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Nijboer ACS, Sellitto M, Ruitenberg MFL, Kerkkänen KIL, Schomaker J. Food-related exploration across the menstrual cycle. Appetite 2024; 196:107261. [PMID: 38342313 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
When deciding what to eat we constantly weigh different aspects of the options at hand and make trade-offs between exploiting opportunities with a known outcome (e.g., eating your usual meal) and exploring novel opportunities with a potentially better outcome (e.g., trying a new dish). Environmental factors, such as scarcity, have previously been shown to tip the balance towards either exploration or exploitation. Studies in animals have further linked female steroid hormones (including estradiol and progesterone) to exploratory behavior. Previous work in humans has suggested that food preferences and food intake also change over the menstrual cycle. However, it remains unknown whether exploratory behavior in food choices also changes across the menstrual phases in humans. In a rating phase, 112 adult women (age range 18-45 years) on or off hormonal birth control rated 40 food items on desirability. In the choice phase, participants made binary choices between food items. On some trials, a surprise box replaced one of the two food options, allowing us to examine exploratory choices. Women off hormonal birth control reported their average cycle length and time since the first day of their last menstruation. Analysis of the percentage surprise choices across the menstrual cycle indicated a small, but significant effect, with exploratory choice behavior tending to increase around the middle of/later during the cycle. This provides preliminary novel evidence that hormonal fluctuations are associated with food-related exploratory choice behavior. Importantly, these effects were observed beyond effects of other food-related factors. Future studies should investigate the nature of these effects using more direct hormonal measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C S Nijboer
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - M Sellitto
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - M F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - K I L Kerkkänen
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - J Schomaker
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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MacDonald HJ, Ruitenberg MFL. Dopamine system involvement in impulse control. Exp Brain Res 2024:10.1007/s00221-023-06775-7. [PMID: 38260991 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06775-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Hayley J MacDonald
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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3
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Aarts J, Saddal SRD, Bosmans JE, de Groot V, de Jong BA, Klein M, Ruitenberg MFL, Schaafsma FG, Schippers ECF, Schoonheim MM, Uitdehaag BMJ, van der Veen S, Waskowiak PT, Widdershoven GAM, van der Hiele K, Hulst HE. Don't be late! Postponing cognitive decline and preventing early unemployment in people with multiple sclerosis: a study protocol. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:28. [PMID: 38225561 PMCID: PMC10789039 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03513-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 65% of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) develop cognitive deficits, which hampers their ability to work, participating in day-to-day life and ultimately reducing quality of life (QoL). Early cognitive symptoms are often less tangible to PwMS and their direct environment and are noticed only when symptoms and work functioning problems become more advanced, i.e., when (brain) damage is already advanced. Treatment of symptoms at a late stage can lead to cognitive impairment and unemployment, highlighting the need for preventative interventions in PwMS. AIMS This study aims to evaluate the (cost-) effectiveness of two innovative preventative interventions, aimed at postponing cognitive decline and work functioning problems, compared to enhanced usual care in improving health-related QoL (HRQoL). METHODS Randomised controlled trial including 270 PwMS with mild cognitive impairment, who have paid employment ≥ 12 h per week and are able to participate in physical exercise (Expanded Disability Status Scale < 6.0). Participants are randomised across three study arms: 1) 'strengthening the brain' - a lifestyle intervention combining personal fitness, mental coaching, dietary advice, and cognitive training; 2) 'strengthening the mind' - a work-focused intervention combining the capability approach and the participatory approach in one-on-one coaching by trained work coaches who have MS themselves; 3) Control group-receiving general information about cognitive impairment in MS and receiving care as usual. Intervention duration is four months, with short-term and long-term follow-up measurements at 10 and 16 months, respectively. The primary outcome measure of the Don't be late! intervention study will be HRQoL as measured with the 36-item Short Form. Secondary outcomes include cognition, work related outcomes, physical functioning, structural and functional brain changes, psychological functioning, and societal costs. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups with stakeholders will be organised to qualitatively reflect on the process and outcome of the interventions. DISCUSSION This study seeks to prevent (further) cognitive decline and job loss due to MS by introducing tailor-made interventions at an early stage of cognitive symptoms, thereby maintaining or improving HRQoL. Qualitative analyses will be performed to allow successful implementation into clinical practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered at ClinicalTrials.gov with reference number NCT06068582 on 10 October 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jip Aarts
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Shalina R D Saddal
