice and made a second prediction. In another condition, judges read about a yoked learners' retrieval practice performance but did not participate in retrieval practice and therefore, could not use non-analytic processes for the second prediction. In Study 1, learners reduced their predictions following moderately difficult retrieval practice whereas judges increased their predictions. In Study 2, learners made lower adjusted predictions than judges following both easy and difficult retrieval practice. In Study 3, judge-like participants used analytic processes to report adjusted predictions. Overall, the results suggested non-analytic processes play a key role for participants to reduce their predictions after retrieval practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler M Miller
- Department of Psychology, South Dakota State University, United States.
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, United States
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
|
24
|
Guillory JJ, Geraci L. The Persistence of Erroneous Information in Memory: The Effect of Valence on the Acceptance of Corrected Information. Appl Cognit Psychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology; Texas A&M University; College Station USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Lowe D, Balsis S, Benge J, Geraci L, Toomey L, Gutierrez Ramirez A. AGING AND DEMENTIA: ALZHEIMER'S DISEASEB-01How do Scores on the ADAS-Cog, MMSE, and CDR-SOB Correspond? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
|
27
|
Lowe D, Balsis S, Benge J, Geraci L, Toomey L, Gutierrez Ramirez A. Aging-1How do Scores on the ADAS-Cog, MMSE, and CDR-SOB Correspond? Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv046.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
28
|
Miller TM, Geraci L. Improving metacognitive accuracy: How failing to retrieve practice items reduces overconfidence. Conscious Cogn 2014; 29:131-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2014.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
29
|
Guillory JJ, Geraci L. Correcting erroneous inferences in memory: The role of source credibility. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jarmac.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
30
|
Abstract
How old one feels-one's subjective age-has been shown to predict important psychological and health outcomes. The current studies examined the effect of taking a standard memory test on older adults' subjective age. Study 1 showed that older adults felt older after taking a standard neuropsychological screening test and participating in a free-recall experiment than they felt at baseline. Study 2 showed that the effect was selective to older adults: Younger adults' subjective age was not affected by participating in the memory experiment. Study 3 showed that the subjective-aging effect was specific to memory, as taking a vocabulary test for a similar amount of time did not affect older adults' subjective age. Finally, Study 4 showed that simply expecting to take a memory test subjectively aged older adults. The results indicate that being in a memory-testing context affects older adults' self-perception by making them feel older.
Collapse
|
31
|
Abstract
Holding negative aging stereotypes can lead older adults to perform poorly on memory tests. We attempted to improve older adults' memory performance by giving them task experience that would counter their negative performance expectations. Before participating in a memory experiment, younger and older adults were given a cognitive task that they could either successfully complete, not successfully complete, or they were given no prior task. For older adults, recall was significantly higher and self-reported anxiety was significantly lower for the prior task success group relative to the other groups. There was no effect of prior task experience on younger adults' memory performance. Results suggest that older adults' memory can be improved with a single successful prior task experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
McCabe DP, Geraci L, Boman JK, Sensenig AE, Rhodes MG. On the validity of remember–know judgments: Evidence from think aloud protocols. Conscious Cogn 2011; 20:1625-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Abstract
Three experiments examined the role of salience in predicting superior memory for incongruent or odd items (the isolation effect). We tested the hypothesis that encoding salience emerges over the course of the encoding episode and predicts the isolation effect. In Experiment 1 participants studied lists of unrelated items and lists of categorized items containing an isolated item (from a different semantic category) that was presented either early or late in the list. Participants made delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) for studied items and were then given a free recall test. Results showed that participants had superior recall for the isolated items regardless of their list position and that delayed JOLs predicted this effect for both early and late isolation conditions. Experiment 2 replicated this delayed JOL effect using a different isolation paradigm that used only a single study list. Experiment 3 examined the specific mechanism by which isolated items become salient over the course of encoding and demonstrated that isolated items become salient as knowledge of the list structure unfolds. Results from these studies suggest that isolated items become salient over the course of the study episode, and that this salience predicts the isolation effect in memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Benge JF, Balsis S, Geraci L, Massman PJ, Doody RS. How well do the ADAS-cog and its subscales measure cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease? Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 2009; 28:63-9. [PMID: 19641319 DOI: 10.1159/000230709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive (ADAS-cog) is regularly used to assess cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD) clinical trials. Yet, little is known about how the instrument and its subscales measure cognition across the spectrum of AD. The current investigation used item response theory (IRT) analyses to assess the measurement properties of the ADAS-cog across the range of cognitive dysfunction in AD. METHODS We used IRT-based analyses to establish the relationship between cognitive dysfunction and the probability of obtaining observed scores on each subscale and the test as a whole. Data were obtained from 1,087 patients with AD and amnestic mild cognitive impairment. RESULTS Results showed that the ADAS-cog and its subscales provide maximum information at moderate levels of cognitive dysfunction. Raw score differences toward the lower and higher ends of the scale corresponded to large differences in cognitive dysfunction, whereas raw score differences toward the middle of the scale corresponded to smaller differences. CONCLUSIONS The utility of the ADAS-cog and its subscales is optimal in the moderate range of cognitive dysfunction, but raw score differences in that region correspond to relatively small differences in cognitive dysfunction. Implications for tracking and staging dementia and for clinical trials are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jared F Benge
- Mental Health Care Line, Michael E. DeBakey Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Houston, Tex. 77030, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Geraci L, McCabe DP, Guillory JJ. On interpreting the relationship between remember–know judgments and confidence: The role of instructions. Conscious Cogn 2009; 18:701-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2009.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
37
|
Geraci L, Hamilton M. Examining the response competition hypothesis of age effects in implicit memory. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2009; 16:683-707. [PMID: 19521885 DOI: 10.1080/13825580902912713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Age reductions in priming have been explained by differences in processing demands across implicit memory tests. According to one hypothesis, older adults show reduced priming relative to younger adults on implicit tests that require production of a response because these tests typically allow for response competition. In contrast, older adults do not show reductions in priming on identification tests that contain little response competition. The following experiments tested the specific role of response competition in mediating age effects in implicit memory. In Experiment 1, younger and older adults studied a list of words and were then given an implicit test of word stem completion. They studied a second list of words and were given an implicit test of general knowledge. Each implicit test contained items with unique solutions (the low response competition condition) and items with multiple solutions (the high response competition condition). In Experiment 2, younger and older adults were given explicit versions of the word stem completion and the general knowledge tests. Results showed an effect of age on explicit memory (Experiment 2), but no effect of age or response competition on priming (Experiment 1). Results are inconsistent with the theory that response competition leads to age effects on production tests of implicit memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Abstract
Older adults' susceptibility to misinformation in an eyewitness memory paradigm was examined in two experiments. Experiment 1 showed that older adults are more susceptible to interfering misinformation than are younger adults on two different tests (old-new recognition and source monitoring). Experiment 2 examined the extent to which processes associated with frontal lobe functioning underlie older adults' source-monitoring difficulties. Older adults with lower frontal-lobe-functioning scores on neuropsychological tests were particularly susceptible to false memories in the misinformation paradigm. The authors' results agree with data from other false memory paradigms that show greater false recollections in older adults, especially in those who scored poorly on frontal tests. The results support a source-monitoring account of aging and illusory recollection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Roediger
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
