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Seitz J, Mohr Durdez T, Lotteau S, Bars C, Pisapia A, Gitenay E, Monteau J, Reist M, Serdi M, Dayot A, Bremondy M, Benadel M, Siame S, Appetiti A, Milpied P, Kalifa J. Artificial intelligence-adjudicated spatiotemporal dispersion: A patient-unique fingerprint of persistent atrial fibrillation. Heart Rhythm 2024; 21:540-552. [PMID: 38215808 DOI: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spatiotemporal dispersion-guided ablation is a tailored approach for patients in persistent atrial fibrillation (PsAF). The characterization of dispersion extent and distribution and its association with common clinical descriptors of PsAF patients has not been studied. OBJECTIVES Artificial intelligence-adjudicated dispersion extent and distribution (AI-DED) was obtained with a machine/deep learning classifier (VX1 Software, Volta Medical) in PsAF patients undergoing ablation. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that AI-DED is unique to each patient and independent of common procedural and clinical parameters. METHODS In a subanalysis of the Ev-AIFib study (NCT03434964), spatiotemporal dispersion maps were built with VX1 software in 78 consecutive persistent and long-standing PsAF patients. AI-DED was quantified using 2 distinct approaches (visual regional characterization or automated global quantification of AI-DED). RESULTS AI-DED paired-subregion Euclidean distance measurements between 78 patients (average distance 5.07 ± 0.60; min 2.23; max 9.75) demonstrate that AI-DED is a patient-unique characteristic of PsAF. Importantly, both AF type and AF history do not correlate with AI-DED levels (R2 = 0.006, P = .53; and R2 = 0.03, P = .25, respectively). The most extensive AI-DED levels are not associated with poorer procedural (83%, 81%, and 83% of AF termination in low, medium, and high dispersion groups, respectively; P = .954) and long-term (88%, 75%, and 91% of freedom from AF/atrial tachycardia after multiple procedures; P = .517) outcomes. CONCLUSION The atrial distribution and extent of multipolar electrogram spatiotemporal dispersion follow a nonrandom, albeit patient-unique, distribution in PsAF patients. AI-DED may represent a procedure-implementable fingerprint of the PsAF substrate.
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Becher AM, van Doorn DC, Pfister K, Kaplan RM, Reist M, Nielsen MK. Equine parasite control and the role of national legislation - A multinational questionnaire survey. Vet Parasitol 2018; 259:6-12. [PMID: 30056985 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Experts recommend a change in the control of equine parasites across the world in order to adopt a surveillance-based approach utilizing parasite faecal egg counts (FEC). Several European countries have implemented prescription-only restrictions of anthelmintic usage by law, which is in stark contrast to US, where all anthelmintic products continue to be available over the counter. This study aimed to describe and compare equine parasite control strategies employed in Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, US, and Denmark. An invitation to participate in an online questionnaire survey was published on a large equine news website in each of the participating countries. The main focus of the study was on usage of FEC and anthelmintic treatment intensity in three different equine age groups; foals, 1-3 year-olds and >3 years old. A total of 3092 respondents participated in the study. Danish respondents used significantly more faecal analyses in their parasite control strategies than participants from the other four countries (p < 0.0001). Similarly, Danish participants administered significantly fewer anthelmintic treatments per horse per year (p < 0.0001) independent of the age of the horse, and had been using a selective treatment strategy for a significantly longer time period than their counterparts in other countries (p < 0.0001). Only minor differences were found between respondents from the other four countries. This is remarkable as both Austria and Germany have had prescription-only restrictions for 3-4 decades. Yet, their parasite control strategies were more similar to those employed by American respondents. The Netherlands had only recently introduced prescription-only restrictions by the time this survey was conducted which can explain why Dutch respondents were also similar to their American counterparts. Taken together, this study illustrates substantially different worm control strategies practiced in Denmark, and this difference cannot be explained by legislation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Becher
- Dr Becher Griesbauer gmbh, Hans-Adlhoch-Straße 13, Straubing, 94315, Germany.
| | - D C van Doorn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - K Pfister
- Parasite Consulting GmbH, Wendschatzstrasse 8, CH-3006, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R M Kaplan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 30602, USA
| | - M Reist
- Federal Food Safety and Veterinary Office, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, 3003, Bern, Switzerland
| | - M K Nielsen
- M.H. Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0099, USA
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Abstract
Prevalences of foot lesions and lameness were recorded in 1'449 Swiss dairy cows during routine claw-trimming on 78 farms from June 2010 until February 2011. Lameness was present in 14.8 % of cows and on 80.8 % of investigated farms. Highest prevalences were seen for widened white line (80.7 %/100 %), signalling foot lesion (65.6 %/98.7 %), heel-horn erosion (34.2 %/88.5 %), digital dermatitis complex (29.1 %/73.1 %), severe hemorrhages (27.9 %/87.2 %), and Rusterholz' sole ulcers (11.5 %/74.4 %) at cow and herd level, respectively. Lower prevalences were found for subclinical laminitis (5.4 %/47.4 %), chronic laminitis (3.3 %/25.6 %), white line disease (4.7 %/42.3 %), double soles (2.6 %/33.3 %), interdigital hyperplasia (3.1 %/33.3 %), sole ulcers (0.4 %/6.4 %), toe infections caused by faulty claw-trimming (3.9 %/39.7 %) and by injury (0.1 %/2.6 %), deep lacerations (0.4 %/6.4 %), and interdigital phlegmona (0.1 %/1.3 %). Lameness and foot lesions were shown to represent important health problems of dairy cows under the conditions of the typical grass-based production system in Switzerland. Digital dermatitis has developed to the most relevant foot disease with a high impact on welfare of Swiss dairy cows within the past 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Becker
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - A Steiner
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - S Kohler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - A Koller-Bähler
- School of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - M Wüthrich
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
| | - M Reist
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Tschopp A, Reist M, Kaufmann T, Bodmer M, Kretzschmar L, Heiniger D, Berchtold B, Wohlfender F, Harisberger M, Boss R, Strabel D, Cousin ME, Graber H, Steiner A, van den Borne B. A multiarm randomized field trial evaluating strategies for udder health improvement in Swiss dairy herds. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:840-60. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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5
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Berchtold B, Bodmer M, van den Borne B, Reist M, Graber H, Steiner A, Boss R, Wohlfender F. Genotype-specific risk factors for Staphylococcus aureus in Swiss dairy herds with an elevated yield-corrected herd somatic cell count. J Dairy Sci 2014; 97:4886-96. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2013-7760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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6
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Nielsen M, Reist M, Kaplan R, Pfister K, van Doorn D, Becher A. Equine parasite control under prescription-only conditions in Denmark – Awareness, knowledge, perception, and strategies applied. Vet Parasitol 2014; 204:64-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Burri C, Vial F, Ryser-Degiorgis MP, Schwermer H, Darling K, Reist M, Wu N, Beerli O, Schöning J, Cavassini M, Waldvogel A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus in domestic pigs and wild boars in Switzerland. Zoonoses Public Health 2014; 61:537-44. [PMID: 24499160 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E is considered an emerging human viral disease in industrialized countries. Studies from Switzerland report a human seroprevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) of 2.6-21%, a range lower than in adjacent European countries. The aim of this study was to determine whether HEV seroprevalence in domestic pigs and wild boars is also lower in Switzerland and whether it is increasing and thus indicating that this zoonotic viral infection is emerging. Serum samples collected from 2,001 pigs in 2006 and 2011 and from 303 wild boars from 2008 to 2012 were analysed by ELISA for the presence of HEV-specific antibodies. Overall HEV seroprevalence was 58.1% in domestic pigs and 12.5% in wild boars. Prevalence in domestic pigs was significantly higher in 2006 than in 2011. In conclusion, HEV seroprevalence in domestic pigs and wild boars in Switzerland is comparable with the seroprevalence in other countries and not increasing. Therefore, prevalence of HEV in humans must be related to other factors than prevalence in pigs or wild boars.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Burri