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Judith E Bosmans
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent de Groot
- MS Center Amsterdam, Rehabilitation Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Brigit A de Jong
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Klein
- Medical Psychology, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke G Schaafsma
- MS Center Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C F Schippers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina van der Veen
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline T Waskowiak
- Medical Psychology, MS Center Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Widdershoven
- Ethics, Law & Medical Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Hiele
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Hulst
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, Leiden, 2333 AK, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Waskowiak PT, de Jong BA, Uitdehaag BMJ, Saddal SRD, Aarts J, Roovers AAM, van Oirschot P, de Groot V, Schaafsma FG, van der Hiele K, Ruitenberg MFL, Schoonheim MM, Widdershoven GAM, van der Veen S, Schippers ECF, Klein M, Hulst HE. Don't be late! Timely identification of cognitive impairment in people with multiple sclerosis: a study protocol. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:26. [PMID: 38218777 PMCID: PMC10787411 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-023-03495-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment occurs in up to 65% of people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), negatively affecting daily functioning and health-related quality of life. In general, neuropsychological testing is not part of standard MS-care due to insufficient time and trained personnel. Consequently, a baseline assessment of cognitive functioning is often lacking, hampering early identification of cognitive decline and change within a person over time. To assess cognitive functioning in PwMS in a time-efficient manner, a BICAMS-based self-explanatory digital screening tool called the Multiple Screener©, has recently been developed. The aim of the current study is to validate the Multiple Screener© in a representative sample of PwMS in the Netherlands. Additionally, we aim to investigate how cognitive functioning is related to psychological factors, and both work and societal participation. METHODS In this cross-sectional multicentre study, 750 PwMS (aged 18-67 years) are included. To obtain a representative sample, PwMS are recruited via 12 hospitals across the Netherlands. They undergo assessment with the Minimal Assessment of Cognitive Functioning in MS (MACFIMS; reference-standard) and the Multiple Screener©. Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values for identifying (mild) cognitive impairment are determined in a subset of 300 participants. In a second step, the identified cut-off values are tested in an independent subset of at least 150 PwMS. Moreover, test-retest reliability for the Multiple Screener© is determined in 30 PwMS. Information on psychological and work-related factors is assessed with questionnaires. DISCUSSION Validating the Multiple Screener© in PwMS and investigating cognition and its determinants will further facilitate early identification and adequate monitoring of cognitive decline in PwMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline T Waskowiak
- MS Center Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Brigit A de Jong
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bernard M J Uitdehaag
- MS Center Amsterdam, Neurology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shalina R D Saddal
- MS Center Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jip Aarts
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
- MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aïda A M Roovers
- MS Center Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vincent de Groot
- MS Center Amsterdam, Rehabilitation Medicine, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederieke G Schaafsma
- MS Center Amsterdam, Public and Occupational Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Karin van der Hiele
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Menno M Schoonheim
- MS Center Amsterdam, Anatomy and Neurosciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guy A M Widdershoven
- Ethics, Law & Medical Humanities, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabina van der Veen
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Esther C F Schippers
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Klein
- MS Center Amsterdam, Medical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC Location VUmc, De Boelelaan, 1118, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E Hulst
- Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Unit, Institute of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ruitenberg MFL, Koppelmans V, Seidler RD, Schomaker J. Developmental and age differences in visuomotor adaptation across the lifespan. Psychol Res 2023; 87:1710-1717. [PMID: 36617621 PMCID: PMC10366290 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-022-01784-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present cross-sectional study, we examined age and sex differences in sensorimotor adaptation. We tested 253 individuals at a local science museum (NEMO Science Museum, Amsterdam). Participants spanned a wide age range (8-70 years old; 54% male), allowing us to examine effects of both development and healthy aging within a single study. Participants performed a visuomotor adaptation task in which they had to adapt manual joystick movements to rotated visual feedback. We assessed the rate of adaptation following the introduction of the visual perturbation (both for early and later stages of adaptation), and the rate of de-adaptation following its removal. Results showed reliable adaptation patterns which did not differ by sex. We observed a quadratic relationship between age and both early adaptation and de-adaptation rates, with younger and older adults exhibiting the fasted adaptation rates. Our findings suggest that both younger and older age are associated with poorer strategic, cognitive processes involved in adaptation. We propose that developmental and age differences in cognitive functions and brain properties may underlie these effects on sensorimotor functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Pieter de La Court Building, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Judith Schomaker
