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van Rosmalen L, Luijk MPCM, van der Horst FCP. Harry Harlow's pit of despair: Depression in monkeys and men. J Hist Behav Sci 2022; 58:204-222. [PMID: 35040491 PMCID: PMC9305880 DOI: 10.1002/jhbs.22180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is the most common mood disorder in the United States today and the need for adequate treatment has been universally desired for over a century. Harry Harlow, famous for his research with rhesus monkeys, was heavily criticized when he undertook his controversial experiments trying to find a solution for depression in the 1960s-1970s. His research, however, did not just evolve gradually from his earlier research into learning and into love. Recently disclosed hand-written notes show, for the first time, the severity of Harlow's depressions as he wrote in detail about his feelings and thoughts during his stay in a mental hospital in 1968. In these notes, Harlow repeatedly vowed to put every effort into finding a cure for depression. This may, for a large part, explain why he did not stop his rigorous animal experiments where critics argue he should have, and he eventually managed to book positive results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny van Rosmalen
- Centre for Child and Family StudiesLeiden UniversityLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Frank C. P. van der Horst
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
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Sari NP, Luijk MPCM, Prinzie P, van IJzendoorn MH, Jansen PW. Children's autistic traits and peer relationships: do non-verbal IQ and externalizing problems play a role? Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health 2021; 15:67. [PMID: 34809682 PMCID: PMC8609782 DOI: 10.1186/s13034-021-00421-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with autism have difficulties in understanding relationships, yet little is known about the levels of autistic traits with regard to peer relationships. This study examined the association between autistic traits and peer relationships. Additionally, we examined whether the expected negative association is more pronounced in children with a lower non-verbal IQ and in those who exhibit more externalizing problems. METHOD Data were collected in a large prospective birth cohort of the Generation R Study (Rotterdam, the Netherlands) for which nearly 10,000 pregnant mothers were recruited between 2002 and 2006. Follow up data collection is still currently ongoing. Information on peer relationships was collected with PEERS application, an interactive computerized task (M = 7.8 years). Autistic traits were assessed among general primary school children by using the Social Responsiveness Scale (M = 6.1 years). Information was available for 1580 children. RESULT Higher levels of autistic traits predicted lower peer acceptance and higher peer rejection. The interaction of autistic traits with externalizing problems (but not with non-verbal IQ or sex) was significant: only among children with low externalizing problems, a higher level of autistic traits predicted less peer acceptance and more peer rejection. Among children exhibiting high externalizing problems, a poor peer acceptance and high level of rejection is seen independently of the level of autistic traits. CONCLUSION We conclude that autistic traits-including traits that do not classify as severe enough for a clinical diagnosis-as well as externalizing problems negatively impact young children's peer relationships. This suggests that children with these traits may benefit from careful monitoring and interventions focused at improving peer relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Novika Purnama Sari
- Department Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- Department Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Prinzie
- Department Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Department Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, UCL, University of London, London, UK
| | - Pauline W. Jansen
- Department Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Steenkamp LR, Bolhuis K, Blanken LME, Luijk MPCM, Hillegers MHJ, Kushner SA, Tiemeier H. Psychotic experiences and future school performance in childhood: a population-based cohort study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:357-365. [PMID: 32559319 PMCID: PMC7983885 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic experiences are common in childhood and an important risk indicator of adverse mental health outcomes. However, little is known about the association of psychotic experiences with functional outcomes in childhood, particularly regarding school performance. The aim of the present study was to examine whether psychotic experiences were prospectively related to school performance in childhood. METHODS This study was embedded in the population-based Generation R Study (N = 2,362). Psychotic experiences were assessed using self-reports on hallucinations at age 10 years. School performance was assessed using a standardized national school performance test at age 12 years. We considered the total school performance score, as well as language and mathematics subscales. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, maternal nonverbal IQ, nonverbal IQ at age 6 years and co-occurring psychopathology at age 10 years. RESULTS Psychotic experiences were prospectively associated with poorer school performance scores (B = -0.61, 95% CI [-0.98;-0.25], p = .001), as well as poorer language (Bpercentile rank score = -2.00, 95% CI [-3.20;-0.79], p = .001) and mathematical ability (Bpercentile rank score = -1.75, 95% CI [-2.99;-0.51], p = .006). These associations remained after additional adjustment for nonverbal IQ at age 6 years (B = -0.51, 95% CI [-0.86;-0.16], p = .005), and co-occurring internalizing (B = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.77;-0.03], p = .036) and externalizing problems (B = -0.40, 95% CI [-0.75;-0.04], p = .029), but not attention problems (B = -0.10, 95% CI [-0.47;0.26], p = .57). CONCLUSIONS Children with psychotic experiences had lower school performance scores than their nonaffected peers. The finding was independent of sociodemographic characteristics, intelligence and co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems, but not attention problems. This study suggests that psychotic experiences are associated with childhood functional impairments, although the relatively small effects and the role of attention problems warrant further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R. Steenkamp
