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Craddock CF, Houlton AE, Quek LS, Ferguson P, Gbandi E, Roberts C, Metzner M, Garcia-Martin N, Kennedy A, Hamblin A, Raghavan M, Nagra S, Dudley L, Wheatley K, McMullin MF, Pillai SP, Kelly RJ, Siddique S, Dennis M, Cavenagh JD, Vyas P. Outcome of Azacitidine Therapy in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Is not Improved by Concurrent Vorinostat Therapy but Is Predicted by a Diagnostic Molecular Signature. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:6430-6440. [PMID: 28765326 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Azacitidine (AZA) is a novel therapeutic option in older patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), but its rational utilization is compromised by the fact that neither the determinants of clinical response nor its mechanism of action are defined. Co-administration of histone deacetylase inhibitors, such as vorinostat (VOR), is reported to improve the clinical activity of AZA, but this has not been prospectively studied in patients with AML.Experimental Design: We compared outcomes in 259 adults with AML (n = 217) and MDS (n = 42) randomized to receive either AZA monotherapy (75 mg/m2 × 7 days every 28 days) or AZA combined with VOR 300 mg twice a day on days 3 to 9 orally. Next-generation sequencing was performed in 250 patients on 41 genes commonly mutated in AML. Serial immunophenotyping of progenitor cells was performed in 47 patients.Results: Co-administration of VOR did not increase the overall response rate (P = 0.84) or overall survival (OS; P = 0.32). Specifically, no benefit was identified in either de novo or relapsed AML. Mutations in the genes CDKN2A (P = 0.0001), IDH1 (P = 0.004), and TP53 (P = 0.003) were associated with reduced OS. Lymphoid multipotential progenitor populations were greatly expanded at diagnosis and although reduced in size in responding patients remained detectable throughout treatment.Conclusions: This study demonstrates no benefit of concurrent administration of VOR with AZA but identifies a mutational signature predictive of outcome after AZA-based therapy. The correlation between heterozygous loss of function CDKN2A mutations and decreased OS implicates induction of cell-cycle arrest as a mechanism by which AZA exerts its clinical activity. Clin Cancer Res; 23(21); 6430-40. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles F Craddock
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
| | - Aimee E Houlton
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn Swun Quek
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ferguson
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gbandi
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Corran Roberts
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marlen Metzner
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Natalia Garcia-Martin
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Kennedy
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Angela Hamblin
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manoj Raghavan
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Sandeep Nagra
- Centre for Clinical Haematology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Dudley
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Wheatley
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Srinivas P Pillai
- University Hospitals of North Midlands, Stoke on Trent, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shamyla Siddique
- Cancer Research UK Clinical Trials Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Dennis
- The Christie NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie D Cavenagh
- Department of Haemato-Oncology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, Bart's Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paresh Vyas
- MRC Molecular Haematology Unit and Centre for Haematology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford and Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Dudley L, Kettle C, Waterfield J, Ismail KMK. Perineal resuturing versus expectant management following vaginal delivery complicated by a dehisced wound (PREVIEW): a nested qualitative study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e013008. [PMID: 28188152 PMCID: PMC5306502 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore women's lived experiences of a dehisced perineal wound following childbirth and how they felt participating in a pilot and feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT). DESIGN A nested qualitative study using semistructured interviews, underpinned by descriptive phenomenology. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A purposive sample of six women at 6-9 months postnatal who participated in the RCT were interviewed in their own homes. RESULTS Following Giorgi's analytical framework the verbatim transcripts were analysed for key themes. Women's lived experiences revealed 4 emerging themes: (1) Physical impact, with sub-themes focusing upon avoiding infection, perineal pain and the impact of the wound dehiscence upon daily activities; (2) Psychosocial impact, with sub-themes of denial, sense of failure or self-blame, fear, isolation and altered body image; (3) Sexual impact; and (4) Satisfaction with wound healing. A fifth theme 'participating in the RCT' was 'a priori' with sub-themes centred upon understanding the randomisation process, completing the trial questionnaires, attending for hospital appointments and acceptability of the treatment options. CONCLUSIONS To the best of our knowledge, this is the first qualitative study to grant women the opportunity to voice their personal experiences of a dehisced perineal wound and their views on the management offered. The powerful testimonies presented disclose the extent of morbidity experienced while also revealing a strong preference for a treatment option. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN05754020; results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dudley