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Pieter de La Court Building, P.O. Box 9555, 2300 RB, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Schomaker J, Ruitenberg MFL, Takeuchi T. Memory's penumbra in the older or pathological brain. Trends Cogn Sci 2023; 27:118-119. [PMID: 36517379 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Schomaker
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Institute of Psychology, Department of Health Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Tomonori Takeuchi
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, DANDRITE, Nordic-EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
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Koppelmans V, Silvester B, Ruitenberg MFL, Van der Geest JN, Duff KM. Spiral Tracing in Alzheimer’s Disease: Less Precise but not Slower. Alzheimers Dement 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/alz.064017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ruitenberg MFL, Abrahamse EL, Santens P, Notebaert W. Testing the dopamine overdose hypothesis in action control: A study in people with Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology Leiden University Leiden The Netherlands
- Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Elger L. Abrahamse
- Department of Communication and Cognition Tilburg University Tilburg The Netherlands
- Department of Educational Sciences Atlántico Medio University Las Palmas Spain
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology Ghent University Hospital Ghent Belgium
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
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Waskowiak P, Koppelmans V, Ruitenberg MFL. Trait Anxiety as a Risk Factor for Impulse Control Disorders in de novo Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2022; 12:689-697. [PMID: 34897102 PMCID: PMC8925112 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-212959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to the well-known motor symptoms, patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) also frequently experience disabling non-motor symptoms including impulse control disorders (ICDs). ICDs are characterized by a loss of voluntary control over impulses, drives, or temptations regarding excessive hedonic behavior. OBJECTIVE The present study examined whether depression and anxiety in de novo PD patients predict the prospective development of ICDs. METHODS We selected 330 de novo PD patients from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative database who were free of ICDs at the start of the study. ICD presence at baseline and follow-up assessments was evaluated via the shortened version of the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders (QUIP-S). Baseline depression and anxiety were measured via the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15) and State-Trait-Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y), respectively. RESULTS A total of 149 participants (45.2%) developed an ICD at follow-up and average time of ICD onset was 35 months after baseline. Results of a Cox regression analysis showed that STAI-Y scores but not GDS-15 scores significantly predicted ICD presence. Specifically, scores reflecting higher trait anxiety were associated with an increased risk of developing an ICD. This effect was not confounded by age, gender or UPDRS motor score. We also replicated the well-established result that dopamine agonist use is predictive of ICDs. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that higher anxiety levels in de novo PD patients represent a risk factor for ICD development during the course of the disorder. This highlights the need for early and routine based anxiety screening in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Waskowiak
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Vermeylen L, Braem S, Notebaert W, Ruitenberg MFL. The subjective evaluation of task switch cues is related to voluntary task switching. Cognition 2022; 224:105063. [PMID: 35183008 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2022.105063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Task switching refers to the effortful mental process of shifting attention between different tasks. While it is well-established that task switching usually comes with an objective performance cost, recent studies have shown that people also subjectively evaluate task switching as negative. An open question is whether this affective evaluation of task switching is also related to actual decision making. In this pre-registered study, we therefore examined whether individual differences in the negative evaluation of task switch cues are related to less voluntary task switching. To this end, participants first performed a cued task switching paradigm where abstract cues signaled task transitions (repetition or alternation). In a second phase, these transition cues were used as prime stimuli in an affective priming procedure to assess participants' affective evaluation of task switching. In a third phase, participants were allowed to freely choose whether to switch or repeat tasks. We found that a more negative evaluation of task switching cues was related to lower switch rates in the voluntary task switching phase. This finding supports neuroeconomic theories of value-based decision making which suggest that people use their subjective value of control to decide whether to engage in (different) tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vermeylen
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium.
