1
|
Randomized clinical trial evaluating the effects of administering acidogenic boluses at dry-off on udder health, milk yield, and herd removal. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:3899-3915. [PMID: 38216037 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-23757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Acidogenic boluses can mitigate potential negative effects of high milk yield at dry-off on udder health. This randomized controlled trial aimed to investigate the effect of administering acidogenic boluses at dry-off on dry period intramammary infection (IMI) dynamics and on milk production parameters, somatic cell count linear score (LSCC), clinical mastitis (CM), and herd removal in the next lactation. A total of 901 cows from 3 dairy farms were randomly allocated to a control (CON, n = 458; no administration of acidogenic boluses at dry-off) or treatment group (TRT, n = 443; administration of 2 acidogenic boluses at dry-off). Quarter milk samples were collected at dry-off and after calving and submitted for bacteriological milk culture. The effects of treatment on the presence of quarter-level postpartum IMI, cure of existing IMI, and acquisition of new IMI, and on the prevalence of cow-level high LSCC (LSCC ≥4) in the first 30 days in milk (DIM) were analyzed using mixed effects logistic regression. Mixed linear regression was used to analyze cow-level milk production parameters (i.e., milk yield, fat corrected milk, fat and protein yield, and LSCC) in the first 90 DIM and until 300 DIM. For CM and herd removal, Cox proportional hazard regression models were used. In addition to treatment group, lactation group at dry-off, presence of high LSCC in the last test-day, average milk yield in the week before dry-off, presence of CM in the lactation of enrollment, and biologically relevant interactions were offered in all models. There was no evidence of a difference in IMI dynamics or in milk, fat corrected milk, protein or fat yields in the subsequent lactation between groups. The TRT group had a lower LSCC in the first 2 mo postpartum compared with the CON group (2.58 ± 0.3 vs. 2.92 ± 0.3 and 2.42 ± 0.3 vs. 2.81 ± 0.3, for first and second month postpartum). The prevalence of high LSCC in the first 30 DIM was 9.1% lower in the TRT compared with the CON group (16.3% vs. 25.5%; risk difference: -9.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -15.8, -2.5). Cows in the TRT group exhibited reduced hazards of CM in the subsequent lactation compared with cows in the CON group (hazard ratio: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.63, 0.89) as well as a reduced hazard of herd removal (hazard ratio: 0.82, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.88). The administration of acidogenic boluses as a component of dry-off management is a promising approach to maintain good udder health and reduce the hazard of CM and herd removal during the subsequent lactation.
Collapse
|
2
|
Prepartum behaviors as early indicators for postpartum energy associated biomarkers status in Holstein dairy cows. Pol J Vet Sci 2024; 27:107-116. [PMID: 38511631 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2024.149340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Our main aim was to investigate the predictive value of prepartum behaviors such as total daily rumination (TDR), total daily activity (TDA) and dry matter intake (DMI) as early indicators to detect cows at risk for hyperketonemia (HYK), hypoglycemia (HYG) or high non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) status in the first (wk1) and second week (wk2) postpartum. In a case control study, 64 Holstein cows were enrolled 3 weeks before the expected time of calving and monitored until 15 days in milk (DIM). Postpartum blood samples were taken at D3 and D6 for wk1 and at D12 and D15 for wk2 to measure beta-hydroxybutyrate, NEFA and glucose concentration. Ear-mounted accelerometers were used to measure TDR and TDA. DMI and milk yield were obtained from farm records. Relationships between the average daily rate of change in prepartum TDR (ΔTDR), TDA (ΔTDA), and DMI (ΔDMI) with postpartum HYK, HYG and NEFA status in wk1 and wk2 post-partum were evaluated using linear regression models. Models were adjusted for potential confounding variables, and covariates retained in the final models were determined by backward selection. No evidence was found to support the premise that prepartum ΔTDR, ΔTDA or ΔDMI predicted postpartum HYK, HYG or NEFA status in wk1 or in wk2. Overall, prepartum ΔTDR, ΔTDA and ΔDMI were not effective predictors of HYK, HYG or NEFA status in the first 2 weeks postpartum.