- The Maternity Centre, Royal Stoke, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Staffordshire, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK
| | - C Kettle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK
| | - J Waterfield
- School of Health and Rehabilitation and Institute for Primary Care and Health Sciences, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Khaled M K Ismail
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Dudley L, Kettle C, Thomas PW, Ismail KMK. Perineal resuturing versus expectant management following vaginal delivery complicated by a dehisced wound (PREVIEW): a pilot and feasibility randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e012766. [PMID: 28188151 PMCID: PMC5306527 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial (RCT) comparing the effectiveness of resuturing versus expectant management for dehisced perineal wounds. DESIGN A multicentre pilot and feasibility RCT. SETTING Ten UK maternity units from July 2011 to July 2013. POPULATION Eligible women with a dehisced perineal wound within 2 weeks of childbirth. METHODS The interventions were resuturing or expectancy. Randomisation was via web or telephone, stratified by participating centre. Blinding was not possible due to the nature of the interventions. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. OUTCOME The primary outcome measure was wound healing at 6-8 weeks. RESULTS The study revealed a number of feasibility issues, particularly strong patient and clinician preference for treatment options at recruiting centres and the timing of the primary outcome measure. Thirty-four women were randomised (17 in each arm). Data from 33 women were analysed on an intention-to-treat analysis to obtain preliminary estimates of effect size. There was a difference in wound healing at 2 weeks favouring resuturing (OR 20.00, 95% CI 2.04 to 196.37, p=0.004). However, by 6-8 weeks all but one wound in both groups had healed. CONCLUSIONS PREVIEW revealed a number of feasibility issues, which impacted on recruitment rate. These will have to be taken into account in the design of any future definitive study. In this feasibility study, resuturing was associated with quicker wound healing and women reported higher satisfaction rates with the outcome at 3 months. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ISRCTN05754020.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dudley
- The Maternity Centre, Royal Stoke, University Hospitals of North Midlands, Staffordshire, UK
- Faculty of Health, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Professor Emerita of Women's Health, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK
| | - C Kettle
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Professor Emerita of Women's Health, Staffordshire University, Stafford, UK
| | - P W Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Professor of Health Care Statistics and Epidemiology, Bournemouth University Clinical Research Unit, Bournemouth University, Dorset, UK
| | - K M K Ismail
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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Young B, Dudley L, Williamson P, Gamble C. Realising the potential of patient and public involvement to make a difference: what can trial teams do? Trials 2015. [PMCID: PMC4659320 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-16-s2-o93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Gamble C, Dudley L, Allam A, Bell P, Buck D, Goodare H, Hanley B, Preston J, Walker A, Williamson PR, Young B. An evidence base to optimise methods for involving patient and public contributors in clinical trials: a mixed-methods study. Health Serv Deliv Res 2015. [DOI: 10.3310/hsdr03390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BackgroundIn comparison with other study designs, randomised trials are regarded as particularly likely to benefit from patient and public involvement (PPI). Using mixed-methods research we investigated PPI from the perspectives of researchers and PPI contributors.MethodsRandomised trials in receipt of funding from the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) programme between 2006 and 2010 were identified. Funding applications and board and referee comments were obtained and data relevant to PPI extracted. Chief investigators (CIs), PPI contributors and UK Clinical Research Collaboration Registered Clinical Trials Units (RCTUs) were surveyed. Interviews were conducted with researchers and PPI contributors.ResultsA total of 111 trials were included. Text relevant to PPI was identified in half of the trials for which the first-stage applications were available, but only one-quarter described PPI within their development. In the second stage of the application, the majority provided some text relevant to PPI, with over half having PPI in their development. Fewer than half of referees commented on PPI, and funding boards rarely provided comments in relation to PPI. Seventy-three per cent (81 of 111) of CIs responded to the survey and 98% (79 of 81) included PPI at some stage in their trial. CIs considered high impact from PPI contributors to occur more frequently in trial setup, with low or no impact being more common during trial conduct, analysis and dissemination. Only one-third of CIs provided PPI contributor contact details but all contributors contacted completed the survey. The majority of contributors felt engaged and valued by the research team. Interviews were conducted with researchers and/or PPI contributors for 28 trials identifying two main influences on perception of PPI impact: whether or not CIs expressed personal goals and plans for PPI; and the quality of their relationship with the PPI contributors. The importance of early engagement was identified, with opportunity for input thereafter limited. Three PPI roles were identified: oversight, managerial and responsive. Oversight roles, as required