| | - S Braem
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - W Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - M F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
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11
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Ruitenberg MFL, Koppelmans V, Seidler RD, Schomaker J. Novelty exposure induces stronger sensorimotor representations during a manual adaptation task. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1510:68-78. [PMID: 34951019 PMCID: PMC9305111 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Active exploration of novel spatial environments enhances memory for subsequently presented explicit, declarative information in humans. These effects have been attributed to novelty promoting dopamine release via mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways in the brain. As procedural motor learning has been linked to dopamine as well, we predict that novelty effects extend to this domain. To test this hypothesis, the present study examined whether spatial novelty exploration benefits subsequent sensorimotor adaptation. Participants explored either two different virtual environments (i.e., novelty condition; n = 210) or two identical environments (i.e., familiar condition; n = 253). They then performed a manual adaptation task in which they had to adapt joystick movements to a visual perturbation. We assessed the rate of adaptation following the introduction of this perturbation, and the rate of deadaptation following its removal. While results showed reliable adaptation patterns and similar adaptation rates across both conditions, individuals in the novelty condition showed slower deadaptation. This suggests that exposure to spatial novelty induced stronger sensorimotor representations during adaptation, potentially through novelty-induced dopaminergic effects in mesocortical and/or nigrostriatal pathways. Novelty exposure may be employed to promote motor learning on tasks that require precision movements in altered sensory contexts, for example, in astronauts moving in microgravity or patients with impaired motor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Judith Schomaker
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Faculty of Social and Behavioural Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Objectives Healthy aging is associated with impairments in motor functioning. Such functioning is not limited to the physical execution of actions, but also involves cognitive processes that allow for goal-directed behavior. The present study examined whether aging affects 2 of such cognitive components that control motor functioning, namely action planning and action adaptation, and whether age effects are associated across components. Method A group of 103 participants aged 18–82 years performed 2 tasks that have previously been linked to action planning and adaptation, respectively. Results Despite observations that aging was associated with slower and less accurate responses, Bayesian models showed evidence indicating that older age was not associated with poorer action planning and conflict adaptation. Discussion These findings challenge the view that healthy aging is associated with a general deficit in motor functioning and suggest that some cognitive aspects of motor control may be relatively spared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, the Netherlands.,Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, the Netherlands
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13
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Ruitenberg MFL, van Wouwe NC, Wylie SA, Abrahamse EL. The role of dopamine in action control: Insights from medication effects in Parkinson's disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 127:158-170. [PMID: 33905788 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurological disorder associated primarily with overt motor symptoms. Several studies show that PD is additionally accompanied by impairments in covert cognitive processes underlying goal-directed motor functioning (e.g., action planning, conflict adaptation, inhibition), and that dopaminergic medication may modulate these action control components. In this review we aim to leverage findings from studies in this domain to elucidate the role of dopamine (DA) in action control. A qualitative review of studies that investigated the effects of medication status (on vs. off) on action control in PD suggests a component-specific role for DA in action control, although the expression of medication effects depends on characteristics of both the patients and experimental tasks used to measure action control. We discuss these results in the light of findings from other research lines examining the role of DA in action control (e.g., animal research, pharmacology), and recommend that future studies use multi-method, within-subject approaches to model DA effects on action control across different components as well as underlying striatal pathways (ventral vs. dorsal).
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Affiliation(s)
- M F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - N C van Wouwe
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - S A Wylie
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - E L Abrahamse
- Department of Communication and Cognition, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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14
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies on the effect of healthy aging on Theory of Mind (ToM) have produced mixed results. A possible explanation may be that different ToM components and types of inference have not systematically been considered. This study examined the effect of aging on ToM by assessing both first and second order cognitive and affective components within a single task. METHODS We compared performance of young (M = 18.3y) and older adults (M = 61.0y) on the Yoni task. This task allows for a within-subject assessment of both first and second order cognitive and affective ToM. RESULTS We observed that older adults had longer reaction times than young adults across cognitive and affective first order items. For second order items, this age difference was larger for affective than cognitive items. Results showed no indications that these findings could be explained by age differences in speed/accuracy trade-offs. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that decision processes underlying ToM are slower in older adults on both first and second order inferences, but that age differences in these processes between cognitive and affective ToM are selective to second order inferences. We propose that the observed age differences may be associated with cortical and mental changes that occur with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University , Leiden, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patrick Santens
- Department of Neurology, Ghent University Hospital , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University , Ghent, Belgium
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15