- Biology Institute, Eco-epidemiology Laboratory, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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8
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Becker J, Steiner A, Kohler S, Koller-Bähler A, Wüthrich M, Reist M. Lameness and foot lesions in Swiss dairy cows: II. Risk factors. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2014; 156:79-89. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kretzschmar L, van den Borne BHP, Kaufmann T, Reist M, Strabel D, Harisberger M, Steiner A, Bodmer M. [Mastitis management in Swiss dairy farms with udder health problems]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2013; 155:453-62. [PMID: 23919972 DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to describe the udder health management in Swiss dairy herds with udder health problems. One hundred dairy herds with a yield-corrected somatic cell count of 200'000 to 300'000 cells/ml during 2010 were selected. Data concerning farm structure, housing system, milking technique, milking procedures, dry-cow and mastitis management were collected during farm visits between September and December 2011. In addition, quarter milk samples were collected for bacteriological culturing from cows with a composite somatic cell count ≥ 150'000 cells/ml. The highest quarter level prevalence was 12.3 % for C. bovis. Eighty-two percent of the pipeline milking machines in tie-stalls and 88 % of the milking parlours fulfilled the criteria for the vacuum drop, and only 74 % of the pipeline milking machines met the criteria of the 10-l-water test. Eighty-five percent of the farms changed their milk liners too late. The correct order of teat preparation before cluster attachment was carried out by 37 % of the farmers only. With these results, Swiss dairy farmers and herd health veterinarians can be directed to common mistakes in mastitis management. The data will be used for future information campaigns to improve udder health in Swiss dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kretzschmar
- Wiederkäuerklinik der Vetsuisse-Fakultät Universität Bern
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10
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Gordon FP, Kohler S, Reist M, van den Borne HPB, Menéndez González S, Doherr GM. Baseline survey of health prophylaxis and management practices on Swiss dairy farms. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2013; 154:371-9. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Brunhart I, Baumer A, Reist M, Stärk K, Griot C. Projekt «Constanze»: Erkenntnisse aus drei Jahren aviärer Influenza-Forschung im Bodenseegebiet. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2013; 152:507-13. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Reber A, Reist M, Schwermer H. Cost-effectiveness of bulk-tank milk testing for surveys to demonstrate freedom from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and bovine enzootic leucosis in Switzerland. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2013; 154:189-97. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Feyer D, Kemper D, Reist M, Kaufmann T. Blauzungenkrankheit: Einfluss der Impfung 2008 auf die Fruchtbarkeit in Milchviehherden mit Bestandesbetreuung. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2013; 153:257-62. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Häsler B, Stärk K, Gottstein B, Reist M. Epidemiologische und finanzielle Entscheidungsgrundlagen zur Kontrolle von Neospora caninum auf Schweizer Milchviehbetrieben. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2012; 150:273-80. [DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281.150.6.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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15
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Meier K, Becher A, Reist M, Pfister K. Influence of the variability of McMaster results on selective anthelmintic treatment in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Menzel M, Becher A, Reist M, Pfister K. Implementation of selective anthelmintic treatment in an equine-practice in Upper Bavaria (Germany): 1st experiences. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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17
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Honeder A, Becher A, Reist M, Pfister K. Factors influencing the magnitude of strongyle egg-shedding in horses. J Equine Vet Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2012.08.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Syring C, Boss R, Reist M, Bodmer M, Hummerjohann J, Gehrig P, Graber H. Bovine mastitis: The diagnostic properties of a PCR-based assay to monitor the Staphylococcus aureus genotype B status of a herd, using bulk tank milk. J Dairy Sci 2012; 95:3674-82. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2011-4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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19
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Hofer E, Stephan R, Reist M, Zweifel C. Application of a real-time PCR-based system for monitoring of O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in cattle at slaughter. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:408-15. [PMID: 22348425 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01468.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Faecal samples were collected from 573 slaughtered cattle aged between three and 24 months in seven abattoirs. After enrichment (mTSB with novobiocin), samples were screened by real-time PCR first for stx and if positive, tested for the top-five Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups using PCR assays targeting genes specific for serogroups O26, O103, O111, O145 and O157. Of 563 samples with available results, 74.1% tested positive for stx genes. Amongst them, the serogroups O145, O103, O26, O157 and O111 were detected in 41.9%, 25.9%, 23.9%, 7.8% and 0.8%, respectively. From 95 O26, 166 O145 and 30 O157 PCR-positive samples, 17 O26, 28 O145 and 12 O157 strains were isolated by colony hybridization after immunomagnetic separation. The 17 O26 strains were eae-positive, but only nine strains harboured stx (eight possessing stx1 and one stx2). Of the 28 O145 strains, ten were eae-positive including four harbouring stx1 or stx2, whereas 18 were negative for stx and eae. Five of the 12 O157 strains harboured stx2 and eae, did not ferment sorbitol, and were identified as STEC O157:H7/H⁻. The other seven O157 strains were negative for stx and eae or positive only for eae. Shiga toxin genes and the top-five STEC serogroups were frequently found in young Swiss cattle at slaughter, but success rates for strain isolation were low and only few strains showed a virulence pattern of human pathogenic STEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Hofer
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Reist M, Jemmi T, Stärk KDC. Policy-driven development of cost-effective, risk-based surveillance strategies. Prev Vet Med 2012; 105:176-84. [PMID: 22265642 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 12/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Animal health and residue surveillance verifies the good health status of the animal population, thereby supporting international free trade of animals and animal products. However, active surveillance is costly and time-consuming. The development of cost-effective tools for animal health and food hazard surveillance is therefore a priority for decision-makers in the field of veterinary public health. The assumption of this paper is that outcome-based formulation of standards, legislation leaving room for risk-based approaches and close collaboration and a mutual understanding and exchange between scientists and policy makers are essential for cost-effective surveillance. We illustrate this using the following examples: (i) a risk-based sample size calculation for surveys to substantiate freedom from diseases/infection, (ii) a cost-effective national surveillance system for Bluetongue using scenario tree modelling and (iii) a framework for risk-based residue monitoring. Surveys to substantiate freedom from infectious bovine rhinotracheitis and enzootic bovine leucosis between 2002 and 2009 saved over 6 million € by applying a risk-based sample size calculation approach, and by taking into account prior information from repeated surveys. An open, progressive policy making process stimulates research and science to develop risk-based and cost-efficient survey methodologies. Early involvement of policy makers in scientific developments facilitates implementation of new findings and full exploitation of benefits for producers and consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Schwarzenburgstrasse 155, CH-3097 Liebefeld, Switzerland.
