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Fuchs B, Saikkonen K, Damerau A, Yang B, Helander M. Herbicide residues in soil decrease microbe-mediated plant protection. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2023; 25:571-578. [PMID: 36920172 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The residues of glyphosate are found to remain in soils longer than previously reported, affecting rhizosphere microbes. This may adversely affect crop and other non-target plants because the plant's resilience and resistance largely rely on plant-associated microbes. Ubiquitous glyphosate residues in soil and how they impact mutualistic microbes inhabiting the aboveground plant parts are largely unexplored. We studied the effects of herbicide residues in soil on Epichloë sp., which are common endophytic symbionts inhabiting aerial parts of cool-season grasses. In this symbiosis, the obligate symbiont subsists entirely on its host plant, and in exchange, it provides alkaloids conferring resistance to herbivores for the host grass that invests little in its own chemical defence. We first show decreased growth of Epichloë endophytes in vitro when directly exposed to two concentrations of glyphosate or glyphosate-based herbicides. Second, we provide evidence for a reduction of Epichloë-derived, insect-toxic loline alkaloids in endophyte-symbiotic meadow fescue (F. pratensis) plants growing in soil with a glyphosate history. Plants were grown for 2 years in an open field site, and natural herbivore infestation was correlated with the glyphosate-mediated reduction of loline alkaloid concentrations. Our findings indicate that herbicides residing in soil not only affect rhizosphere microbiota but also aerial plant endophyte functionality, which emphasizes the destructive effects of glyphosate on plant symbiotic microbes, here with cascading effects on plant-pest insect interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Fuchs
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - K Saikkonen
- Biodiversity Unit, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A Damerau
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - B Yang
- Food Chemistry and Food Development, Department of Life Technologies, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - M Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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Ramula S, Kalske A, Saikkonen K, Helander M. Glyphosate residues in soil can modify plant resistance to herbivores through changes in leaf quality. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 2022; 24:979-986. [PMID: 35793169 PMCID: PMC9796381 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is the most widely used non-selective herbicide in the world. Glyphosate residues in soil can affect plant quality by modifying plant physiology, hormonal pathways and traits, with potential consequences for plants' interactions with herbivores. We explored these indirect effects in the context of plant-herbivore interactions in a perennial, nitrogen-fixing herb. We quantified leaf herbivory for glyphosate-exposed and control plants grown in phosphorus-fertilized and non-fertilized soils, and assessed the impacts of glyphosate treatment on traits related to plant resistance against herbivores (leaf trichome density, leaf mass per area) and performance (aboveground biomass, root:shoot ratio, nodule number, nodule activity). Moreover, we conducted a laboratory feeding experiment to compare the palatability of leaves from glyphosate-exposed and control plants to a generalist mollusc herbivore. Herbivore damage and intensity in situ increased during the growing season regardless of glyphosate or phosphorus treatment. Glyphosate treatment reduced leaf trichome density but had no effect on the other plant traits considered. Herbivore damage was negatively associated with leaf trichome density. The feeding experiment revealed no difference in the feeding probability of mollusc herbivores between glyphosate-exposed and control plants. However, there was an interaction between glyphosate treatment and initial leaf area for leaf consumption by herbivores: leaf consumption increased with increasing leaf area in both groups, but at a lower rate for glyphosate-exposed plants than for control plants. Our results show that glyphosate residues in soil have the potential to indirectly affect aboveground herbivores through changes in leaf quality, which may have mixed consequences for folivore damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Ramula
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - A. Kalske
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - K. Saikkonen
- Biodiversity UnitUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
| | - M. Helander
- Department of BiologyUniversity of TurkuTurkuFinland
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Helander M, Lochman J, Högström J, Ljótsson B, Hellner C, Enebrink P. Corrigendum to "The effect of adding Coping Power Program-Sweden to Parent Management Training-effects and moderators in a randomized controlled trial" [Behaviour Research and Therapy. (2018 Apr); 103:43-52]. Behav Res Ther 2020; 126:103536. [PMID: 31982096 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2019.103536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Helander
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden.