Curiously, studies using the remember/know paradigm to measure recollective experience show that people often vividly remember events that never occurred, a phenomenon referred to as illusory recollection. Two experiments tested the hypothesis that false remember responses in the converging associates, or Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) paradigm, reflect accurate memory for the study episode, rather than false recollection of critical lures. To test this hypothesis, we used standard remember instructions that emphasized recollection of the study context by allowing participants to use memory of surrounding list items as evidence for recollection, or we used modified instructions that did not include memory for surrounding list items as a basis for recollection. Results showed that, as compared with the standard instruction condition, the modified instructions selectively reduced reports of false remember responses to critical lures, but did not affect remember responses to studied items. By contrast, remember responses to critical lures were unaffected by an instruction condition that excluded the use of voice information as evidence for remembering. These results suggest that remember responses to falsely recognized items are driven partly by retrieval of studied items, rather than illusory recollection of the critical lures themselves. They further point to the importance of instructions in influencing subjective reports.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hamilton M, Geraci L. The Picture Superiority Effect in Conceptual Implicit Memory: A Conceptual Distinctiveness Hypothesis. The American Journal of Psychology 2006. [DOI: 10.2307/20445315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
41
|
Abstract
Older adults have been hypothesized to show reduced priming relative to younger adults on implicit memory tests that require production of a response because these tasks place high demands on attentional processes associated with frontal lobe function, which are often reduced with age (see D. A. Fleischman & J. D. E. Gabrieli, 1998). The current study directly tested this frontal lobe hypothesis of age effects in production priming. Younger adults and older adults who differed in their attentional abilities as measured by a battery of neuropsychological tests were given two production priming tasks, word stem completion and category production, followed by explicit free recall tests. Results showed that explicit memory performance was reduced by age and older adults' frontal functioning. Age and frontal functioning influenced category production priming but not word stem completion priming. Results failed to support the frontal account of age reductions in production priming. Instead, results implicate the influence of other processes often involved in production priming tasks, such as explicit memory strategies and response competition, as critical for understanding age effects in implicit memory performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Hamilton M, Geraci L. The picture superiority effect in conceptual implicit memory: a conceptual distinctiveness hypothesis. Am J Psychol 2006; 119:1-20. [PMID: 16550852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
According to leading theories, the picture superiority effect is driven by conceptual processing, yet this effect has been difficult to obtain using conceptual implicit memory tests. We hypothesized that the picture superiority effect results from conceptual processing of a picture's distinctive features rather than a picture's semantic features. To test this hypothesis, we used 2 conceptual implicit general knowledge tests; one cued conceptually distinctive features (e.g., "What animal has large eyes?") and the other cued semantic features (e.g., "What animal is the figurehead of Tootsie Roll?"). Results showed a picture superiority effect only on the conceptual test using distinctive cues, supporting our hypothesis that this effect is mediated by conceptual processing of a picture's distinctive features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maryellen Hamilton
- Department of Psychology, Saint Peter's College, Jersey City, NJ 07306, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
Three studies explored the extent to which people use various object features, including linguistic label, shape, and category membership, to make decisions about the source of their memories. To isolate the influence of each feature, we used items that were related in the following four ways: as synonyms, as similar in shape and category membership, as homographs, or as unrelated. Participants read sentences and either saw or imagined a picture of the critical word's referent. Experiment 1 showed that participants committed more source errors for synonyms (e.g., rabbit and bunny) than for objects that were conceptually and perceptually similar (e.g., doughnut and bagel), which produced more errors than unrelated items. However, there was no effect of label, as people did not have more errors for homographs (e.g., baseball bat and flying bat) than unrelated items. In Experiment 2, presenting the critical word at study was not sufficient to lead people to use an item's label to make source decisions. However, Experiment 3 showed more source errors for homographs than unrelated pairs when semantic context was minimised at study, suggesting that people can use linguistic labels to make source decisions when other information is unavailable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Geraci
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St Louis, MO 63130-4899, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
|
45
|
Abstract