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Reist M, Forbes AB, Bonfanti M, Beretta W, Pfister K. Effect of eprinomectin treatment on milk yield and quality in dairy cows in South Tyrol, Italy. Vet Rec 2011; 168:484. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.d134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Reist
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
| | - A. B. Forbes
- Merial; 29 Avenue Tony Garnier 69007 Lyon France
| | - M. Bonfanti
- Merial Italia, Milanofiori; Strada 6 Palazzo E/5 20090 Assago MI Italy
| | - W. Beretta
- Via Panider 16 39020 Castelrotto BZ Italy
| | - K. Pfister
- Institute of Comparative Tropical Medicine and Parasitology; Ludwig Maximilians University Munich; Leopoldstrasse 5 80802 Munich Germany
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Blickenstorfer S, Engels M, Guerdat C, Saucy C, Reist M, Schwermer H, Perler L. [Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) in the canton of Jura: an epidemiological outbreak investigation]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2011; 152:555-60. [PMID: 21104629 DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Following an abortion in a beef herd in the summer of 2009, three outbreaks of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) were diagnosed in the cantons of Jura and Neuchatel. An epidemiological outbreak investigation was conducted with the aims to identify the source of introduction of the bovine herpes virus 1 (BoHV-1) into the affected herds and to prevent further spread of the disease. The attack rates in the three outbreak farms were 0.89, 0.28 and 0, respectively. BoHV-1 could be isolated from nasal swabs of two animals originating from one of the affected farms. Comparative restriction enzyme analysis revealed slight differences between the isolates of the two animals, but a high similarity to previous BoHV-1 isolates from the canton of Jura, as well as to a French BoHV-1 isolate. This IBR outbreak has shown the importance of reporting and analyzing abortions. The current disease outbreaks recall the main risk factors for the spread of IBR in Switzerland: purchase and movement of bovines and semen of often unknown IBR status.
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Menéndez González S, Reist M. Cloning of farm animals: impact on animal health and welfare and implications in trade. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2011; 153:57-62. [PMID: 21274831 DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281/a000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The commercial use of animal cloning for breeding food producing animals has been limited so far by biological and technical constraints such as adverse effects on the health and welfare of animals, especially high perinatal and postnatal disease and mortality of clones. However, the improvement of the technique may overcome those problems in future and contribute to the spread of cloning in agricultural production, which raises concern not only on health and welfare aspects but also on food safety and ethics. This may cause conflict in international trade. The present article reviews these topics on the basis of up-to-date scientific opinions.
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Guélat-Brechbuehl M, Thomann A, Albini S, Moret-Stalder S, Reist M, Bodmer M, Michel A, Niederberger MD, Kaufmann T. Cross-sectional study of Streptococcus
species in quarter milk samples of dairy cows in the canton of Bern, Switzerland. Vet Rec 2010; 167:211-5. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.167.6.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Thomann
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Laengassstrasse 122, PB 8466 CH-3001 Berne Switzerland
| | - S. Albini
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Laengassstrasse 122, PB 8466 CH-3001 Berne Switzerland
| | | | - M. Reist
- Institute of Veterinary Public Health; Vetsuisse Faculty; University of Berne; Schwarzenburgstrasse 155 CH-3097 Liebefeld Switzerland
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Urbain A, Marston A, Grilo LS, Bravo J, Purev O, Purevsuren B, Batsuren D, Reist M, Carrupt PA, Hostettmann K. Xanthones from Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta with acetylcholinesterase and monoamine oxidase inhibitory activities. J Nat Prod 2008; 71:895-7. [PMID: 18336006 DOI: 10.1021/np070690l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Two new xanthone glycosides, corymbiferin 3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and swertiabisxanthone-I 8'-O-beta- d-glucopyranoside (2), were isolated from Gentianella amarella ssp. acuta, along with eight known xanthones: triptexanthoside C, veratriloside, corymbiferin 1-O-glucoside, swertianolin, norswertianolin, swertiabisxanthone-I, bellidin, and bellidifolin, four of them identified for the first time in G. amarella ssp. acuta. The isolation was conducted mainly by centrifugal partition chromatography, and the structures of the isolated compounds were established on the basis of spectrometric data including 2D NMR and mass spectrometry. Xanthones were weakly active against acetylcholinesterase (AChE), except triptexanthoside C, which inhibited AChE with an IC(50) of 13.8 +/- 1.6 microM. Some compounds were active against monoamine oxidases (MAO): bellidin and bellidifolin showed interesting inhibitory activity of MAO A, while swertianolin, the 8-O-glucopyranoside form of bellidifolin, gave 93.6% inhibition of MAO B activity at 10(-5) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Urbain
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Wuersch K, Brachelente C, Doherr M, Reist M, Sattler U, Forster U, Bertoni G, Peel JE, Welle M. Immune dysregulation in flea allergy dermatitis—A model for the immunopathogenesis of allergic dermatitis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2006; 110:311-23. [PMID: 16325922 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2005.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2005] [Revised: 10/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flea allergy dermatitis (FAD) is a common skin disease in dogs and can be induced experimentally. It often coexists with other allergic conditions. So far no studies have investigated the quantitative production of cytokine mRNA in skin biopsies and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in flea allergic dogs. OBJECTIVE The aim of our study was to improve the understanding of the immunopathogenesis of allergic dermatitis as a response to fleabites. MATERIAL AND METHODS Allergic and non-allergic dogs were exposed to fleas. Before and after 4 days of flea exposure mRNA was isolated from biopsies and PBMC. Production of chymase, tryptase, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma mRNA was measured by real-time RT-PCR. The inflammatory infiltrate in the skin was scored semi-quantitatively. The number of eosinophils, mast cells (MC) and IgE+ cells/mm2 was evaluated to complete the picture. RESULTS FAD was associated with a higher number of MC before flea exposure and with a significant increase of eosinophils after flea exposure as compared to non-allergic dogs. The number of IgE+ cells was higher in allergic dogs before and after flea exposure. In allergic dogs mRNA for most cytokines and proteases tested was higher before flea exposure than after flea exposure. After exposure to fleas an increased mRNA production was only observed in non-allergic dogs. In vitro stimulation with flea antigen resulted in a decreased expression of most cytokines in allergic dogs before flea exposure. In contrast, in PBMC, only increased levels of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA were observed in allergic dogs before flea exposure. However, after flea exposure and additional stimulation with flea antigen the production of mRNA for all cytokines tested was significantly increased in allergic dogs. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that the response in biopsies and PBMC is different and that FAD is associated with a TH2 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Wuersch