| | - J Lochman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA
| | - J Högström
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - B Ljótsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - C Hellner
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet & Stockholm Health Care Services, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - P Enebrink
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Division of Psychology, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
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Gundel PE, Helander M, Garibaldi LA, Vázquez-de-Aldana BR, Zabalgogeazcoa I, Saikkonen K. Data on litter quality of host grass plants with and without fungal endophytes. Data Brief 2016; 7:1469-72. [PMID: 27182541 PMCID: PMC4857214 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2016.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Certain Pooideae species form persistent symbiosis with fungal endophytes of Epichloë genus. Although endophytes are known to impact the ecology and evolution of host species, their effects on parameters related with quality of plant biomass has been elusive. This article provides information about parameters related with the quality of plant litter biomass of two important grass species (Schedonorus phoenix and Schedonorus pratensis) affected by the symbiosis with fungal endophytes (Epichloë coenophiala and Epichloë uncinata, respectively). Four population origins of S. phoenix and one of S. pratensis were included. Mineral, biochemical and structural parameters were obtained from three samples per factors combination [species (and population origin)×endophyte]. This data can be potentially used in other studies which, by means of ‘data reanalyzing’ or meta-analysis, attempt to find generalizations about endophyte effects on host plant litter biomass. The present data is associated with the research article “Role of foliar fungal endophytes on litter decomposition among species and population origins” (Gundel et al., In preparation) [1].
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Gundel
- IFEVA - CONICET - Faculty of Agronomy, Buenos Aires University (UBA), Argentina
| | - M Helander
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20100 Turku, Finland; Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - L A Garibaldi
- Grupo de Investigación en Agroecología (AGRECO), Sede Andina, Universidad Nacional de Río Negro (UNRN) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Mitre 630, Río Negro, CP 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - B R Vázquez-de-Aldana
- Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - I Zabalgogeazcoa
- Department of Abiotic Stress, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - K Saikkonen
- Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520 Turku, Finland
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Helander M, Phillips T, Faeth SH, Bush LP, McCulley R, Saloniemi I, Saikkonen K. Alkaloid Quantities in Endophyte-Infected Tall Fescue are Affected by the Plant-Fungus Combination and Environment. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:118-26. [PMID: 26815170 PMCID: PMC4799798 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Many grass species are symbiotic with systemic, vertically-transmitted, asymptomatic Epichloë endophytic fungi. These fungi often produce alkaloids that defend the host against herbivores. We studied how environmental variables affect alkaloids in endophyte-infected tall fescue (Schedonorus phoenix) from three Northern European wild origins and the widely planted US cultivar ‘Kentucky-31’ (KY31). The plants were grown in identical common garden experiments in Finland and Kentucky for two growing seasons. Plants were left as controls (C) or given water (W), nutrient (N) or water and nutrient (WN) treatments. For 8–10 replications of each plant origin and treatment combination in both experiments, we analyzed ergot alkaloids, lysergic acid, and lolines. In Finland, tall fescue plants produced 50 % more ergot alkaloids compared to plants of the same origin and treatments in Kentucky. Origin of the plants affected the ergot alkaloid concentration at both study sites: the wild origin plants produced 2–4 times more ergot alkaloids than KY31, but the ergot alkaloid concentration of KY31 plants was the same at both locations. Overall lysergic acid content was 60 % higher in plants grown in Kentucky than in those grown in Finland. Nutrient treatments (N, WN) significantly increased ergot alkaloid concentrations in plants from Finland but not in plants from Kentucky. These results suggest that the success of KY31 in US is not due to selection for high ergot alkaloid production but rather other traits associated with the endophyte. In addition, the environmental effects causing variation in alkaloid production of grass-endophyte combinations should be taken into account when using endophyte-infected grasses agriculturally.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland. .,Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520, Turku, Finland.