Processing approaches to cognition have a long history, from act psychology to the present, but perhaps their greatest boost was given by the success and dominance of the levels-of-processing framework. We review the history of processing approaches, and explore the influence of the levels-of-processing approach, the procedural approach advocated by Paul Kolers, and the transfer-appropriate processing framework. Processing approaches emphasise the procedures of mind and the idea that memory storage can be usefully conceptualised as residing in the same neural units that originally processed information at the time of encoding. Processing approaches emphasise the unity and interrelatedness of cognitive processes and maintain that they can be dissected into separate faculties only by neglecting the richness of mental life. We end by pointing to future directions for processing approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henry L Roediger
- Department of Psychology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63105, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Research shows that Remember and Know judgments are effective measures of recollective experience. This article shows that Know responses can be selectively affected by fluency of processing that is created using a conceptual manipulation. In a recognition test, studied and nonstudied words were preceded by semantically related or unrelated primes. Participants gave significantly more Know judgments to items with related primes than unrelated primes but Remember responses were unaffected. Know responses are discussed in terms of familiarity assumed to arise from fluency of processing which, in turn, may be created through various sources including conceptual processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rajaram
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-2500, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Research shows that Remember and Know judgments are effective measures of recollective experience. This article shows that Know responses can be selectively affected by fluency of processing that is created using a conceptual manipulation. In a recognition test, studied and nonstudied words were preceded by semantically related or unrelated primes. Participants gave significantly more Know judgments to items with related primes than unrelated primes but Remember responses were unaffected. Know responses are discussed in terms of familiarity assumed to arise from fluency of processing which, in turn, may be created through various sources including conceptual processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Rajaram
- Department of Psychology, State University of New York, Stony Brook 11794-2500, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Berardi A, Geraci L, Quaglietta AM, Di Bartolomeo G, Dragani A. Pharmacological mobilization of haemopoietic progenitor cells in human peripheral blood. Haematologica 1990; 75 Suppl 1:15-7. [PMID: 2351339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated Prednisone (PRD) and Folinic Acid (FA) ability to recruit stem cells (CFU-S) into the circulating compartment, evaluating CFU-GM, BFU-E and CFU-GEMM count increases in peripheral blood (PB). Fifteen healthy donors were administered 75 mg PRD in one trial, and 15 mg FA p.o. through 5 consecutive days in another trial. We observed a significant expansion for BFU-E and CFU-GEMM compartments, though not parallelled by CFU-GM expansion. FA determined a significant increase in CFU-GM on the 5th day of administration, as well as in BFU-E on day 7. It fails to raise CFU-GEMM. The authors suggest a less empiric persuing for such attempts to optimize the use of non-chemotherapic drugs to recruit hemopoietic precursors into PB, so that these can suit to meet stem cell needs for autologous and allogeneic transplantations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Berardi
- Divisione di Ematologia e Centro Trasfusionale, Ospedale Civile, Pescara, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Calabrese G, Di Bartolomeo P, Stuppia L, Guanciali Franchi P, Parruti G, Ciancarelli M, Angrilli F, Geraci L, Palka G. Cytogenetics in patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia treated with bone marrow transplantation. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1989; 41:49-59. [PMID: 2670196 DOI: 10.1016/0165-4608(89)90107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cytogenetic data are reported from 16 patients with Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) positive chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) treated with bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The usefulness of cytogenetic investigations for the assessment of marrow engraftment is stressed. The significance of persistence or reappearance of Ph after BMT, possibly due to a defective leukemic clone eradication by the conditioning regimen, is also discussed. Generally, Ph-positive cells are damaged and disappear within the first year of BMT. Sometimes, however, the cells may repair the damage and proliferate again, resulting in disease relapse. Rarely, clinical and hematologic relapse does not follow Ph-positive clone expansion although leukemic cells represent more than 50% of marrow metaphases examined. Finally, the effect of interferon on Ph-positive clones after BMT and random chromosome changes, that appear transiently after BMT and are of uncertain significance, are discussed.
Collapse
|
50
|
D'Antonio D, Angelini A, Iacone A, Dragani A, Di Gianfilippo R, Accorsi P, Quaglietta A, Geraci L, Berardi A, Dell'Isola M. Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus with monoclonal antibody in blood component donors: a simple screening for hemotherapy in a bone marrow transplantation program. Haematologica 1988; 73:495-7. [PMID: 2853121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
|