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands,Generation R Study GroupErasmus Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Koen Bolhuis
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Laura M. E. Blanken
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Psychology, Education and Child StudiesErasmus University RotterdamRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Manon H. J. Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Steven A. Kushner
- Department of PsychiatryErasmus University Medical CentreRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/PsychologyErasmus Medical Centre‐Sophia Children’s HospitalRotterdamThe Netherlands,Department of Social and Behavioural SciencesHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
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le Clercq CMP, Labuschagne LJE, Franken MCJP, Baatenburg de Jong RJ, Luijk MPCM, Jansen PW, van der Schroeff MP. Association of Slight to Mild Hearing Loss With Behavioral Problems and School Performance in Children. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 146:113-120. [PMID: 31774492 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2019.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Children with severe hearing loss are known to have more behavioral problems and may perform worse at school than children without. Few large-scale studies of slight to mild hearing loss are available. Objective To examine the relevance of slight to mild hearing loss by studying its association with behavioral problems and school performance. Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study was performed within an ongoing prospective birth cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Participants were part of a population-based sample of children. Between ages 9 and 11 years, 5355 children underwent audiometric and behavioral evaluations. Children were excluded if they had missing data for either audiometry or both outcomes. Data were collected from April 2012 through October 2015. Data were analyzed from March to June 2018. Exposures Audiometric evaluation included pure-tone audiometry tests and speech-in-noise testing. Main Outcomes and Measures Child behavior was rated by the primary caregiver using the Child Behavior Checklist at ages 9 to 11 years (n = 4471). School performance was measured with a standardized test at age 12 years (n = 2399). Results The final sample included 4779 participants who were a mean (SD) age of 9.8 (0.3) years. The sample had nearly equal distribution between boys (n = 2200; 49.2%) and girls (n = 2271; 50.8%). Associations of hearing thresholds with behavioral problems differed between boys and girls. Among boys, higher pure-tone hearing thresholds at low frequencies were associated with higher total problem, social problem, and attention problem scores (total problems for the better-hearing ear: β = 0.01; 95% CI, 0-0.02). Higher speech reception thresholds were associated with higher attention problem scores among girls (β = 0.04; 95% CI, 0-0.08). Higher speech reception thresholds were associated with poorer school performance scores for both boys and girls (β = -0.06; 95% CI, -0.10 to -0.02). Conclusions and Relevance Higher hearing thresholds during pure-tone audiometric and speech-in-noise testing were associated with higher behavioral problem scores and poorer school performance. This supports the relevance of slight to mild hearing loss with these outcomes in school-aged children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn M P le Clercq
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne J E Labuschagne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marie-Christine J P Franken
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Robert J Baatenburg de Jong
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje P C M Luijk
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marc P van der Schroeff
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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5
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Tamayo Martinez N, Tiemeier H, Luijk MPCM, Law J, van der Ende J, Verhulst F, Jansen PW. Aggressive behavior, emotional, and attention problems across childhood and academic attainment at the end of primary school. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2021; 56:837-846. [PMID: 33616691 PMCID: PMC8068650 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess whether aggressive behavior and emotional problems from early childhood onwards are related to academic attainment at the end of primary education, and whether these associations are independent of attention problems. METHODS Data on 2546 children participating in a longitudinal birth cohort in Rotterdam were analyzed. Aggressive behavior, attention and emotional problems at ages 1½, 3, 5 and 10 years were assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist. Academic attainment at the end of primary school (12 years of age) was measured with the CITO test, a national Dutch academic test score. RESULTS Aggressive behavior from age 1½ to 10 years was negatively associated with academic attainment, but these associations attenuated to non-significance when accounting for comorbid attention problems. For emotional problems, first, only problems at 10 years were associated with poorer academic attainment. Yet, when accounting for attention problems, the association reversed: more emotional problems from 1½ to 10 years were associated with a better academic attainment. Attention problems at ages 1½ to 10 years were negatively associated with academic attainment, independent of comorbid emotional problems or aggressive behavior. CONCLUSIONS Attention problems across childhood are related to a poorer academic attainment, while emotional problems predicted better academic attainment. Moreover, the relationship between aggressive behavior and academic attainment was explained by comorbid attention problems. Future research should determine the mechanisms through which attention problems and emotional problems affect academic attainment, to inform strategies for the promotion of better educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Tamayo Martinez
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - James Law
- grid.1006.70000 0001 0462 7212School of Education, Communication and Language Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Jan van der Ende
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Verhulst
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.466916.a0000 0004 0631 4836Child and Adolescent Mental Health Center, Mental Health Services, Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark ,grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XFaculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pauline W. Jansen