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, Postfach, Länggassstrasse 122, CH-3001 Berne, Switzerland
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Berger J, Reist M, Chenite A, Felt-Baeyens O, Mayer JM, Gurny R. Pseudo-thermosetting chitosan hydrogels for biomedical application. Int J Pharm 2005; 288:197-206. [PMID: 15620859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To prepare transparent chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP) pseudo-thermosetting hydrogels, the deacetylation degree (DD) of chitosan has been modified by reacetylation with acetic anhydride. Two methods (I and II) of reacetylation have been compared and have shown that the use of previously filtered chitosan, dilution of acetic anhydride and reduction of temperature in method II improves efficiency and reproducibility. Chitosans with DD ranging from 35.0 to 83.2% have been prepared according to method II under homogeneous and non-homogeneous reacetylation conditions and the turbidity of chitosan/betaGP hydrogels containing homogeneously or non-homogeneously reacetylated chitosan has been investigated. Turbidity is shown to be modulated by the DD of chitosan and by the homogeneity of the medium during reacetylation, which influences the distribution mode of the chitosan monomers. The preparation of transparent chitosan/betaGP hydrogels requires a homogeneously reacetylated chitosan with a DD between 35 and 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Ontsouka EC, Reist M, Graber H, Blum JW, Steiner A, Hirsbrunner G. Expression of Messenger RNA Coding for 5-HT Receptor, Alpha and Beta Adrenoreceptor (Subtypes) during Oestrus and Dioestrus in the Bovine Uterus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 51:385-93. [PMID: 15610478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0442.2004.00667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotoninergic and adrenergic receptors (5-HTR and AR) are involved in the regulation of uterine contractility. The objective of this study was to compare mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1A), 5-HTR(1B), 5-HTR(1D), 5-HTR(1F), 5-HTR(2A), 5-HTR(2B), 5-HTR(2C), 5-HTR(4) and alpha(1A), alpha(1B), alpha(1D), alpha(2AD), alpha(2B), alpha(2C), and beta(1), beta(2), beta(3)-AR in oestrus and dioestrus, and at three uterine locations (tip, middle and base) using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Uterine specimens consisting of endometrium and myometrium including vessels and serosa were collected from cows in oestrus (n = 10) and dioestrus (n = 15) respectively. Levels of 5-HTR and AR mRNA were expressed relative to the geometric mean of ribosomal RNA (18S), ubiquitin and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase by the mean values of geNorm algorithm. 5-HTR(1A), 5-HTR(2C) and beta(3)-AR mRNA could not be detected in uterine tissues. The mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1F) and 5-HTR(2B) were lower (P < 0.05), but of 5-HTR(4) were higher (P < 0.05) in oestrus than in dioestrus. The mRNA levels of alpha(1A)-AR, alpha(2AD)-AR, alpha(2B)-AR were lower (P < 0.05), but of alpha(2C)-AR and beta(2)-AR were higher (P < 0.05) in oestrus than dioestrus. The mRNA levels of 5-HTR(1B) and 5-HTR(1D) (oestrus) and of alpha(2AD)-AR (dioestrus) differed among uterine locations (base > middle > tip; P < 0.05). The mRNA expression of 5-HTR and AR (subtypes) in bovine uterus was associated with cycle activity and varied according to uterine location. Additional studies on protein level will be carried out in order to elucidate the role of these receptor families on uterine contractility, which may then help to clarify clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C Ontsouka
- Division of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, Berne, Switzerland
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29
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Berger J, Reist M, Chenite A, Felt-Baeyens O, Mayer JM, Gurny R. Pseudo-thermosetting chitosan hydrogels for biomedical application. Int J Pharm 2004; 288:17-25. [PMID: 15607254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To prepare transparent chitosan/beta-glycerophosphate (betaGP) pseudo-thermosetting hydrogels, the deacetylation degree (DD) of chitosan has been modified by reacetylation with acetic anhydride. Two methods (I and II) of reacetylation have been compared and have shown that the use of previously filtered chitosan, dilution of acetic anhydride and reduction of temperature in method II improves efficiency and reproducibility. Chitosans with DD ranging from 35.0 to 83.2% have been prepared according to method II under homogeneous and non-homogeneous reacetylation conditions and the turbidity of chitosan/betaGP hydrogels containing homogeneously or non-homogeneously reacetylated chitosan has been investigated. Turbidity is shown to be modulated by the DD of chitosan and by the homogeneity of the medium during reacetylation, which influences the distribution mode of the chitosan monomers. The preparation of transparent chitosan/betaGP hydrogels requires a homogeneously reacetylated chitosan with a DD between 35 and 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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30
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Abstract
The acyclic postpartum period in cows is prolonged due to frequent suckling when compared with twice daily milking. In conventional milking systems twice daily milking is common, while in automatic milking systems (AMS) three or more milkings are performed in early lactation. In this study, the hypothesis was tested that an increased milking frequency in AMS causes a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum and increases days open in German Fleckvieh cows (n = 124). Calvings were equally distributed throughout the 1-year experimental period. All cows were housed in one barn. Sixty-three cows were milked in an AMS (AC) and 61 cows were twice daily milked in a conventional milking parlour (PC). Forty-two AC and 36 PC remained in the herd until conception. After parturition, milk samples were analysed for progesterone twice weekly to record the ovarian activity until pregnancy was diagnosed. The first and the second ovulation were determined by the progesterone profile of each individual cow. The mean milking frequency during the first 3 weeks after parturition was higher in AC (3.17 +/- 0.09 milkings/day) than in PC (milked twice daily). The individual mean milking frequency of AC for the first 3 weeks of lactation ranged from 2.0 to 5.9 daily milkings. The time span from parturition until the first and second ovulation did not differ between AC and PC. However, first ovulation was observed earlier in primiparous (23 +/- 1 days) than in multiparous cows (29 +/- 1 days, P < 0.05). Within AC no relationship between milking frequency and duration of the acyclic period was observed. Days open did not significantly differ between AC and PC and between primiparous and multiparous cows. In conclusion, the increased milking frequency in AMS did neither cause a delay in resumption of ovarian cyclicity postpartum nor did it increase days open.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Weiss
- Physiology Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Weihenstephaner Berg 3, D-85350 Freising, Germany
