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Russell LA, Tinker SC, Rice CE, Ryerson AB, Gonzalez MG. Variation in identifying children and adolescents with disability and developmental disability in population-based public health surveys. Disabil Health J 2024; 17:101556. [PMID: 38001004 PMCID: PMC10999331 DOI: 10.1016/j.dhjo.2023.101556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The term "developmental disability" (DD) is inconsistently defined and applied depending on purpose and across sources, including in legislation. OBJECTIVE This project aimed to identify existing definitions of disability and DD and to determine the extent to which each definition could be operationalized to produce prevalence estimates using data from U.S. national surveys. METHODS Using data among children <18 years from the 2016-2018 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), we estimated the prevalence of two definitions of disability (Washington Group Short Set on Functioning, American Community Survey) and seven definitions of DD [Health and Human Services (ever/current), Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act of 2000 (1+, 2+, or 3+ components), and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed (ever/current)]. Complex sample design variables and weights were used to calculate nationally representative prevalence. RESULTS Disability (NHIS: 5.2-6.3%; NSCH: 9.2-11.9%) and DD prevalence (NHIS: 0.6-18.0% and NSCH: 0.2-22.2%) varied depending on the definition and data source. For the same definition, NSCH prevalence estimates tended to be higher than NHIS estimates. CONCLUSIONS The substantial variability in estimated prevalence of disability and DD among children in the United States may be in part due to the surveys not representing all components of each definition. Different or additional questions in national surveys may better capture existing definitions of disability and DD. Considering the data collection goals may help determine the optimal definition to provide useful information for public health action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Russell
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA; Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Research Participation Programs, Oak Ridge, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah C Tinker
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine E Rice
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - A Blythe Ryerson
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria G Gonzalez
- Division of Human Development and Disability, National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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2
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Danielson ML, Claussen AH, Arifkhanova A, Gonzalez MG, Surman C. Who Provides Outpatient Clinical Care for Adults With ADHD? Analysis of Healthcare Claims by Types of Providers Among Private Insurance and Medicaid Enrollees, 2021. J Atten Disord 2024:10870547241238899. [PMID: 38500256 DOI: 10.1177/10870547241238899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize provider types delivering outpatient care overall and through telehealth to U.S. adults with ADHD. METHOD Using employer-sponsored insurance (ESI) and Medicaid claims, we identified enrollees aged 18 to 64 years who received outpatient care for ADHD in 2021. Billing provider codes were used to tabulate the percentage of enrollees receiving ADHD care from 10 provider types overall and through telehealth. RESULTS Family practice physicians, psychiatrists, and nurse practitioners/psychiatric nurses were the most common providers for adults with ESI, although the distribution of provider types varied across states. Lower percentages of adults with Medicaid received ADHD care from physicians. Approximately half of adults receiving outpatient ADHD care received ADHD care by telehealth. CONCLUSION Results may inform the development of clinical guidelines for adult ADHD and identify audiences for guideline dissemination and education planning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Craig Surman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Gonzalez MG, Lisandrini FT, Blesio GG, Trumper AE, Gazza CJ, Manuel LO. Correlated Partial Disorder in a Weakly Frustrated Quantum Antiferromagnet. Phys Rev Lett 2019; 122:017201. [PMID: 31012681 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.017201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Partial disorder-the microscopic coexistence of long-range magnetic order and disorder-is a rare phenomenon that has been experimentally and theoretically reported in some Ising- or easy plane-spin systems, driven by entropic effects at finite temperatures. Here, we present an analytical and numerical analysis of the S=1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet on the sqrt[3]×sqrt[3]-distorted triangular lattice, which shows that its quantum ground state has partial disorder in the weakly frustrated regime. This state has a 180° Néel ordered honeycomb subsystem coexisting with disordered spins at the hexagon center sites. These central spins are ferromagnetically aligned at short distances, as a consequence of a Casimir-like effect originated by the zero-point quantum fluctuations of the honeycomb lattice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Gonzalez
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - F T Lisandrini
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - G G Blesio
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - A E Trumper
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - C J Gazza
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
| | - L O Manuel
- Instituto de Física Rosario (CONICET) and Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Boulevard 27 de Febrero 210 bis, (2000) Rosario, Argentina
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Riobo LM, Veiras FE, Gonzalez MG, Garea MT, Sorichetti PA. High-speed real-time heterodyne interferometry using software-defined radio. Appl Opt 2018; 57:217-224. [PMID: 29328167 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the design and performance of a phase demodulation scheme based on software-defined radio (SDR), applied in heterodyne interferometry. The phase retrieval is performed in real time by means of a low-cost SDR with a wideband optoelectronic front-end. Compared to other demodulation schemes, the system is quite simpler, versatile, and of lower cost. The performance of the demodulator is demonstrated by measuring the displacement per volt of a thin-film polymeric piezoelectric transducer based on polyvinylidene fluoride for ultrasonic applications. We measured displacements between 3.5 pm and 122 pm with 7% relative uncertainty, in the frequency range from 20 kHz to 1 MHz.