Collapse
|
3
|
The efficacy of metformin as adjuvant to chemotherapy on IGF levels in non-diabetic female patients with progressive and non-progressive metastatic breast cancer. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 27:5200-5210. [PMID: 37318494 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202306_32638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Some studies have shown that metformin inhibits the proliferation of breast cancer (BC) cells via multiple ways. One of these mechanisms is through the indirect control of the IGF-route mediated via the activation of the AMPK-LKB1 pathway in the liver, which leads to a decrease in blood glucose and insulin levels. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of metformin as adjuvant to chemotherapy on IGF levels in female patients with progressive and non-progressive metastatic BC. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this trial, 107 women receiving chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer (MBC) were divided into two groups: the metformin group received 500 mg of metformin twice daily, whereas the control group did not receive any metformin. All patients received chemotherapy according to the South Egypt Cancer Institute's (SECI) established regimen. The level of IGF-1 was determined in the blood at the initiation of therapy (baseline) and at six months post treatment. RESULTS No substantial differences were noted regarding IGF-1 levels in both groups at baseline (IGF-1 average level was 40.74 ± 36.16 vs. 32.06 ± 20.00 in the metformin and the placebo group, respectively, p = 0.462). While after six months, the mean IGF-1 level was 37.62 ± 31.35 vs. 39.12 ± 2 5.93 in the metformin and placebo groups, respectively, (p = 0.170). CONCLUSIONS Metformin as an adjuvant to chemotherapy in MBC patients had no significant effect on reducing IGF-l levels which promotes the inhibition of the proliferation of BC cells in MBC patients.
Collapse
|
4
|
Filling of the resultant cavity after curettage of benign bone tumours is still controversial. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF MALAYSIA 2023; 78:163-170. [PMID: 36988525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign bone tumours occur most commonly during the first through third decades of life and often weaken the bones, which may predispose them to pathological fractures. Great diversity and debate in the management of primary bone tumours are based on the tumour extent. There has been an increasing trend toward the intra-operative filling of these lesions. We hypothesised that in some benign bone tumours, filling the resulting cavity after curettage was unnecessary. This study was carried out to determine whether it is necessary to fill the resultant cavity after the curettage of benign bone tumours and to represent various fillers. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study of patients diagnosed as benign bone tumours according to the Enneking classification who underwent simple or extended curettage at Menoufia university-Orthopedic Oncology Division (with or without grafting or filling) during the surgical treatment (Jan 2015 to Feb 2020). A review of the medical records was done. Lesions' size (length, width and depth) was measured on plain radiographs using the image j program. When applicable, degrees of filling of the resultant cavity were classified into four categories, according to Modified Neer's classification. Functional evaluation using the musculoskeletal tumour society (MSTS) score was reviewed. RESULTS Overall, 88 patients diagnosed with a primary bone tumour and who received the surgical intervention were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 22.61+13.497 (3-58) years. There were 48 males and 40 females (54 right and 34 left). The mean follow-up period was 28.09+16.13 months. The most common location was the distal femur in 15 patients, the proximal femur in 10 patients and the proximal tibia in 12 patients. The most common diagnosis was giant cell tumour in 20 patients, followed by UBC in 19 patients, ABC in 15 patients and enchondroma in 13 patients. Twenty-three patients had simple curettage, while 65 patients had extended curettage. Mean MSTS was 28.78±1.68. Fifty-five lesions were classified according to modified Neer's classification.Thirtty-two patients were classified as type 1 with complete healing,22 patient was classified as type 2 with partial healing, and only one was classified as a recurrent lesion. Seven patients (7.9%) developed local recurrences. CONCLUSION Filling the resulting cavity after the removal of the pathological tissues is usually necessary but not always required. This is determined by the type of lesion and the size of the resulting cavity following curettage. Individualised surgery is required; additional fixation should be considered.