| | - T Phillips
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - S H Faeth
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC, 27402-6170, USA
| | - L P Bush
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - R McCulley
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, 40546-0312, USA
| | - I Saloniemi
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - K Saikkonen
- Natural Resources and Biomass Production Research, Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), 20520, Turku, Finland
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Helander M, Jia R, Huitu O, Sieber TN, Jia J, Niemelä P, Saikkonen K. Endophytic fungi and silica content of different bamboo species in giant panda diet. Symbiosis 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-013-0253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hamilton CE, Gundel PE, Helander M, Saikkonen K. Endophytic mediation of reactive oxygen species and antioxidant activity in plants: a review. FUNGAL DIVERS 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s13225-012-0158-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
The effect of environmental fragmentation on the species distribution and frequency of horizontally transmitted endophytic fungi in Betula pubescens and Betula pendula leaves was studied in an archipelago in southwestern Finland. The study system consisted of 14 islands, ranging in size and distance to the mainland, and five mainland sites. Endophytic fungi were grown out from surface-sterilized leaves. The frequency of endophytic fungi mainly depended on the size of the island, explaining 32-35% of the variation, and the distance to the mainland explaining 29-35% of the variation. The birch trees on the largest islands near the mainland had the highest endophyte frequencies. Fusicladium betulae, Gnomonia setacea and Melanconium betulinum were the most commonly isolated fungi. Foliar endophytes of birch trees are able to disperse to fairly fragmented areas, but their frequencies seem to depend on environmental isolation and size of the island.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Helander
- Section of Ecology, Department of Biology, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland, and MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Plant Production, FIN-31600 Jokioinen, Finland
| | - J Ahlholm
- Centre for Development and Information in Central Carelia, Centre for Applied Mycology, Kinnulantie 1, FIN-82300 Rääkkylä, Finland
| | - T N Sieber
- ETH Zürich, Forest Pathology & Dendrology, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ), Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S Hinneri
- Herbarium, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - K Saikkonen
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Environmental Research, FIN-50600 Mikkeli, Finland
- Kevo Subarctic Research Institute, University of Turku, FIN-20014 Turku, Finland
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Saikkonen K, Helander M, Faeth SH, Schulthess F, Wilson D. Endophyte-grass-herbivore interactions: the case of Neotyphodium endophytes in Arizona fescue populations. Oecologia 1999; 121:411-420. [PMID: 28308331 DOI: 10.1007/s004420050946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Saikkonen
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, , , , , , US
| | - M Helander
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, , , , , , US
| | - S H Faeth
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, , , , , , US
| | - F Schulthess
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, , , , , , US
| | - D Wilson
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1501, USA, , , , , , US
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Saikkonen K, Ahonen-Jonnarth U, Markkola A, Helander M, Tuomi J, Roitto M, Ranta H. Defoliation and mycorrhizal symbiosis: a functional balance between carbon sources and below-ground sinks. Ecol Lett 1999. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1461-0248.1999.21042.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Saikkonen
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FIN-20014 Finland
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501; e-mail:
| | - S. H. Faeth
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FIN-20014 Finland
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501; e-mail:
| | - M. Helander
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FIN-20014 Finland
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501; e-mail:
| | - T. J. Sullivan
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, FIN-20014 Finland
- Department of Biology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1501; e-mail:
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Miller JC, Helander M. The 24 hour cycle and nocturnal depression of human cardiac output. Aviat Space Environ Med 1979; 50:1139-44. [PMID: 526215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The NASA-developed version of the impedance plethysmographic method for the determination of left ventricular stroke volume was applied to the investigation of daily variation of cardiovascular function. Hourly determinations of cardiac output and arterial pressure (auscultation) were obtained from two male subjects over the course of a 48-h period in the laboratory. Cardiac output displayed a strong 24-h cycle of nearly 1 1/min, peak-to-peak, cresting in the late evening hours. Nocturnal sleep was associated with a reduction of cardiac output characterized by a minimum in the early morning hours. It was concluded that a nocturnal, 24-h cyclic depression of waking cardiac output is exacerbated during sleep periods, and mechanisms for this exacerbation were suggested.
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Helander M. Applicability of drivers' electrodermal response to the design of the traffic environment. J Appl Psychol 1978; 63:481-8. [PMID: 701215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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