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Cassady K, Ruitenberg MFL, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Tommerdahl M, Seidler RD. Neural Dedifferentiation across the Lifespan in the Motor and Somatosensory Systems. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3704-3716. [PMID: 32043110 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related declines in sensorimotor performance have been linked to dedifferentiation of neural representations (i.e., more widespread activity during task performance in older versus younger adults). However, it remains unclear whether changes in neural representations across the adult lifespan are related between the motor and somatosensory systems, and whether alterations in these representations are associated with age declines in motor and somatosensory performance. To investigate these issues, we collected functional magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral data while participants aged 19-76 years performed a visuomotor tapping task or received vibrotactile stimulation. Despite one finding indicative of compensatory mechanisms with older age, we generally observed that 1) older age was associated with greater activity and stronger positive connectivity within sensorimotor and LOC regions during both visuomotor and vibrotactile tasks; 2) increased activation and stronger positive connectivity were associated with worse performance; and 3) age differences in connectivity in the motor system correlated with those in the somatosensory system. Notwithstanding the difficulty of disentangling the relationships between age, brain, and behavioral measures, these results provide novel evidence for neural dedifferentiation across the adult lifespan in both motor and somatosensory systems and suggest that dedifferentiation in these two systems is related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin Cassady
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.,Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden 2300, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA and
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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16
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Ruitenberg MFL, Cassady KE, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Tommerdahl M, Seidler RD. Age-Related Reductions in Tactile and Motor Inhibitory Function Start Early but Are Independent. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:193. [PMID: 31417396 PMCID: PMC6682653 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in motor and somatosensory function. Some of these motor declines have been linked to age-related reductions in inhibitory function. Here we examined whether tactile surround inhibition also changes with age and whether these changes are associated with those in the motor domain. We tested a group of 56 participants spanning a wide age range (18-76 years old), allowing us to examine when age differences emerge across the lifespan. Participants performed tactile and motor tasks that have previously been linked to inter- and intra-hemispheric inhibition in the somatosensory and motor systems. The results showed that aging is associated with reductions in inhibitory function in both the tactile and motor systems starting around 40 years of age; however, age effects in the two systems were not correlated. The independent effects of age on tactile and motor inhibitory function suggest that distinct mechanisms may underlie age-related reductions in inhibition in the somatosensory and motor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.,Department of Health, Medical and Neuropsychology, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kaitlin E Cassady
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | | | - Mark Tommerdahl
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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17
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Ruitenberg MFL, Cassady KE. Commentary: Age Differentiation within Gray Matter, White Matter, and between Memory and White Matter in an Adult Life Span Cohort. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:93. [PMID: 31057393 PMCID: PMC6482270 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
| | - Kaitlin E. Cassady
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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18
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Bundt C, Ruitenberg MFL, Abrahamse EL, Notebaert W. Early and late indications of item-specific control in a Stroop mouse tracking study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197278. [PMID: 29771931 PMCID: PMC5957332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that cognitive conflict continues to bias actions even after a movement has been initiated. The present paper examined whether cognitive control also biases actions after movement initiation. To this end, we had participants perform a Stroop task in which we manipulated the item-specific proportion of (in)congruent trials (80% congruent vs. 20% congruent). Importantly, participants responded via mouse movements, allowing us to evaluate various movement parameters: initiation times, movement times, and movement accuracy. Results showed that mouse movements were faster and more accurate during congruent trials compared to incongruent trials. Moreover, we observed that this congruency effect was larger for 80% congruent compared to 20% congruent items, which reflects item-specific cognitive control. Notably, when responses were initiated very fast – rendering virtually no time for stimulus processing before movement onset – this item-specific control was observed only in movement times. However, for relatively slow initiated responses, item specific control was observed both in initiation and in movement times. These findings demonstrate that item-specific cognitive control biases actions before and after movement initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bundt
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI United States of America
| | - Elger L. Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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19
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Ruitenberg MFL, Wu T, Averbeck BB, Chou KL, Koppelmans V, Seidler RD. Impulsivity in Parkinson's Disease Is Associated With Alterations in Affective and Sensorimotor Striatal Networks. Front Neurol 2018; 9:279. [PMID: 29755401 PMCID: PMC5932175 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A subset of patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) experiences problems with impulse control, characterized by a loss of voluntary control over impulses, drives, or temptations regarding excessive hedonic behavior. The present study aimed to better understand the neural basis of such impulse control disorders (ICDs) in PD. We collected resting-state functional connectivity and structural MRI data from 21 PD patients with ICDs and 30 patients without such disorders. To assess impulsivity, all patients completed the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale and performed an information-gathering task. MRI results demonstrated substantial differences in neural characteristics between PD patients with and without ICDs. Results showed that impulsivity was linked to alterations in affective basal ganglia circuitries. Specifically, reduced frontal–striatal connectivity and GPe volume were associated with more impulsivity. We suggest that these changes affect decision making and result in a preference for risky or inappropriate actions. Results further showed that impulsivity was linked to alterations in sensorimotor striatal networks. Enhanced connectivity within this network and larger putamen volume were associated with more impulsivity. We propose that these changes affect sensorimotor processing such that patients have a greater propensity to act. Our findings suggest that the two mechanisms jointly contribute to impulsive behaviors in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tina Wu