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Brachelente C, Wuersch K, Doherr M, Reist M, Peel JE, Welle M. FC-35 Real-time evaluation of cytokine and protease expression in flea-allergic and nonallergic dogs. Vet Dermatol 2004. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3164.2004.411_35.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
Cervical smooth muscle specimens were collected from slaughtered cows in oestrus and diestrus. Longitudinal and circular specimens were mounted in organ baths and after equilibration time and 2 g pre-load, their physiologic isometric contractility was recorded for 2.5 h. Area under the curve (AUC), maximal amplitude (Amax), mean amplitude (Amen) and minimal amplitude (Amin) were studied. Differences between cycle phases, between muscle layers and over the recorded time periods were statistically evaluated using linear mixed-effect models. In the cow, physiologic contractility of the cervix decreased significantly over time for all variables evaluated (time as covariate on a continuous scale). Furthermore, for Amax, there was a tendency for an influence of muscle layer (longitudinal > circular). Contractility was not influenced by cycle phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Hirsbrunner
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Clinic for Ruminants, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse, Bern, Switzerland.
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Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Gurny R. Structure and interactions in chitosan hydrogels formed by complexation or aggregation for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:35-52. [PMID: 14729079 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00160-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 570] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review was to provide a detailed overview of physical chitosan hydrogels and related networks formed by aggregation or complexation, which are intended for biomedical applications. The structural basis of these systems is discussed with particular emphasis on the network-forming interactions, the principles governing their formation and their physicochemical properties. An earlier review discussing crosslinked chitosan hydrogels highlighted the potential negative influence on biocompatibility of covalent crosslinkers and emphasised the need for alternative hydrogel systems. A possible means to avoid the use of covalent crosslinkers is to prepare physical chitosan hydrogels by direct interactions between polymeric chains, i.e. by complexation, e.g. polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) and chitosan/poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) complexes, or by aggregation, e.g. grafted chitosan hydrogels. PEC exhibit a higher swelling sensitivity towards pH changes compared to covalently crosslinked chitosan hydrogels, which extends their potential application. Certain complexed polymers, such as glycosaminoglycans, can exhibit interesting intrinsic properties. Since PEC are formed by non-permanent networks, dissolution can occur. Chitosan/PVA complexes represent an interesting alternative for preparing biocompatible drug delivery systems if pH-controlled release is n/ot required. Grafted chitosan hydrogels are more complex to prepare and do not always improve biocompatibility compared to covalently crosslinked hydrogels, but can enhance certain intrinsic properties of chitosan such as bacteriostatic and wound-healing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Berger J, Reist M, Mayer JM, Felt O, Peppas NA, Gurny R. Structure and interactions in covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels for biomedical applications. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2004; 57:19-34. [PMID: 14729078 DOI: 10.1016/s0939-6411(03)00161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1242] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This review presents a critical analysis of covalently and ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels and related networks for medical or pharmaceutical applications. The structural basis of these hydrogels is discussed with reference to the specific chemical interactions, which dictate gel formation. The synthesis and chemistry of these hydrogels is discussed using specific pharmaceutical examples. Covalent crosslinking leads to formation of hydrogels with a permanent network structure, since irreversible chemical links are formed. This type of linkage allows absorption of water and/or bioactive compounds without dissolution and permits drug release by diffusion. pH-controlled drug delivery is made possible by the addition of another polymer. Ionically crosslinked hydrogels are generally considered as biocompatible and well-tolerated. Their non-permanent network is formed by reversible links. Ionically crosslinked chitosan hydrogels exhibit a higher swelling sensitivity to pH changes compared to covalently crosslinked chitosan hydrogels. This extends their potential application, since dissolution can occur in extreme acidic or basic pH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Berger
- School of Pharmacy, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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35
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Hammon HM, Sauter SN, Reist M, Zbinden Y, Philipona C, Morel C, Blum JW. Dexamethasone and colostrum feeding affect hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes differently in neonatal calves1,2,3. J Anim Sci 2003; 81:3095-106. [PMID: 14677866 DOI: 10.2527/2003.81123095x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma glucose concentrations in neonates are influenced by colostrum feeding and by glucocorticoids. We have tested whether a high-glucocorticoid status after birth, as well as colostrum feeding, influences glucose metabolism in association with changes of hepatic expression and activities of gluconeogenic enzymes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK; EC 4.1.1.32) and pyruvate carboxylase (PC; EC 6.4.1.1) in neonatal calves. Calves (n = 14 per group) were fed either colostrum or a milk-based formula with nutrient and energy contents similar to colostrum. Half the calves in each feeding group were treated with dexamethasone (DEXA; 30 microg/[kg BW x d]). Pre- and postprandial blood samples were taken on d 1, 2, 4, and 5 and liver samples were collected on d 5 of life. Dexamethasone treatment increased (P < or = 0.05) plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, and glucagon more in colostrum-fed than in formula-fed calves but increased (P < or = 0.05) urea concentrations and decreased (P < or = 0.05) concentrations of NEFA, ACTH, and cortisol independent of colostrum vs. formula feeding. Colostrum feeding increased (P < 0.05) plasma glucose, but decreased (P < 0.05) plasma urea concentrations. Glucagon-to-insulin ratios in DEXA-treated and colostrum-fed calves were decreased (P < 0.05). Dexamethasone treatment decreased hepatic mRNA levels and activities of PC (P < 0.001 and P < 0.10) and activities of PEPCK (P < 0.001) but increased (P < 0.001) the glycogen content. Colostrum feeding increased (P < 0.05) mitochondrial PEPCK mRNA levels and PEPCK activities in calves not treated with DEXA but decreased (P < 0.1) amounts of PC mRNA. In conclusion, increased plasma glucose concentrations after DEXA treatment were not associated with a stimulation of hepatic gluconeogenic enzyme activities; however, colostrum feeding probably raised plasma glucose concentrations because of increased hepatic gluconeogenic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Hammon
- Division of Nutrition and Physiology, Institute of Animal Genetics, Nutrition and Housing, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, CH-3012 Berne, Switzerland.