Collapse
|
5
|
Diverse polyketides from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp . LV52: Structure determination and cytotoxic activities. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00628. [PMID: 35036335 PMCID: PMC8752877 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
We report the isolation and characterization of five polyketides [alternariol (1), alternariol-9-methyl ether (2), altertoxin I (3), altertoxin II (4) and tenuazonic acid (5)] from the marine endophytic Alternaria sp. LV52 derived from Cystoseira tamariscifolia, collected from the Red Sea at Nabq-Bay, Egypt. The chemical structures of compounds 1-5 were identified by extensive 1D, 2D NMR, and HR mass measurements. Isolation and phenotypic and genotypic characterization of the producing fungus is reported. The antimicrobial activity of the produced extract and derived compounds was examined against a panel of test organisms. In addition, an in vitro cytotoxic activity of 1-5 was performed against diverse cancer cell lines: HEPG2, HELA, A549 and PC3, revealing that compounds 2 and 4 are potentially cytotoxic against A549 and PC3 with EC50 of 0.73 µg/ml (2.69 µM) and 0.17 µg/ml (0.64 µM) for 2, and 0.40 µg/ml (1.15 µM) and 0.12 µg/ml (0.33 µM) for 4, respectively.
Collapse
|
6
|
Favourable Prognosis Value of Matrix Metalloproteinase-10 Overexpression in Urinary Bladder Cancer. Indian J Pharm Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.36468/pharmaceutical-sciences.spl.454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
7
|
RF-3192C and other polyketides from the marine endophytic Aspergillus niger ASSB4: structure assignment and bioactivity investigation. Med Chem Res 2021; 30:647-654. [PMID: 38576441 PMCID: PMC10993419 DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02658-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemical investigation of the methanolic extract of endophytic Aspergillus niger SB4, isolated from the marine alga Laurencia obtuse, afforded the pentacyclic polyketide, RF-3192C (1), the dimeric coumarin orlandin (2), fonsecin B (3), TMC-256A1 (4), cyclo-(Leu-Ala) (5), and cerebroside A (6).The chemical structure of RF-3192C (1) is assigned herein for the first time using 1D/2D NMR and HRESI-MS. Additionally, the revision of the NMR assignments of orlandin (2) was reported herein as well. Investigation of the antimicrobial activities of isolated compounds revealed the high activity of RF-3192C (1) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus subtilis, and moderate activity against yeast. Moreover, an in vitro cytotoxic activity against liver (HEPG2), cervical (HELA), lung (A549), prostate (PC3), and breast (MCF7) cancer cell lines of the isolated compounds was evaluated. The isolation and taxonomical characterization of the producing fungus was reported as well.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients: a scoping review. EUROPEAN REVIEW FOR MEDICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2021; 25:1114-1134. [PMID: 33577069 DOI: 10.26355/eurrev_202101_24683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The novel coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic had intense social and economic effects. Patients infected with COVID-19 may present with a series of conditions. A considerable number of patients express taste and smell disturbances as a prodromal, coexistent, or as the only manifestation of COVID-19 infection. The objective of the present review is to review the hypothetical mechanisms of action and etiopathogenesis of dysgeusia in COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS Multiple scientific databases were explored, including PubMed, Medline, Scopus, Cochrane-library, LILACS, Livivo and OpenGrey. All types of articles that discussed the pathogenesis of dysgeusia were included, while articles that described dysgeusia without detail about its mode of action were excluded. RESULTS A total of 47 articles, with different designs, were included in this review. These articles suggested direct viral neural invasion to olfactory and gustatory nerves, viral cytotoxicity to taste buds, angiotensin II imbalance, augmented pro-inflammatory cytokines, and disturbances in salivary glands and sialic acid. COVID-19 induced-dysgeusia was also associated with systemic diseases, medications, zinc, chemicals, and disinfectants. CONCLUSIONS The most likely cause of transient dysgeusia in COVID-19 is peripheral neurotropism and direct toxicity to taste buds or olfactory epithelium. Other factors may also play a contributory role in dysgeusia, such as a defect in the quality and quantity of saliva, pro-inflammatory cytokines, angiotensin II accumulation, systemic diseases, hypozincemia, and excessive use of chemicals.