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Evans-Marin HL, Cao AT, Yao S, Chen F, He C, Liu H, Wu W, Gonzalez MG, Dann SM, Cong Y. Unexpected Regulatory Role of CCR9 in Regulatory T Cell Development. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134100. [PMID: 26230654 PMCID: PMC4521878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells reactive to microbiota regulate the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). As T cell trafficking to intestines is regulated through interactions between highly specific chemokine-chemokine receptors, efforts have been made to develop intestine-specific immunosuppression based on blocking these key processes. CCR9, a gut-trophic chemokine receptor expressed by lymphocytes and dendritic cells, has been implicated in the regulation of IBD through mediating recruitment of T cells to inflamed sites. However, the role of CCR9 in inducing and sustaining inflammation in the context of IBD is poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that CCR9 deficiency in effector T cells and Tregs does not affect the development of colitis in a microbiota antigen-specific, T cell-mediated model. However, Treg cells express higher levels of CCR9 compared to those in effector T cells. Interestingly, CCR9 inhibits Treg cell development, in that CCR9-/- mice demonstrate a high level of Foxp3+ Tregs, and ligation of CCR9 by its ligand CCL25 inhibits Treg cell differentiation in vitro. Collectively, our data indicate that in addition to acting as a gut-homing molecule, CCR9 signaling shapes immune responses by inhibiting Treg cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L. Evans-Marin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anthony T. Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Feidi Chen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chong He
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Wu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Maria G. Gonzalez
- School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sara M. Dann
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
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Suarez CE, Lacy P, Laughery J, Gonzalez MG, McElwain T. Optimization of Babesia bovis transfection methods. Parassitologia 2007; 49 Suppl 1:67-70. [PMID: 17691610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The tick borne Babesia parasites remain an important limitation for development of cattle industries worldwide. A stable transfection of Babesia bovis will be useful for functional analysis of the recently sequenced B. bovis genome and to design improved methods to control Babesia infections. In this study, we describe a novel system for nucleofection of B. bovis infected erythrocytes and we optimize methods to introduce plasmids encoding the luciferase reporter gene into Babesia infected erythrocytes or free merozoites using either a BioRad GenePulser II electroporation system or nucleofection technology (Amaxa) A comparative study among four different transfection methods: transfection of infected erythrocytes and purified merozoites with 2 or 100 microg of plasmid, using electroporation (BioRad GenePulser II) or nucleofection (Amaxa) indicates that electroporation of infected erythrocytes with 100 microg of plasmid or nucleofection with 2 microg of plasmid are the most efficient ways to transfect B. bovis parasites. The data also indicate that nucleofection is more efficient than electroporation for transfecting small quantities of plasmids (2 microg range), whereas the inverse is true for transfection of larger quantities (100 microg range). This information will facilitate further development of efficient stable transfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Suarez
- Program in Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-7040, USA.