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Bruno B Averbeck
- National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Kelvin L Chou
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Vincent Koppelmans
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Rachael D Seidler
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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20
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Ruitenberg MFL, De Dios YE, Gadd NE, Wood SJ, Reuter-Lorenz PA, Kofman I, Bloomberg JJ, Mulavara AP, Seidler RD. Multi-day Adaptation and Savings in Manual and Locomotor Tasks. J Mot Behav 2017; 50:517-527. [PMID: 28937868 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2017.1371110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using an individual differences approach, we evaluated whether manual and locomotor adaptation are associated in terms of adaptation and savings across days, and whether they rely on shared underlying mechanisms involving visuospatial working memory or visual field dependence. Participants performed a manual and a locomotor adaptation task during 4 separate test sessions over a 3-month period. Reliable adaptation and savings were observed for both tasks. It was further found that higher visuospatial working memory performance and lower visual field dependence scores were associated with faster learning in the manual and locomotor tasks, respectively. Moreover, adaptation rates were correlated between the 2 tasks in the final test session, suggesting that people may gradually be learning something generalizable about the adaptation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F L Ruitenberg
- a Neuromotor Behavior Lab, School of Kinesiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor.,b Department of Experimental Psychology , Ghent University , Belgium
| | - Y E De Dios
- c Science, Technology, and Engineering Group, KBRwyle Houston , Texas
| | - N E Gadd
- c Science, Technology, and Engineering Group, KBRwyle Houston , Texas
| | - S J Wood
- d NASA Johnson Space Center , Houston , Texas
| | | | - I Kofman
- b Department of Experimental Psychology , Ghent University , Belgium
| | | | | | - R D Seidler
- a Neuromotor Behavior Lab, School of Kinesiology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor.,e Department of Psychology , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor
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21
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Ruitenberg MFL, Abrahamse EL, Santens P, Notebaert W. The effect of dopaminergic medication on conflict adaptation in Parkinson's disease. J Neuropsychol 2017; 13:121-135. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | - Elger L. Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
| | | | - Wim Notebaert
- Department of Experimental Psychology; Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences; Ghent University; Belgium
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22
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Abstract
PREVIOUS STUDIES DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN THE LEARNING AND PERFORMANCE OF DISCRETE MOVEMENT SEQUENCES ACROSS THE LIFESPAN: Young adults (18-28 years) showed more indications for the development of (implicit) motor chunks and explicit sequence knowledge than middle-aged (55-62 years; Verwey et al., 2011) and elderly participants (75-88 years; Verwey, 2010). Still, even in the absence of indications for motor chunks, the middle-aged and elderly participants showed some performance improvement too. This was attributed to a sequence learning mechanism in which individual reactions are primed by implicit sequential knowledge. The present work further examined sequential movement skill across these age groups. We explored the consequences of making an error on the execution of a subsequent sequence, and investigated whether this is modulated by aging. To that end, we re-analyzed the data from our previous studies. Results demonstrate that sequencing performance is slowed after an error has been made in the previous sequence. Importantly, for young adults and middle-aged participants the observed slowing was also accompanied by increased accuracy after an error. We suggest that slowing in these age groups involves both functional and non-functional components, while slowing in elderly participants is non-functional. Moreover, using action sequences (instead of single key-presses) may allow to better track the effects on performance of making an error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Elger L Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent Ghent, Belgium
| | - Elian De Kleine
- Department of Psychology, Health and Technology, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Willem B Verwey
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente Enschede, Netherlands
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23
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Ruitenberg MFL, Verwey WB, Schutter DJLG, Abrahamse EL. Cognitive and neural foundations of discrete sequence skill: a TMS study. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:229-38. [PMID: 24486768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Executing discrete movement sequences typically involves a shift with practice from a relatively slow, stimulus-based mode to a fast mode in which performance is based on retrieving and executing entire motor chunks. The dual processor model explains the performance of (skilled) discrete key-press sequences in terms of an interplay between a cognitive processor and a motor system. In the present study, we tested and confirmed the core assumptions of this model at the behavioral level. In addition, we explored the involvement of the pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in discrete sequence skill by applying inhibitory 20 min 1-Hz off-line repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). Based on previous work, we predicted pre-SMA involvement in the selection/initiation of motor chunks, and this was confirmed by our results. The pre-SMA was further observed to be more involved in more complex than in simpler sequences, while no evidence was found for pre-SMA involvement in direct stimulus-response translations or associative learning processes. In conclusion, support is provided for the dual processor model, and for pre-SMA involvement in the initiation of motor chunks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
| | - Willem B Verwey
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, PO Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Montessorilaan 3, 6525 HR Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Elger L Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Ghent, Henri Dunantlaan 2, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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24
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Ruitenberg MFL, Abrahamse EL, Verwey WB. Sequential motor skill in preadolescent children: The development of automaticity. J Exp Child Psychol 2013; 115:607-23. [PMID: 23708125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2013.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marit F L Ruitenberg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.