- grid.5645.2000000040459992XDepartment of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.6906.90000000092621349Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Luijk MPCM, Beijers R, van Rosmalen L. [Sleep problems in young children; a plea to broaden the spectrum of interventions]. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 2020; 164:D4449. [PMID: 32237568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
One in ten parents in the Netherlands feels there is a problem with their baby's sleep. Healthy sleep is very important for children and parents. Because of the many questions asked by parents, professionals are in need of clear guidelines. The guideline 'Healthy sleep and sleep problems in children', provided by the Dutch centre for youth health (NCJ, Nederlands Centrum Jeugdgezondheid) provides information on promoting healthy sleep behaviour and sleep interventions. We argue in this article that: (a) parents may have doubts about the recommended interventions; (b) the interventions are often not compatible with the concept of 'sensitive parenting'; and (c) the guideline does not include all possible interventions. We are pleading for a broadening of the spectrum of interventions. It is in the interest of parents as well as infants that interventions aimed at the needs of the infant are included in the spectrum of sleep interventions being offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P C M Luijk
- Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Dept. of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Rotterdam
- Contact: Maartje P.C.M. Luijk
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Cortes Hidalgo AP, Muetzel R, Luijk MPCM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, El Marroun H, Vernooij MW, van IJzendoorn MH, White T, Tiemeier H. Observed infant-parent attachment and brain morphology in middle childhood- A population-based study. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100724. [PMID: 31726318 PMCID: PMC6974894 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Poor quality of the early infant-parent bond predicts later child problems. Infant-parent attachment has been suggested to influence brain development, but this association has hardly been examined. In adults, larger amygdala volumes have been described in relation to early attachment disorganization; neuroimaging studies of attachment in children, however, are lacking. We examined the association between infant-parent attachment and brain morphology in 551 children from a population-based cohort in the Netherlands. Infant-parent attachment was observed with the Strange-Situation Procedure at age 14 months and different brain measures were collected with magnetic resonance imaging at mean age 10 years. Children with disorganized infant attachment had larger hippocampal volumes than those with organized attachment patterns. This finding was robust to the adjustment for confounders and consistent across hemispheres. The association was not explained by cognitive or emotional and behavioral problems. Disorganized attachment did not predict any other difference in brain morphology. Moreover, children with insecure organized infant attachment patterns did not differ from those who were securely attached in any brain outcome. Causality cannot be inferred, but our findings in this large population-based study provide novel evidence for a long-term association between the quality of infant-parent attachment and specific brain differences in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea P Cortes Hidalgo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje P C M Luijk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO-Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO-Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Paediatrics, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Meike W Vernooij
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and nuclear medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO-Box 1738 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Primary Care Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, CB2 0SP Cambridge, UK
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Radiology and nuclear medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, PO-Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, MA 02115 Boston, USA.
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Lünnemann MKM, Horst FCPVD, Prinzie P, Luijk MPCM, Steketee M. The intergenerational impact of trauma and family violence on parents and their children. Child Abuse Negl 2019; 96:104134. [PMID: 31415957 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children who experience Child Abuse and Neglect (CAN) are at an increased risk of becoming a victim of Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) or a perpetrator of IPV or CAN. Moreover, maltreated children are at risk for developing long-lasting trauma symptoms, which can subsequently affect their own children's lives. Understanding the mechanisms of the intergenerational transmission of violence and trauma is a prerequisite for the development of interventions. OBJECTIVE We examine whether the relation between historical CAN and current trauma symptoms of mothers is mediated by current IPV. Furthermore, we investigate whether current CAN mediates the relation between current maternal trauma symptoms and child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms. These mechanisms are compared for mothers and fathers. PARTICIPANTS We have recruited 101 fathers and 360 mothers (426 children, 50% boys, mean age 7 years) through child protection services. METHODS Respondents completed questionnaires about IPV, (historical) CAN and trauma symptoms. RESULTS Structural equation models revealed that historical CAN of father and mothers was related to trauma symptoms. Only for mothers, this association was mediated by IPV. Trauma symptoms of both fathers and mothers were related to child PTSD symptoms. This effect was not mediated by current CAN. CONCLUSION In violent families, maternal and paternal trauma can be transmitted over generations. However, intergenerational transmission of violence is found for mothers only. When family violence is reported, professionals should take the violence into account, as well as the history of parents and trauma symptoms of all family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K M Lünnemann
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - F C P Van der Horst
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - P Prinzie
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M P C M Luijk