Collapse
|
9
|
Influence of probiotic and yeast culture supplementation on selected biochemical and immunological parameters of growing lambs. Pol J Vet Sci 2021; 23:5-12. [PMID: 32233295 DOI: 10.24425/pjvs.2019.131413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the potential effects of 90 days-long dietary supple- mentation of probiotic and yeast culture on immunity condition of lambs. Fifteen Rahmani growing male lambs (about 5 months old and 23.21±2.75 kg body weight) were randomly allo- cated to three equal groups consisting of 5 animals each. The animals in the first group, served as a control (group C), were fed a basal diet without any supplementation. The lambs in the second and third group were fed the basal diet supplemented with probiotic (group Y) or yeast culture (group YC), respectively. The probiotic consisted of live yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) alone, while the yeast culture was composed of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the media on which it was grown. In group Y and YC, each lamb was supplemented daily with 0.5 g and 7.0 g of live yeast and yeast culture, respectively. Blood samples were collected before feeding the supplements and then every 15 days until the day 90th. Total and differential leucocytic counts, total protein, albumin, IgA, IgG and IgM levels were measured in blood. There were insignificant (p>0.05) variations in the levels of total and differential leucocytic counts and total protein among the groups throughout the experiment. However, significant differences (p⟨0.05) were found in globulin, IgA, IgG and IgM in both (Y) and (YC) groups, but the effect of yeast culture seems to be better than that of the probiotic. In conclusions, the obtained results indicate that the tested probiotic and yeast culture improve the immunological status of lambs.
Collapse
|
10
|
6% Hydroxyethyl starch (130/0.4) vs Ringer's lactate preloading before spinal anaesthesia for Caesarean delivery. Br J Anaesth 2015; 115:328. [PMID: 26170365 DOI: 10.1093/bja/aev250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
|
11
|
Human chronic fascioliasis: a possible cause of unexplained abnormal liver tests. Br J Biomed Sci 2005; 61:211-4. [PMID: 15649015 DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2004.11732674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fascioliasis is a cause of hepatic disease. Hepatitis B and C viruses are important causative factors in chronic liver disease. In this study, the frequency of hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C (HCV) in cases of chronic human fascioliasis is studied. Egg count, indirect haemagglutination test (IHAT), haemoglobin level, total leucocyte and eosinophil counts, serum bilirubin, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) are performed. Serum gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), arylsulphatase (ASA) and lipid peroxide levels are determined. Results showed that levels of the latter group of enzymes were increased significantly in cases of chronic fascioliasis. Therefore, determination of GGT, ASA and lipid peroxide should be added to the list of liver function test used to diagnose this disease. Hepatitis B was not detected in any of the 27 chronic fascioliasis patients studied, while HCV was found in only two (7%) cases. However, greater disturbance of biochemical parameters was seen in patients with combined fascioliasis and HCV infection.
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
One hundred and fifty-six patients with multiple myeloma were treated over a period of 12 years at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. The progress of the disease was affected in 96/156 patients (61%). Response was defined as achieving a plateau of M component. A partial or complete response was seen in 68/120 patients treated conventionally (56.5%), and in 28/36 patients treated with high-dose therapy (77.7%). The median survival of the group as a whole was 20 months, with a 2-year survival of just over 40%. In the 36 patients treated with high-dose therapy, median survival was 6 years, and in a small group who have had maintenance Interferon therapy, the median has not yet been reached. In a univariate analysis, age, intensity of therapy, haemoglobin and creatinine levels were significant, but multivariate analysis showed that only age and intensity of therapy were independent predictors for survival. The outlook for relapsed patients who showed progression of disease remains poor, but palliation was best achieved by steroid and Interferon in combination. Patients who achieve complete responses and are maintained on Interferon appear to be doing better both in terms of freedom from symptoms and in survival, and methods to enable an elderly population to tolerate this form of therapy need to be explored.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The efficacy of berenil (diminazene aceturate) was studied in experimental Trypanosoma evansi infection in albino mice. The criteria used for the assessment of the anti-trypanosomal effect of berenil included the examination of the blood and tissues for T. evansi and the clinical, pathological and enzyme histochemical changes seen in the lungs, heart, liver, kidney and spleen at intervals after treatment. Single doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg of berenil given intraperitoneally or intramuscularly to infected mice produced a complete elimination of the protozoon and caused a slow tissue recovery mirrored in the persistence of lesions in different organs. Single doses of 3.5 mg/kg of berenil were less effective and none of the three dose levels of the drug used induced toxic effects in albino mice.