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25
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Abrahamse EL, Ruitenberg MFL, de Kleine E, Verwey WB. Control of automated behavior: insights from the discrete sequence production task. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:82. [PMID: 23515430 PMCID: PMC3601300 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Work with the discrete sequence production (DSP) task has provided a substantial literature on discrete sequencing skill over the last decades. The purpose of the current article is to provide a comprehensive overview of this literature and of the theoretical progress that it has prompted. We start with a description of the DSP task and the phenomena that are typically observed with it. Then we propose a cognitive model, the dual processor model (DPM), which explains performance of (skilled) discrete key-press sequences. Key features of this model are the distinction between a cognitive processor and a motor system (i.e., motor buffer and motor processor), the interplay between these two processing systems, and the possibility to execute familiar sequences in two different execution modes. We further discuss how this model relates to several related sequence skill research paradigms and models, and we outline outstanding questions for future research throughout the paper. We conclude by sketching a tentative neural implementation of the DPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elger L. Abrahamse
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of GhentGhent, Belgium
| | - Marit F. L. Ruitenberg
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
| | - Elian de Kleine
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
| | - Willem B. Verwey
- Department of Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of TwenteEnschede, Netherlands
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26
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Verwey WB, Abrahamse EL, De Kleine E, Ruitenberg MFL. Evidence for graded central processing resources in a sequential movement task. Psychol Res 2013; 78:70-83. [PMID: 23397261 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-013-0484-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present experiment, we examined slowing of the individual key presses of a familiar keying sequence by four different versions of a concurrent tone counting task. This was done to determine whether the same cognitive processor that has previously been assumed by the dual processor model (DPM) to initiate familiar keying sequences and assist in their execution, is involved also in the central processes of a very different task (viz. identifying tones and counting target tones). The present results confirm this hypothesis. They also suggest that in this particular situation the central processing resources underlying the cognitive processor can be distributed across the central processes of different tasks in a graded manner, rather than that they continue to behave like a single, central processor that serially switches between the central processes of the concurrently performed tasks. We argue that the production of highly practiced movement sequences can be considered automatic in the sense that execution of familiar movement sequences can continue without cognitive control once they have been initiated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem B Verwey
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, Faculty of Behavioral Sciences, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands,
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27
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Verwey WB, Abrahamse EL, Ruitenberg MFL, Jiménez L, de Kleine E. Motor skill learning in the middle-aged: limited development of motor chunks and explicit sequence knowledge. Psychol Res 2011; 75:406-22. [PMID: 21287199 PMCID: PMC3155672 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-011-0320-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined whether middle-aged participants, like young adults, learn movement patterns by preparing and executing integrated sequence representations (i.e., motor chunks) that eliminate the need for external guidance of individual movements. Twenty-four middle-aged participants (aged 55-62) practiced two fixed key press sequences, one including three and one including six key presses in the discrete sequence production task. Their performance was compared with that of 24 young adults (aged 18-28). In the middle-aged participants motor chunks as well as explicit sequence knowledge appeared to be less developed than in the young adults. This held especially with respect to the unstructured 6-key sequences in which most middle-aged did not develop independence of the key-specific stimuli and learning seems to have been based on associative learning. These results are in line with the notion that sequence learning involves several mechanisms and that aging affects the relative contribution of these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem B Verwey
- Cognitive Psychology and Ergonomics, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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