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - M Steketee
- Erasmus University Rotterdam, PO Box 1738, 3000 DR Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Verwey-Jonker Institute, Kromme Nieuwegracht 6, 3512 HG Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Abstract
This cross-sectional study examines subjectively and objectively assessed sleep and melatonin use in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Elisabeth Koopman-Verhoeff
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Judith J. van Seters
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Annemarie I. Luik
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center–Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Luijk MPCM, Kocevska D, Tham EKH, Gaudreau H, Reiss IKM, Duijts L, Cai S, Hillegers MHJ, Jaddoe VWV, Tiemeier H, Broekman BFP, El Marroun H. Gestational age at birth and sleep duration in early childhood in three population-based cohorts. Sleep Med X 2019; 1:100002. [PMID: 33870161 PMCID: PMC8041115 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleepx.2019.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Both preterm and post-term births have been associated with neonatal morbidity and mortality, including adverse impact on neurodevelopment. Important neural maturational processes take place during sleep in newborns, but findings on gestational duration and sleep in early childhood are contradictory and often derive from small clinical samples. We studied the association of gestational age at birth with sleep duration in early childhood in three population-based cohorts. Methods Gestational age at birth and sleep duration were assessed in three population-based cohort studies in The Netherlands (n = 6471), Singapore (n = 862), and Canada (n = 583). Gestational age at birth was assessed using ultrasound in pregnancy in combination with date of birth, and caregivers repeatedly reported on child sleep duration at three, six, 24, and 36 months of age. Generalized estimating equations were used, which were adjusted for confounders, and findings were pooled in a meta-analysis. Results Children born preterm (<37 weeks of gestation) showed longer sleep duration than children born at term; and children born post-term (≥42 weeks of gestation) showed shorter sleep duration. The meta-analysis indicated a small negative effect of gestational age on child sleep duration (effect size −0.11), when assessed in children born at term only. Conclusion In early childhood, children with a lower gestational age have a longer sleep duration, even when they are born at term (37–42 weeks of gestation). These subtle yet consistent findings point to the importance of maturational processes during sleep, not only in premature children but also in children born at term after shorter gestational duration. Children born after shorter gestational duration sleep longer than their term born peers. Lower gestational age is linked to longer sleep duration in three cohorts, even in term born children (37-42 weeks gestation). The association between gestational age and sleep duration is most prominent in the first year of life. Our subtle yet consistent findings point to the importance of maturational processes during sleep. Maturational processes underlying the interplay between gestational age and sleep duration should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P C M Luijk
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Desana Kocevska
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elaine K H Tham
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore
| | - Hélène Gaudreau
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Irwin K M Reiss
- Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shirong Cai
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Manon H J Hillegers
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Birit F P Broekman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science and Technology Research (ASTAR), Singapore.,Department of Psychiatry, VU University, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hanan El Marroun
- Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Centre - Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Centre, Sophia, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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11
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Xerxa Y, Rescorla LA, Serdarevic F, Van IJzendorn MH, Jaddoe VW, Verhulst FC, Luijk MPCM, Tiemeier H. The Complex Role of Parental Separation in the Association between Family Conflict and Child Problem Behavior. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 2019; 49:79-93. [PMID: 30657708 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2018.1520118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Parental separation is a major adverse childhood experience. Parental separation is generally preceded by conflict, which is itself a risk factor for child problem behavior. Whether parental separation independent of conflict has negative effects on child problem behavior is unclear. This study was embedded in Generation R, a population-based cohort followed from fetal life until age 9 years. Information on family conflict was obtained from 5,808 mothers and fathers. The 4-way decomposition method was used to apportion the effects of prenatal family conflict and parental separation on child problem behavior into 4 nonoverlapping components. Structural equation modeling was used to test bidirectional effects of child problem behavior and family conflict over time. Family conflict from pregnancy onward and parental separation each strongly predicted child problem behavior up to preadolescence according to maternal and paternal ratings. Using the 4-way decomposition method, we found evidence for a strong direct effect of prenatal family conflict on child problem behavior, for reference interaction, and for mediated interaction. The evidence for interaction implies that prenatal family conflict increased the children's vulnerability to the harmful effect of parental separation. There was no evidence of a pure indirect effect of parental separation on child problem behavior. Overall, results indicated that if parental separation occurs in families with low levels of conflict, parental separation does not predict more child problem behavior. Moreover, the bidirectional pattern suggested that child problem behavior influences the persistence of family conflict.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yllza Xerxa
- Generation R Study Group, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | | | - Fadila Serdarevic