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Spring C, Mevissen M, Reist M, Zulauf M, Steiner A. Modification of spontaneous contractility of smooth muscle preparations from the bovine abomasal antrum by serotonin receptor agonists. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2003; 26:377-85. [PMID: 14633191 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2885.2003.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), a 5-HT2-receptor agonist, alpha-methyl-5-hydroxytryptamine (alpha-M-5-HT) and RS-67506, a 5-HT4 receptor partial agonist, on spontaneous contractility of bovine abomasal smooth muscle preparations were investigated in vitro. Preparations from the abomasal antrum of freshly slaughtered healthy dairy cows were cut parallel to the longitudinal fibres, suspended in isolated organ baths, and concentration-response curves were performed by cumulative application of the 5-HT receptor agonists. Blockade of 5-HT2-induced response was tested with atropine and hexamethonium. Serotonin evoked a significant increase in the area under curve (AUC), whilst the 5-HT2 receptor agonist alpha-M-5-HT significantly increased the AUC and resting tone (RT). RS-67506 induced a significant increase in AUC and RT and a significant decrease in the maximum force. The effect of alpha-M-5-HT was mediated by a muscarinic cholinergic pathway, as the effect of alpha-M-5-HT was inhibited in the presence of atropine but not hexamethonium. It is concluded that 5-HT2 and 5-HT4 receptors are present in the bovine abomasal antrum. Muscarinic receptors are involved in the increase in RT seen after 5-HT2 receptor stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Spring
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Ruminants Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Morich K, Ohlerth S, Reist M, Lang J, Riitano M, Schawalder P, Spreng D. Correlation of urinary nitric oxide concentrations with the development of hip dysplasia in Labrador retrievers. Vet Rec 2003; 153:423-7. [PMID: 14582731 DOI: 10.1136/vr.153.14.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Urinary nitric oxide was determined in terms of the ratio of the concentrations of total urinary nitrite and nitrate:creatinine in 40 juvenile labrador retrievers, and radiographic signs of hip dysplasia and distraction indices were investigated in the same dogs in later life. The ratio was correlated significantly with the Norberg angle and with subchondral sclerosis in both hips, and with the grade of dysplasia in each hip and the dogs' overall grade of hip dysplasia. No correlations were observed between the ratio and the distraction indices or other radiographic criteria for hip dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morich
- Division of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopedics, University of Bern, Länggass-Strasse 128, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschuemperlin K, Leuenberger H, Delavaud C, Chilliard Y, Hammon HM, Kuenzi N, Blum JW. Concentrate feeding strategy in lactating dairy cows: metabolic and endocrine changes with emphasis on leptin. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:1690-706. [PMID: 12778580 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73755-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate metabolic and endocrine adaptations to energy intake in multiparous Holstein cows (n = 90; mean 9434 kg energy-corrected milk yield/305 d) over the first 20 wk postpartum and to assess the association of leptin with metabolic, endocrine, and zootechnical traits. Concentrates were fed automatically for 24 h at 30% (C30) or 50% (C50) of total dry matter intake (DMI) from wk 1 to 10 postpartum and at linearly reduced amounts thereafter. Roughage was fed for ad libitum intake. The DMI was measured over 24 h; milk yield and body weight (BW), twice/d; milk composition, 4 times/wk; and milk acetone, weekly. Blood samples for determination of metabolite, hormone, and electrolyte concentrations and enzyme activities were obtained at wk 2 prepartum, and at wk 1 to 16 and at wk 20 postpartum from 0730 to 0900. Body condition scores (BCS) and backfat thickness were measured postpartum and during wk 1, 4, 8, 12, 16, and 20. Energy balance (EB) was considerably lower, but milk yield only slightly lower, in C30 than C50. Metabolic stress was more marked in C30 than C50, expressed by lower, glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), triiodothyronine, milk protein, and lactose concentrations, higher nonesterified fatty acid, beta-hydroxybutyrate, growth hormone, and milk acetone concentrations, and an accelerated decrease in BCS and backfat thickness. Nevertheless, C30 adapted successfully and thus maintained high milk yields despite negative EB. Leptin concentrations were lower in C30 than in C50 over the first 20 wk postpartum and were positively associated with BCS, EB, BW, cholesterol, albumin, insulin, and IGF-1; negatively associated with DMI and triiodothyronine; and were higher in cows calving in spring than in fall. Leptin is one among several factors involved in the regulation of energy metabolism and may be important for overall homeostatic and homeorhetic control of metabolism and thus for maintenance of performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Institute of Animal Science, Group of Animal Breeding, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effect of ketone body status early postpartum on time empty in 74 multiparous dairy cows under field conditions. Animals were equally distributed across eight farms and were controlled by the same herd-fertility-monitoring programme. Cows were visited twice antepartum and six times postpartum at weekly intervals between 0530 and 0830 a.m. On these occasions, body condition scores and milk yields were measured, blood and milk samples were taken, cows were gynaecologically examined, and parameters of reproduction were recorded. Cows with a time empty of less or more than 80 days were classified as early and late conceiving cows (EC and LC, respectively). A time empty of 80 days results in calving-to-calving intervals of 1 year and classification based on this threshold value resulted in groups of equal size and equal distribution of EC and LC within farms. Ketone bodies measured were beta-hydroxybutyrate in blood and acetoacetate and acetone in blood and milk. Blood and milk ketone body concentrations, as well as the ratios of acetoacetate and acetone to beta-hydroxybutyrate, over the first 6 weeks postpartum were higher in LC than in EC, whereas plasma glucose and non-esterified fatty acids and milk fat, protein and urea concentrations did not exhibit clear differences between groups. Ketone body concentrations were as good predictors of time empty as ketone body ratios and might have practical impact in herd-fertility-monitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Koller
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Department of Clinical Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Berne, Switzerland