by funders, were associated with low impact in comparison with responsive or managerial roles. Most researchers could see some value in PPI training for researchers, although those that had received such training themselves expressed concerns about its purpose and evidence base. Training for PPI contributors was considered unnecessary, with conversational approaches preferred, although this did not appear to provide an opportunity for role negotiation. The RCTU survey response rate was 85% (39 of 46). The majority (37 of 39) reported PPI within trials co-ordinated by their unit. Trial characteristics were used by half to determine the approach to PPI. Two-thirds reported recent developments or changes in implementing plans for PPI (21 of 33). Support to PPI contributors was commonly offered through members of staff at the unit.ConclusionsPPI is occurring in the majority of trials funded by the HTA programme, but uncertainty remains about how it is assessed and valued. Early involvement, building a relationship between researchers and contributors, responsive or managerial roles, and having defined goals for PPI were associated with impact. Efficiency could be gained by utilising the RCTU network to identify and tackle challenges, and develop a risk-based approach utilising trial characteristics. Recommendations are made to trial funders and the research community. Given the difficulties for some informants in recalling PPI contributions, future research using a prospective approach would be valuable. Ethnographic research that combines observation and multi-informant interviews is likely to be informative in identifying impact. The research community needs to give further consideration to processes for selecting PPI contributors and models of implementing PPI.FundingThe National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research programme and INVOLVE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrol Gamble
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Dudley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Deborah Buck
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Jennifer Preston
- Medicines for Children Research Network, Coordinating Centre, Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Institute of Translational Medicine (Child Health), University of Liverpool, Alder Hey Children’s NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Bridget Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Dudley L, Gamble C, Preston J, Buck D, Hanley B, Williamson P, Young B. What Difference Does Patient and Public Involvement Make and What Are Its Pathways to Impact? Qualitative Study of Patients and Researchers from a Cohort of Randomised Clinical Trials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128817. [PMID: 26053063 PMCID: PMC4459695 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patient and public involvement (PPI) is advocated in clinical trials yet evidence on how to optimise its impact is limited. We explored researchers' and PPI contributors' accounts of the impact of PPI within trials and factors likely to influence its impact. METHODS Semi-structured qualitative interviews with researchers and PPI contributors accessed through a cohort of randomised clinical trials. Analysis of transcripts of audio-recorded interviews was informed by the principles of the constant comparative method, elements of content analysis and informant triangulation. RESULTS We interviewed 21 chief investigators, 10 trial managers and 17 PPI contributors from 28 trials. The accounts of informants within the same trials were largely in agreement. Over half the informants indicted PPI had made a difference within a trial, through contributions that influenced either an aspect of a trial, or how researchers thought about a trial. According to informants, the opportunity for PPI to make a difference was influenced by two main factors: whether chief investigators had goals and plans for PPI and the quality of the relationship between the research team and the PPI contributors. Early involvement of PPI contributors and including them in responsive (e.g. advisory groups) and managerial (e.g. trial management groups) roles were more likely to achieve impact compared to late involvement and oversight roles (e.g. trial steering committees). CONCLUSION Those seeking to enhance PPI in trials should develop goals for PPI at an early stage that fits the needs of the trial, plan PPI implementation in accordance with these goals, invest in developing good relationships between PPI contributors and researchers, and favour responsive and managerial roles for contributors in preference to oversight-only roles. These features could be used by research funders in judging PPI in trial grant applications and to inform policies to optimise PPI within trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dudley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrol Gamble
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Preston
- NIHR Clinical Research Network: Children, Coordinating Centre, University of Liverpool, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah Buck
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bec Hanley