- Generation R Study Group, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | | | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Maartje P C M Luijk
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Department of Social and Behavioral Science, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health
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12
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Verhoeff ME, Blanken LME, Kocevska D, Mileva-Seitz VR, Jaddoe VWV, White T, Verhulst F, Luijk MPCM, Tiemeier H. The bidirectional association between sleep problems and autism spectrum disorder: a population-based cohort study. Mol Autism 2018; 9:8. [PMID: 29423134 PMCID: PMC5791216 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-018-0194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sleep difficulties are prevalent in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The temporal nature of the association between sleep problems and ASD is unclear because longitudinal studies are lacking. Our aim is to clarify whether sleep problems precede and worsen autistic traits and ASD or occur as a consequence of the disorder. Methods Repeated sleep measures were available at 1.5, 3, 6, and 9 years of age in 5151 children participating in the Generation R Study, a large prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands. Autistic traits were determined with the Pervasive Developmental Problems score (PDP) of the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) at 1.5 and 3 years and the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) at 6 years. This cohort included 81 children diagnosed with ASD. Results Sleep problems in early childhood were prospectively associated with a higher SRS score, but not when correcting for baseline PDP score. By contrast, a higher SRS score and an ASD diagnosis were associated with more sleep problems at later ages, even when adjusting for baseline sleep problems. Likewise, a trajectory of increasing sleep problems was associated with ASD. Conclusions Sleep problems and ASD are not bidirectionally associated. Sleep problems do not precede and worsen autistic behavior but rather co-occur with autistic traits in early childhood. Over time, children with ASD have an increase in sleep problems, whereas typically developing children have a decrease in sleep problems. Our findings suggest that sleep problems are part of the construct ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria E Verhoeff
- 1The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands
| | - Laura M E Blanken
- 1The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands
| | - Desana Kocevska
- 1The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- 1The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- 1The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,3Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,4Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands.,5Department of Radiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Frank Verhulst
- 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands
| | - Maartje P C M Luijk
- 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands.,6Department of Psychology, Education and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- 2Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, 2060, Rotterdam, 3000 CB the Netherlands.,4Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,7Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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13
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Kocevska D, Muetzel RL, Luik AI, Luijk MPCM, Jaddoe VW, Verhulst FC, White T, Tiemeier H. The Developmental Course of Sleep Disturbances Across Childhood Relates to Brain Morphology at Age 7: The Generation R Study. Sleep 2017; 40:2666707. [PMID: 28364462 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsw022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Little is known about the impact of sleep disturbances on the structural properties of the developing brain. This study explored associations between childhood sleep disturbances and brain morphology at 7 years. Methods Mothers from the Generation R cohort reported sleep disturbances in 720 children at ages 2 months, 1.5, 2, 3, and 6 years. T1-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images were used to assess brain structure at 7 years. Associations of sleep disturbances at each age and of sleep disturbance trajectories with brain volumes (total brain volume, cortical and subcortical grey matter, white matter) were tested with linear regressions. To assess regional differences, sleep disturbance trajectories were tested as determinants for cortical thickness in whole-brain analyses. Results Sleep disturbances followed a declining trend from toddlerhood onwards. Infant sleep was not associated with brain morphology at age 7. Per SD sleep disturbances (one frequent symptom or two less frequent symptoms) at 2 and 3 years of age, children had -6.3 (-11.7 to -0.8) cm3 and -6.4 (-11.7 to -1.7) cm3 smaller grey matter volumes, respectively. Sleep disturbances at age 6 years were associated with global brain morphology (grey matter: -7.3 (-12.1 to -2.6), p value = .01). Consistently, trajectory analyses showed that more adverse developmental course of childhood sleep disturbances are associated with smaller grey matter volumes and thinner dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Conclusion Sleep disturbances from age 2 years onwards are associated with smaller grey matter volumes. Thinner prefrontal cortex in children with adverse sleep disturbance trajectories may reflect effects of sleep disturbances on brain maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desana Kocevska
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan L Muetzel
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maartje P C M Luijk
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W Jaddoe
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Sophia Children's Hospital, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tonya White
