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Bucan M, Abrahams BS, Wang K, Glessner JT, Herman EI, Sonnenblick LI, Alvarez Retuerto AI, Imielinski M, Hadley D, Bradfield JP, Kim C, Gidaya NB, Lindquist I, Hutman T, Sigman M, Kustanovich V, Lajonchere CM, Singleton A, Kim J, Wassink TH, McMahon WM, Owley T, Sweeney JA, Coon H, Nurnberger JI, Li M, Cantor RM, Minshew NJ, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Dawson G, Buxbaum JD, Grant SFA, Schellenberg GD, Geschwind DH, Hakonarson H. Genome-wide analyses of exonic copy number variants in a family-based study point to novel autism susceptibility genes. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000536. [PMID: 19557195 PMCID: PMC2695001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetics underlying the autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) is complex and remains poorly understood. Previous work has demonstrated an important role for structural variation in a subset of cases, but has lacked the resolution necessary to move beyond detection of large regions of potential interest to identification of individual genes. To pinpoint genes likely to contribute to ASD etiology, we performed high density genotyping in 912 multiplex families from the Autism Genetics Resource Exchange (AGRE) collection and contrasted results to those obtained for 1,488 healthy controls. Through prioritization of exonic deletions (eDels), exonic duplications (eDups), and whole gene duplication events (gDups), we identified more than 150 loci harboring rare variants in multiple unrelated probands, but no controls. Importantly, 27 of these were confirmed on examination of an independent replication cohort comprised of 859 cases and an additional 1,051 controls. Rare variants at known loci, including exonic deletions at NRXN1 and whole gene duplications encompassing UBE3A and several other genes in the 15q11-q13 region, were observed in the course of these analyses. Strong support was likewise observed for previously unreported genes such as BZRAP1, an adaptor molecule known to regulate synaptic transmission, with eDels or eDups observed in twelve unrelated cases but no controls (p = 2.3x10(-5)). Less is known about MDGA2, likewise observed to be case-specific (p = 1.3x10(-4)). But, it is notable that the encoded protein shows an unexpectedly high similarity to Contactin 4 (BLAST E-value = 3x10(-39)), which has also been linked to disease. That hundreds of distinct rare variants were each seen only once further highlights complexity in the ASDs and points to the continued need for larger cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Bucan
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Penn Center for Bioinformatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Brett S. Abrahams
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joseph T. Glessner
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Edward I. Herman
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa I. Sonnenblick
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ana I. Alvarez Retuerto
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Autism Research, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marcin Imielinski
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dexter Hadley
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan P. Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cecilia Kim
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole B. Gidaya
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ingrid Lindquist
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ted Hutman
- Center for Autism Research, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Marian Sigman
- Center for Autism Research, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Vlad Kustanovich
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Clara M. Lajonchere
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew Singleton
- Porter Neuroscience Research Center, National Institute on Aging, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Junhyong Kim
- Penn Center for Bioinformatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas H. Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - William M. McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Thomas Owley
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John A. Sweeney
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John I. Nurnberger
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Rita M. Cantor
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nancy J. Minshew
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James S. Sutcliffe
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience and Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Edwin H. Cook
- Institute for Juvenile Research, Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Geraldine Dawson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph D. Buxbaum
- Seaver Autism Center for Research and Treatment, Departments of Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Struan F. A. Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gerard D. Schellenberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel H. Geschwind
- Autism Genetic Resource Exchange, Autism Speaks, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California Los Angeles, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Center for Autism Research, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Wang K, Zhang H, Ma D, Bucan M, Glessner JT, Abrahams BS, Salyakina D, Imielinski M, Bradfield JP, Sleiman PMA, Kim CE, Hou C, Frackelton E, Chiavacci R, Takahashi N, Sakurai T, Rappaport E, Lajonchere CM, Munson J, Estes A, Korvatska O, Piven J, Sonnenblick LI, Alvarez Retuerto AI, Herman EI, Dong H, Hutman T, Sigman M, Ozonoff S, Klin A, Owley T, Sweeney JA, Brune CW, Cantor RM, Bernier R, Gilbert JR, Cuccaro ML, McMahon WM, Miller J, State MW, Wassink TH, Coon H, Levy SE, Schultz RT, Nurnberger JI, Haines JL, Sutcliffe JS, Cook EH, Minshew NJ, Buxbaum JD, Dawson G, Grant SFA, Geschwind DH, Pericak-Vance MA, Schellenberg GD, Hakonarson H. Common genetic variants on 5p14.1 associate with autism spectrum disorders. Nature 2009; 459:528-33. [PMID: 19404256 DOI: 10.1038/nature07999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) represent a group of childhood neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders characterized by deficits in verbal communication, impairment of social interaction, and restricted and repetitive patterns of interests and behaviour. To identify common genetic risk factors underlying ASDs, here we present the results of genome-wide association studies on a cohort of 780 families (3,101 subjects) with affected children, and a second cohort of 1,204 affected subjects and 6,491 control subjects, all of whom were of European ancestry. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms between cadherin 10 (CDH10) and cadherin 9 (CDH9)-two genes encoding neuronal cell-adhesion molecules-revealed strong association signals, with the most significant SNP being rs4307059 (P = 3.4 x 10(-8), odds ratio = 1.19). These signals were replicated in two independent cohorts, with combined P values ranging from 7.4 x 10(-8) to 2.1 x 10(-10). Our results implicate neuronal cell-adhesion molecules in the pathogenesis of ASDs, and represent, to our knowledge, the first demonstration of genome-wide significant association of common variants with susceptibility to ASDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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