- TwoCan Associates, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Bridget Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Dudley L, Gamble C, Allam A, Bell P, Buck D, Goodare H, Hanley B, Preston J, Walker A, Williamson P, Young B. A little more conversation please? Qualitative study of researchers' and patients' interview accounts of training for patient and public involvement in clinical trials. Trials 2015; 16:190. [PMID: 25928689 PMCID: PMC4410574 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Training in patient and public involvement (PPI) is recommended, yet little is known about what training is needed. We explored researchers’ and PPI contributors’ accounts of PPI activity and training to inform the design of PPI training for both parties. Methods We used semi-structured qualitative interviews with researchers (chief investigators and trial managers) and PPI contributors, accessed through a cohort of clinical trials, which had been funded between 2006 and 2010. An analysis of transcripts of audio-recorded interviews drew on the constant comparative method. Results We interviewed 31 researchers and 17 PPI contributors from 28 trials. Most researchers could see some value in PPI training for researchers, although just under half had received such training themselves, and some had concerns about the purpose and evidence base for PPI training. PPI contributors were evenly split in their perceptions of whether researchers needed training in PPI. Few PPI contributors had themselves received training for their roles. Many informants across all groups felt that training PPI contributors was unnecessary because they already possessed the skills needed. Informants were also concerned that training would professionalise PPI contributors, limiting their ability to provide an authentic patient perspective. However, informants welcomed informal induction ‘conversations’ to help contributors understand their roles and support them in voicing their opinions. Informants believed that PPI contributors should be confident, motivated, intelligent, focussed on helping others and have relevant experience. Researchers looked for these qualities when selecting contributors, and spoke of how finding ‘the right’ contributor was more important than accessing ‘the right’ training. Conclusions While informants were broadly receptive to PPI training for researchers, they expressed considerable reluctance to training PPI contributors. Providers of training will need to address these reservations. Our findings point to the importance of reconsidering how training is conceptualised, designed and promoted and of providing flexible, learning opportunities in ways that flow from researchers’ and contributors’ needs and preferences. We also identify some areas of training content and the need for further consideration to be given to the selection of PPI contributors and models for implementing PPI to ensure clinical trials benefit from a diversity of patient perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Dudley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Carrol Gamble
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Alison Allam
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Philip Bell
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Deborah Buck
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Heather Goodare
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Bec Hanley
- TwoCan Associates, 59 Wickham Hill, Hurstpierpoint, Hassocks, BN6 9NR, UK.
| | - Jennifer Preston
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Institute of Translational Medicine (Child Health), Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, NIHR Clinical Research Network: Children, Coordinating Centre, University of Liverpool, Eaton Road, Liverpool, L12 2AP, UK.
| | - Alison Walker
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Paula Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, 1st floor Duncan Building, Daulby Street, Liverpool, L69 3GA, UK.
| | - Bridget Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Whelan Building, Liverpool, L69 3GB, UK.
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Buck D, Gamble C, Dudley L, Preston J, Hanley B, Williamson PR, Young B. From plans to actions in patient and public involvement: qualitative study of documented plans and the accounts of researchers and patients sampled from a cohort of clinical trials. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006400. [PMID: 25475243 PMCID: PMC4256646 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2014] [Revised: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED : Patient and public involvement (PPI) in research is increasingly required, although evidence to inform its implementation is limited. OBJECTIVE Inform the evidence base by describing how plans for PPI were implemented within clinical trials and identifying the challenges and lessons learnt by research teams. METHODS We compared PPI plans extracted from clinical trial grant applications (funded by the National Institute for Health Research Health Technology Assessment Programme between 2006 and 2010) with researchers' and PPI contributors' interview accounts of PPI implementation. Analysis of PPI plans and transcribed qualitative interviews drew on the Framework technique. RESULTS Of 28 trials, 25 documented plans for PPI in funding applications and half described implementing PPI before applying for funding. Plans varied from minimal to extensive, although almost all anticipated multiple modes of PPI. Interview accounts indicated that PPI plans had been fully implemented in 20/25 trials and even expanded in some. Nevertheless, some researchers described PPI within their trials as tokenistic. Researchers and contributors noted that late or minimal PPI engagement diminished its value. Both groups perceived uncertainty about roles in relation to PPI, and noted contributors' lack of confidence and difficulties attending meetings. PPI contributors experienced problems in interacting with researchers and understanding technical language. Researchers reported difficulties finding 'the right' PPI contributors, and advised caution when involving investigators' current patients. CONCLUSIONS Engaging PPI contributors early and ensuring ongoing clarity about their activities, roles and goals, is crucial to PPI's success. Funders, reviewers and regulators should recognise the value of preapplication PPI and allocate further resources to it. They should also consider whether PPI plans in grant applications match a trial's distinct needs. Monitoring and reporting PPI before, during and after trials will help the research community to optimise PPI, although the need for ongoing flexibility in implementing PPI should also be recognised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Buck