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Luijk MPCM, Linting M, Henrichs J, Herba CM, Verhage ML, Schenk JJ, Arends LR, Raat H, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H, van IJzendoorn MH. Hours in non-parental child care are related to language development in a longitudinal cohort study. Child Care Health Dev 2015; 41:1188-98. [PMID: 25722078 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of child care services on several domains of child development have been extensively investigated, but evidence regarding the effects of child care on language development remains inconclusive. METHODS Within a large-scale population-based study, we examined the longitudinal associations between non-parental child care and language development from 1 to 6 years (n = 5375). RESULTS Results showed that more hours in non-parental child care were associated with better language abilities. However, more hours in care in the first year of life were associated with less language proficiency at ages 1 to 1.5. At later ages, this effect disappeared and language proficiency increased. Furthermore, children who spent more hours in centre-based care had better language scores than children in home-based care. Ethnicity, socio-economic status, gender or parity did not change these results. CONCLUSIONS This large, multi-ethnic study demonstrates beneficial effects of non-parental child care, particularly centre-based care, on language proficiency later in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P C M Luijk
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Linting
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - J Henrichs
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - C M Herba
- Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Montréal and Centre de Recherche du CHU Sainte-Justine, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - M L Verhage
- Department of Clinical Child and Family Studies, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Schenk
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L R Arends
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Institute for Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Raat
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - F C Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychiatry, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M H van IJzendoorn
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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15
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Pappa I, Szekely E, Mileva-Seitz VR, Luijk MPCM, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van IJzendoorn MH, Tiemeier H. Beyond the usual suspects: a multidimensional genetic exploration of infant attachment disorganization and security. Attach Hum Dev 2015; 17:288-301. [PMID: 25939396 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2015.1037316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the environmental influences on infant attachment disorganization and security are well-studied, little is known about their heritability. Candidate gene studies have shown small, often non-replicable effects. In this study, we gathered the largest sample (N = 657) of ethnically homogenous, 14-month-old children with both observed attachment and genome-wide data. First, we used a Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) approach to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with attachment disorganization and security. Second, we annotated them into genes (Versatile Gene-based Association Study) and functional pathways. Our analyses provide evidence of novel genes (HDAC1, ZNF675, BSCD1) and pathways (synaptic transmission, cation transport) associated with attachment disorganization. Similar analyses identified a novel gene (BECN1) but no distinct pathways associated with attachment security. The results of this first extensive, exploratory study on the molecular-genetic basis of infant attachment await replication in large, independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Pappa
- a School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences , Erasmus University Rotterdam , Rotterdam , The Netherlands
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16
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Luijk MPCM, Sonnenschein-van der Voort AMM, Mileva-Seitz VR, Jansen PW, Verhulst FC, Hofman A, Jaddoe VWV, de Jongste JC, van IJzendoorn MH, Duijts L, Tiemeier H. Is parent-child bed-sharing a risk for wheezing and asthma in early childhood? Eur Respir J 2014; 45:661-9. [PMID: 25504998 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00041714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Household crowding can place young children at risk for respiratory infections which subsequently provoke asthma symptoms. However, crowding might also protect against asthma, in accordance with the hygiene hypothesis. We tested if parent-infant bed-sharing, an important dimension of household crowding, increases or decreases the risk for asthma. In a population-based prospective cohort (N = 6160) we assessed bed-sharing at 2 and 24 months; wheezing between 1 and 6 years of age; and asthma at 6 years of age. Generalised estimating equation models were used to assess repeated measures of wheezing and asthma. We found no association between bed-sharing in early infancy and wheezing or diagnosis of asthma. By contrast, we found a positive association between bed-sharing in toddlerhood and both wheezing (OR 1.42, 95% CI 1.15-1.74) and asthma (OR 1.57, 95% CI 1.03-2.38). Wheezing was not associated with bed-sharing when using cross-lagged modelling. This study suggests that bed-sharing in toddlerhood is associated with an increased risk of asthma at later ages, and not vice versa. Further studies are needed to explore the underlying causal mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P C M Luijk
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Agnes M M Sonnenschein-van der Voort
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Viara R Mileva-Seitz
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Dept of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Institute of Psychology, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank C Verhulst
- Dept of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent W V Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johan C de Jongste
- Dept of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marinus H van IJzendoorn
- School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Duijts