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschümperlin K, Chilliard Y, Hammon H, Philipona C, Künzi N, Blum JW. Definition, Consequences and Prediction of an Elevated Ketone Body Status in High Yielding Dairy Cows. Acta Vet Scand 2003. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschümperlin K, Chilliard Y, Hammon H, Zbinden Y, Künzi N, Blum JW. Postpartum Reproductive Function: Association with Energy, Metabolic and Endocrine Status in High Yielding Dairy Cows. Acta Vet Scand 2003. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschümperlin K, Chilliard Y, Hammon H, Künzi N, Blum JW. Prediction of Energy Balance at the Individual and Herd Level by Use of Blood and Milk Traits in High Yielding Dairy Cows. Acta Vet Scand 2003. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschümperlin K, Delavaud C, Chilliard Y, Hammon H, Morel C, Philipona C, Zbinden Y, Künzi N, Blum JW. Concentrate Feeding Strategy in Lactating Dairy Cows: Metabolic and Endocrine Changes with Emphasis on Leptin. Acta Vet Scand 2003. [DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-44-s1-p30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Reist M, Erdin D, von Euw D, Tschuemperlin K, Leuenberger H, Chilliard Y, Hammon HM, Morel C, Philipona C, Zbinden Y, Kuenzi N, Blum JW. Estimation of energy balance at the individual and herd level using blood and milk traits in high-yielding dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2002; 85:3314-27. [PMID: 12512605 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(02)74420-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to estimate individual and herd-level energy balance (EB) using blood and milk traits in 90 multiparous high-yielding Holstein cows, held on a research farm, from wk 1 to 10 postpartum (p.p.) and to investigate the precision of prediction with successively decreased data sets simulating smaller herd sizes and with pooled samples. Dry matter intake, milk yield, and BW were measured daily from parturition through wk 10 p.p. Milk composition was determined 4 times per week, and milk acetone was measured weekly. Blood samples for the determination of metabolites, hormones, electrolytes, and enzyme activities were taken weekly from wk 1 to 10 p.p. between 0730 and 0900. Body condition scores and ultrasonic measurements of backfat thickness and fat depth in the pelvic area were evaluated in wk 1, 4, and 8 p.p. Concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, urea, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, triiodothyronine, and thyroxine (T4) in blood plasma and of lactose and urea in milk were positively correlated with EB, whereas concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), creatinine, albumin, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and growth hormone and enzyme activities in blood, and concentrations of fat, protein, fat:lactose ratio, and acetone in milk were negatively correlated with EB. Leptin concentration was not correlated to EB over the first 10 wk p.p. To estimate EB linear mixed-effects, models were developed by backward selection procedures. The most informative traits for estimation of EB were the fat:lactose ratio in milk and NEFA and T4 concentrations in blood. The precision of estimation of EB in individual cows was low. Using blood in addition to milk traits did not result in higher precision of estimation of herd-level EB, and decreasing sample sizes considerably lowered the precision of EB prediction. Estimation of overall mean herd-level EB over the first 10 wk p.p. using pooled samples was precise even with small sample sizes, but does not consider the level of EB in particular weeks. In conclusion, estimation of herd-level EB at individual weeks using milk traits only has practical implication with herd sizes of > or = 100 cows if calving is highly seasonal and of or = 400 cows if calving is uniformly distributed. Using blood in addition to milk traits does not improve precision of estimation of herd-level EB, regardless of sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Institute of Animal Science, Group of Animal Breeding, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Reist M, Medjitna TDE, Braun U, Pfister K. Effect of a treatment with eprinomectin or trichlorfon on the yield and quality of milk produced by multiparous dairy cows. Vet Rec 2002; 151:377-80. [PMID: 12403517 DOI: 10.1136/vr.151.13.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The effects of a strategic antiparasitic treatment against Hypoderma species and other parasites on the milk yield, composition, and somatic cell counts of 742 multiparous dairy cattle were investigated on 79 farms in a Hypoderma species-endemic area in western Switzerland; 357 of the cows were treated with eprinomectin, 252 with trichlorfon, and 133 were left untreated. The treatments were given between October and early December 1998, on average 53 days before calving. Milk yield, fat, protein and somatic cell counts were measured once a month until the end of lactation. Eprinomectin and trichlorfon significantly increased milk yield during the first month after treatment compared with the control cows by 2.14 (P < 0.001) and 2.50 kg per day (P < 0.001), respectively. Initially, the difference between the eprinomectin- and trichlorfon-treated animals was not significant, but the effect of eprinomectin on milk yield was persistent, whereas the effect of trichlorfon decreased significantly by 0.12 kg per day per month (P < 0.05). The somatic cell counts increased significantly slower in the treated cows than in the control cows (P < 0.05). Milk composition was not affected by the treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Institute of Animal Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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Chapuis N, Brühlmann C, Reist M, Carrupt PA, Mayer JM, Testa B. The esterase-like activity of serum albumin may be due to cholinesterase contamination. Pharm Res 2001; 18:1435-9. [PMID: 11697469 DOI: 10.1023/a:1012204906502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The "esterase-like activity" of human serum albumin (HSA) is described in the literature, but a contamination of commercially available HSA preparations by plasma cholinesterase is conceivable in some cases. The purpose of the present work was to examine this hypothesis. METHODS The hydrolytic activity of HSA and its inhibition by physostigmine were measured fluorimetrically by monitoring the hydrolysis of the ester substrate moxisylyte. Affinity chromatography was used to separate cholinesterase and HSA. The cholinesterase activity in the eluted fractions was assessed using Ellman's reagent and butyrylthiocholine as substrate. RESULTS A significant variation in the esterase-like activity of different albumin batches was observed. This activity was strongly inhibited by physostigmine, a well-known inhibitor of cholinesterase. Affinity chromatography led to a complete separation between HSA and the esterase activity, which was found exclusively in the cholinesterase fraction. CONCLUSIONS The apparent esterase-like activity of HSA toward moxisylyte and butyrylthiocholine was due to a contamination by cholinesterase. With these substrates, HSA showed a total lack of esterase-like activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Chapuis
- Institut de Chimie Thérapeutique, Section de Pharmacie, Université de Lausanne, Switzerland