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Carrol Gamble
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Dudley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jennifer Preston
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, NIHR Clinical Research Network: Children, Coordinating Centre, University of Liverpool, Institute of Translational Medicine (Child Health), Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | | | | | - Bridget Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Gamble C, Dudley L, Allam A, Bell P, Goodare H, Hanley B, Preston J, Walker A, Williamson P, Young B. Patient and public involvement in the early stages of clinical trial development: a systematic cohort investigation. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e005234. [PMID: 25056972 PMCID: PMC4120322 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) are considered particularly likely to benefit from patient and public involvement (PPI). Decisions made by professional researchers at the outset may go on to have a significant impact on the potential for PPI contributions. OBJECTIVE To increase knowledge of PPI within the early development of RCTs by systematically describing the reported level, nature and acceptability of proposed PPI to the funders. METHODS Documentation from the outline application process for all RCTs that received funding from the Health Technology Assessment (HTA) Programme 2006-2010 was requested. For each application, data were extracted on trial characteristics, references to PPI in the development of the outline application and funding Board feedback, and plans for PPI in the full application and after the trial was funded. RESULTS 110 applications were eligible with outline applications available for 90 (82%). The cohort covered a wide range of interventions and conditions. 54% (49/90) provided some information about PPI. 26 (28.9%) indicated PPI within the development of the outline application itself; 32 (35.6%) planned involvement in the full application and 43 (48%) once the trial was funded. Recruitment at diagnosis and surgical interventions were less likely to describe PPI. Blinded trials and trials in which participants may receive placebo only, more frequently described PPI activity. The HTA commissioning Board feedback rarely referred to PPI. CONCLUSIONS Incorporation of PPI within the development of the outline application or specification of plans for future involvement was low. Funder requests for applicants to provide information on PPI and justification for its absence should be welcomed but further research is needed to identify the impact of this on its contributions to research. Comments on PPI by reviewers should be directional rather than state that an increase is required. Challenges facing applicants in initiating PPI prior to funding need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrol Gamble
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Louise Dudley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison Allam
- Patient and Public Advisory Group member, York, UK
| | - Philip Bell
- Patient and Public Advisory Group member, Amlwch, UK
| | | | - Bec Hanley
- Patient and Public Advisory Group member, Hurstpierpoint, Hassocks, England
| | - Jennifer Preston
- Medicines for Children Research Network Coordinating Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alison Walker
- Patient and Public Advisory Group member, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Paula Williamson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bridget Young
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Sinanovic E, Floyd K, Dudley L, Azevedo V, Grant R, Maher D. Cost and cost-effectiveness of community-based care for tuberculosis in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003; 7:S56-62. [PMID: 12971655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Guguletu and Nyanga areas of Cape Town, South Africa. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the affordability and cost-effectiveness of community involvement in tuberculosis (TB) care. DESIGN A cost-effectiveness analysis comparing treatment for new smear-positive pulmonary and retreatment TB patients in two similar townships, one providing clinic-based-care with community-based observation options available for its TB patients (Guguletu) and one providing clinic-based care only, with no community-based observation of treatment (Nyanga). Costs were assessed from a societal perspective in 1997 US dollars, and cost-effectiveness was calculated as the cost per patient successfully treated. RESULTS TB treatment in Guguletu was more cost-effective than TB treatment in Nyanga for both new and retreatment patients (dollars 726 vs. dollars 1201 and dollars 1419 vs. dollars 2058, respectively). This reflected both lower costs (dollars 495 vs. dollars 769 per patient treated for new cases; dollars 823 vs. dollars 1070 per patient treated for retreatment cases) and better treatment outcomes (successful treatment rate 68% vs. 64% and 58% vs. 52% for new and retreatment patients, respectively). Within Guguletu, community-based care was more than twice as cost-effective as clinic-based care (dollars 392 vs. dollars 1302 per patient successfully treated for new patients, and dollars 766 vs. dollars 2008 for retreatment patients), for similar reasons (e.g., for new cases, dollars 314 vs. dollars 703 per patient treated, successful treatment rate 80% vs. 54%). CONCLUSION Community involvement in TB care can improve the affordability and cost-effectiveness of TB treatment in urban South Africa. Expansion in the Western Cape and in similar areas of the country is worthy of serious consideration by planners and policy-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Sinanovic
- Health Economics Unit, University of Cape Town, Observatory, South Africa.