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Roman J, Castillejo JA, Jimenez A, Bornstein R, Gonzalez MG, del Carmen Rodriguez M, Barrios M, Maldonado J, Torres A. Hypermethylation of the calcitonin gene in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia is associated with unfavourable clinical outcome. Br J Haematol 2001; 113:329-38. [PMID: 11380396 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2001.02764.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We analysed calcitonin (CALC1) gene hypermethylation using semiquantitative differential polymerase chain reaction in 105 patients with adult (n = 49) and childhood (n = 56) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), and studied the association of CALC1 hypermethylation with clinical presentation features and disease outcome. We also investigated the possible relationship between CALC1 methylation status and expression of the cell cycle inhibitor gene p57KIP2. We observed CALC1 hypermethylation in bone marrow cells from 43% (45 out of 105) of ALL patients. Clinical, molecular and laboratory features did not differ significantly between hypermethylated and hypomethylated patients, only T-cell lineage was associated with hypermethylation (14% vs. 47%, P = 0025). Complete remission rate was similar in both groups although hypermethylated patients had a higher relapse rate (68% vs. 19%, P < 0.00001) and mortality rate (55% vs. 36%, P = 0.06) than hypomethylated patients. Estimated disease-free survival (DFS) at 6 years was 66.1% for hypomethylated patients and 5.3% for hypermethylated patients (P < 0,00001). Multivariate analysis from potential prognostic factors demonstrated that CALC1 methylation status was an independent prognostic factor in predicting DFS (P = 0.0001). Separate analysis of adult and childhood ALL patients showed similar results to the whole series. In addition, hypermethylated patients showed downregulation of p57KIP2 expression. Our results suggest that CALC1 gene hypermethylation is associated with an enhanced risk of relapse independently of known poor-prognostic factors and we describe, for the first time, a possible implication of the p57KIP2 gene in the genesis and prognosis of ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roman
- Department of Haematology, Reina Sofia Hospital, Cordoba, Spain
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Roman J, Parziale A, Gottardi E, De Micheli D, Cilloni D, Tiribelli M, Gonzalez MG, del Carmen Rodriguez M, Torres A, Saglio G. Novel type of BCR-ABL transcript in a chronic myelogenous leukaemia patient relapsed after bone marrow transplantation. Br J Haematol 2000; 111:644-6. [PMID: 11122114 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.02394.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We identified a novel BCR-ABL transcript in a chronic myelogenous leukaemia (CML) patient who relapsed after bone marrow transplantation (BMT), containing a fusion between part of BCR exon 3, 44 nucleotides derived from ABL intron 1b and ABL exon 2. The breakpoints were located within BCR exon 3 on chromosome 22 and within the ABL intron 1b on chromosome 9, and the transcript derives from a splicing of ABL exon 2 to a putative splicing acceptor site 44 nucleotides downstream to the breakpoint on chromosome 9. The patient's clinical course strengthens the idea that short forms of BCR-ABL transcripts are associated with a more aggressive disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Roman
- Haematology Department of Reina Sofía Hospital, Córdoba, Spain
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9
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Serrano J, Roman J, Sanchez J, Jimenez A, Castillejo JA, Herrera C, Gonzalez MG, Reina L, Rodriguez MC, Alvarez MA, Maldonado J, Torres A. Molecular analysis of lineage-specific chimerism and minimal residual disease by RT-PCR of p210(BCR-ABL) and p190(BCR-ABL) after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for chronic myeloid leukemia: increasing mixed myeloid chimerism and p190(BCR-ABL) detection precede cytogenetic relapse. Blood 2000; 95:2659-65. [PMID: 10753848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We studied lineage-specific chimerism and minimal residual disease (MRD) in sequential posttransplant samples from 55 patients who underwent unmanipulated (n = 44) or partially T-cell-depleted (n = 11) allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Chimerism was assessed by polymerase chain reaction (VNTR [variable number of tandem repeats]-PCR) analysis in highly purified CD19+, CD3+, CD15+, and CD56+ cell fractions, whereas MRD was investigated in whole blood by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) of both p210(BCR-ABL) and p190(BCR-ABL) hybrid transcripts. Of 55 patients, 14 (including 6 T-cell-depleted patients) had cytogenetic relapse at 5-80 months and progressed to hematologic relapse, while 41 patients remained in prolonged cytogenetic remission 12-107 months post-BMT. Before leukemia recurrence, patients in the relapse group showed a consistent evolution pattern sequentially featured by persistent p210(BCR-ABL) positivity, increasing mixed chimerism (MC) in myeloid cells, p190(BCR-ABL) positivity, and, finally, cytogenetic relapse. Myeloid MC preceded cytogenetic relapse by 2-12 months, whereas p190(BCR/ABL) was detected 1-6 months prior to cytogenetic relapse in 11 patients and concomitant with cytogenetic relapse in 3 patients. In the remission group, all patients invariably tested negative for p190(BCR-ABL); 10 patients tested positive for p210(BCR-ABL) at variable time-points but showed persistent full donor chimerism (DC), whereas 31 patients tested p210(BCR-ABL) negative and displayed full DC or transient MC due to the persistence of recipient T cells. Two patients in the relapse group were successfully reinduced into molecular remission with donor lymphocyte infusion. Sequential molecular analysis after such treatment showed the inverse pattern to that observed prior to relapse, ie, progressive disappearance of p190(BCR-ABL) transcripts, conversion of myeloid chimerism to donor type, and, finally, p210(BCR-ABL) negativity. We conclude that lineage-specific chimerism and p190(BCR-ABL) messenger RNA (mRNA) analyses contribute a better characterization of CML evolution after BMT and enable early identification of patients at the highest risk of relapse. (Blood. 2000;95:2659-2665)
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Child
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, bcr-abl/genetics
- Humans
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/genetics
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/pathology
- Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm, Residual/diagnosis
- Neoplasm, Residual/genetics
- Predictive Value of Tests
- Recurrence
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Transplantation Chimera/genetics
- Transplantation, Homologous
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Affiliation(s)
- J Serrano
- Hematology Department of Reina Sofía Hospital, Córdoba, Spain.