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Jauernig S, Schweighauser A, Reist M, Von Rechenberg B, Schawalder P, Spreng D. The effects of doxycycline on nitric oxide and stromelysin production in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament rupture. Vet Surg 2001; 30:132-9. [PMID: 11230767 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.2001.21399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential of doxycycline to reduce stromelysin and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in dogs with osteoarthritis (OA) secondary to spontaneous cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, clinical study. ANIMALS Eighty-one dogs with OA secondary to CCL rupture and 54 normal dogs. METHODS Dogs with OA secondary to CCL rupture were divided into 2 groups before surgery. The Doxy-CCl group received 3 to 4 mg/kg doxycycline orally every 24 hours for 7 to 10 days (n = 35). The CCL group received no treatment (n = 46). Synovial fluid, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and CCL samples were collected during surgery (Doxy-CCL group and CCL group) or immediately after euthanasia from healthy dogs (control group). Synovial fluid samples were examined cytologically. Total nitric oxide (NOt) concentrations were measured in the supernatant of explant cultures of all tissue samples, and stromelysin activity was measured in the supernatant of explant cultures of cartilage. RESULTS NOt concentrations measured in cartilage were significantly lower in the Doxy-CCL group than in the CCL group, but were not different from those measured in the control group. Doxycycline treatment did not have a significant effect on cartilage stromelysin levels. CONCLUSION The findings in this study indicate that doxycycline inhibits NO production in cartilage in dogs with CCL rupture. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Doxycycline may have a role in the treatment of canine OA by inhibiting NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jauernig
- Department of Small Animal Surgery and Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bern, Switzerland
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Reist M, Roy-de Vos M, Montseny JP, Mayer JM, Carrupt PA, Berger Y, Testa B. Very slow chiral inversion of clopidogrel in rats: a pharmacokinetic and mechanistic investigation. Drug Metab Dispos 2000; 28:1405-10. [PMID: 11095576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Clopidogrel hydrogen sulfate, a thienopyridine derivative, is an ADP receptor antagonist that inhibits platelet aggregation. Clopidogrel is an enantiopure carboxylic ester of S-configuration. The R-enantiomer is devoid of antithrombotic activity and can provoke convulsions at high doses in animals. During preclinical safety evaluation, the possible chiral inversion of clopidogrel has, therefore, been investigated in vivo after repeated oral administration of different dose levels of clopidogrel to male and female rats. Due to rapid metabolism in the liver and low plasma levels of unchanged drug, possible chiral inversion was assessed by monitoring the plasma concentrations of the carboxylic acid metabolites, i.e., the (S)- and (R)-acid, by means of a stereoselective assay. The production of 4 to 8% of (R)-acid was observed. This could be the result of chiral inversion of either clopidogrel or its main metabolite, the (S)-acid. Thus, the possibility of nonenzymatic and enzymatic inversion of clopidogrel and its carboxylic acid metabolite was studied in vitro by chiral HPLC and (1)H NMR. Nonenzymatic chiral inversion of clopidogrel at 37 degrees C in 0.1 M phosphate buffers could be observed but was found to be slow, with estimated half-lives of 7 to 12 days, depending on the pH. The (S)-acid was configurationally fully stable up to 45 days in phosphate buffers. Neither clopidogrel nor its carboxylic acid metabolites were subject to enzymatic chiral inversion in isolated rat hepatocyte suspensions. We conclude that the nonenzymatic inversion of clopidogrel accounts for the 4 to 8% of chiral inversion seen in vivo in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Université de Lausanne, Institut de Chimie Thérapeutique, Ecole de Pharmacie, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
The effect of ketone body status on occurrence of first ovulation during early lactation was assessed in 84 multiparous dairy cows under field conditions. Animals were equally distributed across 8 farms and were controlled by the same herd fertility monitoring program. Cows were visited twice antepartum and 6 times postpartum at weekly intervals between 5:30 and 8:30 AM. On these occasions, body condition scores and milk yields were measured, blood and milk samples were taken, cows were gynecologically examined, and parameters of reproduction were determined. The onset of first ovulation was specified by milk progesterone determination and rectal palpation. Cows starting postpartum ovarian cyclicity within or after 30 d were classified as early and late responders (ER and LR, respectively). Resumption of the estrous cycle within 30 d postpartum is considered optimal under practical conditions, and classification based on this threshold value resulted in groups of equal size and equal distribution of ER + LR cows within farms. Ketone bodies measured were beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum and acetoacetate and acetone in serum and milk. Blood serum and milk ketone body concentrations during the first 6 wk of lactation were higher in LR than in ER, whereas plasma glucose and nonesterified fatty acid and milk fat, protein and urea concentrations did not differ between groups. Maximal concentrations of ketone bodies from parturition to first ovulation were better predictors of the onset of the estrous cycle than mean or minimal concentrations over the same period. Milk acetone and serum beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations provided the most reliable information with regard to resumption of ovarian activity of all ketone bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Reist
- Group of Animal Breeding, Institute of Animal Science Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich
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Testa B, Reist M, Carrupt PA. [Chirality and drugs]. Ann Pharm Fr 2000; 58:239-46. [PMID: 10915971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
The two enantiomers of a chiral drug may have vastly different pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties. As a result, the research and development of chiral drugs raises specific problems some of which are discussed here. Thus, various pharmacokinetic interactions may involve two enantiomers, as seen for example when one enantiomer inhibits the metabolism of the other and modifies its effects. A different situation occurs when a third compound stereoselectively inhibits the metabolism of one of the two enantiomers. Another problem examined here results from the lack of configurational stability of some chiral drugs, a little known phenomenon whose consequences can be of pharmacological or pharmaceutical significance depending on the rate of the reaction of racemization or epimerisation. In-depth investigations are needed before choosing between a eutomer or a racemate.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Testa
- Institut de chimie thérapeutique, BEP, Université de Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne-Dorigny.
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