Collapse
|
14
|
Trypanosoma evansi infections and antibodies in goats, sheep and camels in the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 1981; 13:141-6. [PMID: 7292609 DOI: 10.1007/bf02237911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
15
|
|
16
|
The effect of samorin (isometamedium chloride) on Trypanosoma evansi infection in mice. BRITISH JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PATHOLOGY 1980; 61:380-9. [PMID: 7426389 PMCID: PMC2041612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Samorin (isometamedium chloride) was effective against T. evansi in mice given in single i.p. doses of 1 to 10 mg/kg. The administration of 40 mg/kg of samorin or above caused rapid death of mice and there were severe haemorrhages, degeneration and congestion in the liver, heart and kidney. The lesions in the liver and kidney were accompanied with reduced activities of ATP-ase, 5-nucleotidase, succinic tetrazolium reductase and glucose-6-phosphatase.
Collapse
|
17
|
Changes in the levels of some serum enzymes in dromedary camels infected with Trypanosoma evansi. Res Vet Sci 1980; 28:336-40. [PMID: 7414087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The serum levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in healthy male dromedary camels were determined. The camels were then infected with Trypanosoma evansi and the same enzymes determined at intervals, both during the period of infection and after treatment with the trypanocidal drugs suramin and quinapyramine sulphate. Increases in the serum levels of sorbitol dehydrogenase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase were recorded, together with a decrease in the serum level of alkaline phosphatase during the period of patent parasitaemia. The levels of the enzymes returned to normal after drug treatment.
Collapse
|
18
|
Trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma evansi (Steel, 1885) Balbiani, 1888. A review of recent research. Trop Anim Health Prod 1980; 12:35-47. [PMID: 7370098 DOI: 10.1007/bf02242629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
19
|
Abstract
Five diagnostic tests for infection with Trypanosoma evansi have been compared in groups of camels experimentally infected or exposed to natural infection in the Sudan. The correlation of positive results obtained by assays of IgM levels, the mercuric chloride test and the formol gel test with the presence of active infection was unsatisfactory, but there was a good correlation between results obtained using IFAT and ELISA and proven infection. Sera from a high proportion of apparently uninfected camels from endemic areas gave positive reactions with all 5 tests, possibly indicating inadequate parasitological diagnosis or persistence of antibody after unsatisfactory chemotherapy. It was concluded that serological tests using trypanosomal antigens to detect antibodies were more sensitive for diagnosis than indirect tests based on raised euglobulin levels. Serodiagnostic tests may therefore have a place in future programmes for surveillance and control of T. evansi infections in camels.
Collapse
|
20
|
Trypanosomiasis:goats as a possible reservoir of Trypanosoma congolense in the Republic of the Sudan. Trop Anim Health Prod 1977; 9:167-70. [PMID: 910302 DOI: 10.1007/bf02236591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Experimental Trypanosoma congolense infections of goats and calves were compared. Goats developed a chronic form of trypanosomiasis, often recovering spontaneously from a strain which caused an acute fatal disease in calves. Goats may be important in the maintenace of T. congolense in nature in the Sudan.
Collapse
|
21
|
|