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Dept of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Kok R, van IJzendoorn MH, Linting M, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Tharner A, Luijk MPCM, Székely E, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Attachment insecurity predicts child active resistance to parental requests in a compliance task. Child Care Health Dev 2013; 39:277-87. [PMID: 22394322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2012.01374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM We studied the effects of early mother-child relationship quality and child temperament on the development of child compliance and active resistance in a large population-based cohort study (n = 534). BACKGROUND Parenting and the quality of the parent-child relationship can either hamper or support the development of child compliance directly or in interplay with child temperament. METHODS Mother-infant dyads were observed at 14 and 36 months and maternal and child behaviours were independently coded. The quality of compliance was assessed at 36 months in a clean-up task. Child behaviour was coded using a system differentiating between two dimensions: Compliance and Active Resistance. RESULTS Controlling for concurrent maternal sensitivity, child temperament, and gender children with a more insecure attachment relationship showed higher levels of active resistance during Clean-Up than more securely attached children. The effect was stronger for boys than for girls and mainly driven by attachment avoidance. CONCLUSIONS Early attachment is an important contributor to child socialization of moral behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kok
- Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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18
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Tharner A, Dierckx B, Luijk MPCM, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, van Ginkel JR, Moll HA, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Hudziak JJ, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Attachment disorganization moderates the effect of maternal postnatal depressive symptoms on infant autonomic functioning. Psychophysiology 2012; 50:195-203. [PMID: 23252764 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations of disorganized attachment and maternal depressive symptoms with infant autonomic functioning in 450 infant-mother dyads enrolled in the Generation R study. Maternal depressive symptoms were measured 2 months postpartum with the Brief Symptom Inventory. At 14 months, we assessed infant attachment with a slightly shortened Strange Situation and measured infant resting heart rate. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) was calculated using spectral analysis. Higher levels of maternal postnatal depressive symptoms predicted lower resting RSA in disorganized infants (B = -0.31, SE = 0.15, p = .04, R(2) = .05) but not in nondisorganized infants (B = 0.05, SE = 0.06, p = .36). This effect was buffered in disorganized infants with a secondary secure attachment classification. Disorganized infants were more vulnerable to the effect of maternal postnatal depressive symptoms on the physiological stress systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tharner
- Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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19
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Tharner A, Luijk MPCM, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Maternal lifetime history of depression and depressive symptoms in the prenatal and early postnatal period do not predict infant-mother attachment quality in a large, population-based Dutch cohort study. Attach Hum Dev 2012; 14:63-81. [PMID: 22191607 DOI: 10.1080/14616734.2012.636659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effects of maternal history of depressive disorder and the effects of depressive symptoms during pregnancy and the early postpartum period on attachment insecurity and disorganization. A total of 627 mother-infant dyads from the Generation R Study participated in a population-based cohort from fetal life onwards. Maternal history of depression was assessed by diagnostic interviews during pregnancy; maternal peri- and postnatal depressive symptoms were assessed with questionnaires in 506 of these women at 20 weeks pregnancy and two months postpartum; and infant-mother attachment security was observed when infants were aged 14 months. A history of maternal depressive disorder, regardless of severity or psychiatric comorbidity, was not associated with an increased risk of infant attachment insecurity or disorganization. Likewise, maternal peri- and postnatal depressive symptoms were not related to attachment insecurity or disorganization at 14 months. These results are important because mothers from otherwise low risk backgrounds often have previously been depressed or are struggling with non-clinical depressive symptoms during pregnancy and after giving birth. Our findings are discussed in terms of protective factors that may limit the potentially negative effects of maternal depressive symptoms on the infant-mother attachment relationship in the general population. The role of selective attrition and lack of information about the mothers' attachment status for the current null-findings are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Tharner
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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20
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Luijk MPCM, Roisman GI, Haltigan JD, Tiemeier H, Booth-LaForce C, van IJzendoorn MH, Belsky J, Uitterlinden AG, Jaddoe VW, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tharner A, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ. Dopaminergic, serotonergic, and oxytonergic candidate genes associated with infant attachment security and disorganization? In search of main and interaction effects. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2011; 52:1295-307. [PMID: 21749372 PMCID: PMC3202071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02440.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS In two birth cohort studies with genetic, sensitive parenting, and attachment data of more than 1,000 infants in total, we tested main and interaction effects of candidate genes involved in the dopamine, serotonin, and oxytocin systems (DRD4, DRD2, COMT, 5-HTT, OXTR) on attachment security and disorganization. Parenting was assessed using observational rating scales for parental sensitivity (Ainsworth, Bell, & Stayton, 1974), and infant attachment was assessed with the Strange Situation Procedure. RESULTS We found no consistent additive genetic associations for attachment security and attachment disorganization. However, specific tests revealed evidence for a codominant risk model for COMT Val158Met, consistent across both samples. Children with the Val/Met genotype showed higher disorganization scores (combined effect size d = .22, CI = .10-.34, p < .001). Gene-by-environment interaction effects were not replicable across the two samples. CONCLUSIONS This unexpected finding might be explained by a broader range of plasticity in heterozygotes, which may increase susceptibility to environmental influences or to dysregulation of emotional arousal. This study is unique in combining the two largest attachment cohorts with molecular genetic and observed rearing environment data to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P. C. M. Luijk
- Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | - Glenn I. Roisman
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - John D. Haltigan
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | | | - Marinus H. van IJzendoorn
- Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Erasmus School of Pedagogical and Educational Sciences, Erasmus University Rotterdam
| | - Jay Belsky
- Department of Human and Community Development, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Andre G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Netherlands Genomics Initiative (NGI)-sponsored Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Aging (NCHA)
| | - Vincent W.V. Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Frank C. Verhulst
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital
| | - Anne Tharner
- Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus University Medical Center-Sophia Children's Hospital
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Tharner A, Herba CM, Luijk MPCM, van IJzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Govaert PP, Roza SJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Subcortical structures and the neurobiology of infant attachment disorganization: A longitudinal ultrasound imaging study. Soc Neurosci 2011; 6:336-47. [DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2010.538219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Cents RAM, Tiemeier H, Luijk MPCM, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Lambregtse-van den Berg MP. Grandparental anxiety and depression predict young children's internalizing and externalizing problems: the generation R study. J Affect Disord 2011; 128:95-105. [PMID: 20637508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Family history is a major risk factor for child problem behaviour, yet few studies have examined the association between grandparental psychiatric disorder and child problem behaviour. Results are inconsistent as to whether the effect of grandparental depression on child problem behaviour is independent of parental psychopathology. METHODS Mothers and their children participated in an ethnically Dutch subcohort of a population-based prospective cohort in the Netherlands. N = 816 (66%) mothers and n = 691 fathers participated in the prenatal interviews. N = 687 (84%) mothers and children and n = 565 (82%) fathers participated three years postpartum. (Grand)parental psychopathology was assessed during pregnancy of the mothers with the Family Informant Schedule and Criteria (FISC), the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI). Child behaviour was assessed with the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) by mother and father when the child was three years old. RESULTS Grandparental anxiety disorder predicted maternal reports of children's internalizing problems (OR = 1.98, 95% C.I. (1.20, 3.28), p-value<0.01) and externalizing problems (OR = 1.73, 95% C.I. (1.04, 2.87), p-value = 0.03), independent of parental psychopathology. Results were similar for grandparental depression; internalizing OR = 1.75, 95% C.I (1.11, 2.75), p-value = 0.02 and externalizing OR = 1.67, 95% C.I. (1.05, 2.64) p-value = 0.03. However, grandparental psychopathology was not associated with children's problem behaviour as reported by the father. LIMITATIONS Information on grandparental lifetime psychiatric disorder was assessed through a parental interview which may have led to an underestimation of the prevalence rates. CONCLUSIONS These results confirm the importance of a family history including not only the parental but also the grandparental generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolieke A M Cents
- The Generation R Study Group, Erasmus MC-University Medical Centre Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Luijk MPCM, Saridjan N, Tharner A, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. Attachment, depression, and cortisol: Deviant patterns in insecure-resistant and disorganized infants. Dev Psychobiol 2010; 52:441-52. [PMID: 20583141 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Both attachment insecurity and maternal depression are thought to affect infants' emotional and physiological regulation. In the current study, Strange Situation Procedure (SSP) attachment classifications, and cortisol stress reactivity and diurnal rhythm were assessed at 14 months in a prospective cohort study of 369 mother-infant dyads. Maternal lifetime depression was diagnosed prenatally using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Insecure-resistant infants showed the largest increase in cortisol levels from pre- to post-SSP; the effect was even stronger when they had depressive mothers. Disorganized children showed a more flattened diurnal cortisol pattern compared to nondisorganized children. Findings are discussed from the perspective of a cumulative risk model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maartje P C M Luijk
- Center for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
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24
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Luijk MPCM, Velders FP, Tharner A, van Ijzendoorn MH, Bakermans-Kranenburg MJ, Jaddoe VWV, Hofman A, Verhulst FC, Tiemeier H. FKBP5 and resistant attachment predict cortisol reactivity in infants: gene-environment interaction. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2010; 35:1454-61. [PMID: 20547006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2010.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2010] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Quality of the parent-infant attachment relationship influences physiological stress regulation. Genetic factors also contribute to the stress regulatory HPA-axis. Quality of attachment as an index of the rearing environment (measured with the Strange Situation Procedure, SSP), and HPA-axis related SNPs (BclI, rs41423247; TthIIII, rs10052957; GR-9β, rs6198; N363S, rs6195; ER22/23EK, rs6189 and 6190; and FKBP5, rs1360780) were hypothesized to be related to cortisol reactivity in the stressful SSP. In this large population based sample, FKBP5 rs1360780, but not GR haplotype, was related to cortisol reactivity. Moreover, we found a significant interaction effect for insecure-resistant attachment and FKBP5 rs1360780, indicating a double-risk for heightened cortisol reactivity levels in infants with one or two T-alleles of the FKBP5 SNP and an insecure-resistant attachment relationship with their mother. Findings are discussed from the perspective of gene-environment interaction.
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