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Abstract
Optic nerve blindness following a malar fracture is an uncommon and usually permanent complication. When the loss of vision is immediate and total, the prognosis is poor. The case of a patient who suffered immediate and complete loss of vision after a malar fracture is presented. Computed tomography revealed compression of the optic nerve by bony fragments. No improvement was observed after megadose steroids and surgical treatment. The incidence, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach and therapeutic possibilities are discussed and the importance of establishing precisely the moment of the loss of vision is stressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Gonzalez
- Dept. of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital, Oviedo, Spain
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Abstract
Dichloroacetate (DCA) reduces blood glucose, lactate and lipids in diabetes or during fasting. Chronic use of DCA, however, is limited by toxicity, probably due in part to its rapid conversion to oxalate in vivo. In theory, therefore, DCA's efficacy may be retained and its toxicity minimized by controlling its rate of metabolism. We attempted to alter DCA pharmacokinetics and bioavailability by synthesizing various derivatives comprising DCA esters with polyols and DCA ionic complexes. Twenty-four hour fasted, nondiabetic rats received single, orogastric doses of saline (control) sodium DCA (100mg/kg) or the following derivatives (D1-4): the esters D1-D3: potassium tetra (dichloroacetyl) glucuronate (D1), inositol-monophosphate-tetradichloroacetate (D2), inositol-hexadichloroacetate (D3) and inositol-hexa [N-methylnicotinate] hexadichloroacetate salt (D4). Each derivative was administered at a dose that would ultimately provide 100 mg/kg DCA as the anion. All derivatives were orally effective in significantly decreasing blood glucose and lactate. D4 exerted the most potent and long-lasting glucose- and lactate-lowering effects, yet increased plasma DCA concentrations less than an equivalent dose of the sodium salt. When administered to reverse light-cycled rats, D4 markedly inhibited the incorporation of tritiated water into cholesterol and triglycerides. We conclude that derivatives of DCA retain the biological activity of the parent compound, but may exhibit different pharmacokinetics. They may eventually prove useful in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia and lactic acidosis in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W Stacpoole
- Department of Medicine (Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism), College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
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Maeso ES, Piñas FF, Gonzalez MG, Valiente EF. Sodium Requirement for Photosynthesis and Its Relationship with Dinitrogen Fixation and the External CO(2) Concentration in Cyanobacteria. Plant Physiol 1987; 85:585-7. [PMID: 16665740 PMCID: PMC1054299 DOI: 10.1104/pp.85.2.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cells of Anabaena PCC 7119 and of a mutant strain of Nostoc muscorum unable to fix dinitrogen, grown at pH 8 and under low CO(2) tension (air), showed a reduced capacity for photosynthesis when cultured in the absence of sodium, this inhibition being followed by symptoms of photooxidation, such as chlorosis, oxygen consumption in the light, and decrease of superoxide dismutase activity. The impairment of photosynthesis preceded that of nitrogenase activity, indicating that the requirement for sodium in photosynthesis was independent of its effects on nitrogen metabolism. However, when cyanobacteria were grown at pH 6.3 or under high CO(2) tensions, sodium was not required for photosynthesis and no symptoms of photooxidation were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Maeso
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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