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Dudley L, Azevedo V, Grant R, Schoeman JH, Dikweni L, Maher D. Evaluation of community contribution to tuberculosis control in Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2003; 7:S48-55. [PMID: 12971654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SETTING Low income, high density, urban settlements in Cape Town, South Africa. OBJECTIVES To evaluate community treatment supervision as part of tuberculosis (TB) programme implementation. DESIGN A non-randomised prospective study was conducted under programme conditions from January 1998 to December 1999, comparing TB programme performance in an area with (Guguletu), and an area without (Nyanga) the option of TB treatment supervision by community health workers. RESULTS Data were collected for 2873 adult TB patients. For smear-positive TB patients, treatment cure rates were higher in the intervention area (Guguletu) than in the control area (Nyanga) (58% vs. 50%, P = 0.0378) and for retreatment cases (47% vs. 35%, P = 0.0791), treatment success rates were similar. CONCLUSIONS Community health worker support contributed to better TB control programme performance than an approach based exclusively on health facilities. Clear government policy and support for lay health worker programmes in TB control is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dudley
- Health Systems Trust, Riverside Centre, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Dudley L, Hussey G, Huskissen J, Kessow G. Vitamin A status, other risk factors and acute respiratory infection morbidity in children. S Afr Med J 1997; 87:65-70. [PMID: 9063318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the association between vitamin A status and the severity of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) in children, controlling for the influence of other known ARI risk factors. DESIGN Case control study. SETTING Ambulatory and hospital-based study. PATIENTS Severe cases (N = 35) were children with ARI who were admitted to hospital for inpatient treatment, while mild cases (N = 32) were children with ARI who were treated as outpatients. The control group (N = 54) was selected from children with non-infectious diseases attending the outpatient department. Cases and controls were matched for age and area of residence. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Serum vitamin A levels and analysis of ARI risk factors. RESULTS The mean (SD) vitamin A levels were 22.09 (7.27) micrograms/dl for the controls, 20.27 (11.11) micrograms/dl for the mild cases and 13.79 (7.60) micrograms/dl for the severe cases. All pairwise comparisons of levels of the three patient groups achieved statistical significance-severe and mild (P < 0.01), severe and control (P < 0.001) and mild and control (P = 0.03). After vitamin A levels were dichotomised, the odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for severe versus mild cases were 2.1 (0.8-5.6), for mild versus controls 2.9 (0.8-10.5) and for severe versus controls 6.0 (2.0-19.4). A chi 2 for trend across the three groups was 13.2 (P = 0.001). Risk factors significantly associated with disease status included a history of hospital admission in the preceding 6 months, absence of a clinic card, poor housing and lack of electricity for indoor fuel use. Factors associated with poor vitamin A status included low weight for age, previous diarrhoeal disease and poor housing. Vitamin A status was independently associated with disease status in logistic regression modelling. CONCLUSION Vitamin A status has a strong association with severity of infection. The gradient of that association suggests a dose-response effect. The multifactorial nature of ARI severity and vitamin A status highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to public health programmes to address ARI. The role of vitamin A supplementation for at-risk groups is supported by this study, but needs to be clearly defined within a broader approach to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Dudley
- Department of Community Health, University of Cape Town
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Abstract
The sequence of a human beta-tubulin cDNA clone (D beta-1) is described; our data revealed 95.6% homology compared with the sequence of a human beta-tubulin processed pseudogene derived by reverse transcription of a processed mRNA (Wilde et al., Nature [London] 297:83-84, 1982). However, the amino acid sequence encoded by this cDNA showed less homology with pig and chicken beta-tubulin sequences than the latter did to each other, with major divergence within the 15 carboxy-terminal amino acids. On the other hand, an independently isolated, functionally expressed genomic human beta-tubulin sequence (5 beta) possessed a very high degree of homology with chicken and pig beta-tubulins in this region. Thus, human cells appear to contain two distinct beta-tubulin isotypes. Both the intact beta-tubulin cDNA clone and a subclone containing only the 3' untranslated region detected two mRNA species in HeLa cells; these mRNAs were 1.8 and 2.6 kilobases long and were present in about equal amounts. Two independently subcloned probes constructed from the 3' untranslated region of the 5 beta genomic sequence also detected a 2.6-kilobase beta-tubulin mRNA. However, the 3'-untranslated-region probes from the cDNA clone and the genomic sequence did not cross-hybridize. Thus, at least two human beta-tubulin genes, each specifying a distinct isotype, are expressed in HeLa cells, and the 2.6-kilobase mRNA band is a composite of at least two comigrating beta-tubulin mRNAs.
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