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Jacobson MZ. Batteries or hydrogen or both for grid electricity storage upon full electrification of 145 countries with wind-water-solar? iScience 2024; 27:108988. [PMID: 38352224 PMCID: PMC10863316 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Grids require electricity storage. Two emerging storage technologies are battery storage (BS) and green hydrogen storage (GHS) (hydrogen produced and compressed with clean-renewable electricity, stored, then returned to electricity with a fuel cell). An important question is whether GHS alone decreases system cost versus BS alone or BS + GHS. Here, energy costs are modeled in 145 countries grouped into 24 regions. Existing conventional hydropower (CH) storage is used along with new BS and/or GHS. A method is developed to treat CH for both baseload and peaking power. In four regions, only CH is needed. In five, CH + BS is the lowest cost. Otherwise, CH + BS + GHS is the lowest cost. CH + GHS is never the lowest cost. A metric helps estimate whether combining GHS with BS reduces cost. In most regions, merging (versus separating) grid and non-grid hydrogen infrastructure reduces cost. In sum, worldwide grid stability may be possible with CH + BS or CH + BS + GHS. Results are subject to uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA
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Jacobson MZ. Should Transportation Be Transitioned to Ethanol with Carbon Capture and Pipelines or Electricity? A Case Study. Environ Sci Technol 2023; 57:16843-16850. [PMID: 37882448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
An important issue today is whether gasoline vehicles should be replaced by flex-fuel vehicles (FFVs) that use ethanol-gasoline blends (e.g., E85), where some carbon dioxide (CO2) from ethanol's production is captured and piped, or battery-electric vehicles (BEVs) powered by wind or solar. This paper compares the options in a case study. It evaluates a proposal to capture fermentation CO2 from 34 ethanol refineries in 5 U.S. states and build an elaborate pipeline to transport the CO2 to an underground storage site. This "ethanol plan" is compared with building wind farms at the same cost to provide electricity for BEVs ("wind plan A"). Compared with the ethanol plan, wind plan A may reduce 2.4-4 times the CO2, save drivers in the five states $40-$66 billion (USD 2023) over 30 years even when BEVs initially cost $21,700 more than FFVs, require 1/400,000th the land footprint and 1/10th-1/20th the spacing area, and decrease air pollution. Even building wind to replace coal ("wind plan B") may avoid 1.5-2.5 times the CO2 as the ethanol plan. Thus, ethanol with carbon capture appears to be an opportunity cost that may damage climate and air quality, occupy land, and saddle consumers with high fuel costs for decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, United States
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Jacobson MZ. Renewable Energy’s Intermittency is Not a Showstopper. Physics 2022. [DOI: 10.1103/physics.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Cameron MA, Coughlin SJ, Hay CA, Manogaran IP, Shu Y, von Krauland AK. Impacts of Green New Deal Energy Plans on Grid Stability, Costs, Jobs, Health, and Climate in 143 Countries. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oneear.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Short-Term Impacts of the Aliso Canyon Natural Gas Blowout on Weather, Climate, Air Quality, and Health in California and Los Angeles. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:6081-6093. [PMID: 31034217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Aliso Canyon (Porter Ranch), California, natural gas blowout lasted 112 days, from October 23, 2015 to February 11, 2016, releasing 97 100 metric tonnes of methane, 7300 tonnes of ethane, and a host of other hydrocarbons into the Southern California air. This study estimates the impacts of the leak on transient weather, climate, air quality, and health in California and the Los Angeles Basin using a nested global-through-local weather-climate-air quality computer model. Results suggest that the Aliso Canyon leak may have increased the mixing ratios of multiple emitted hydrocarbon gases throughout California. Subsequent gas-phase photochemistry increased the mixing ratios of additional byproducts, including carbon monoxide, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, peroxyacetyl nitrate, and ozone. Increases in air temperatures aloft and lesser increases at the surface due to thermal-infrared radiation absorption by methane stabilized the air over much of California, slightly reducing clouds, precipitation, and near-surface wind speed with greater reductions in Los Angeles than in California. The reduction in precipitation, in particular, increased PM2.5 concentration, with a greater increase in Los Angeles than in California. The higher PM2.5 increased estimated premature mortality in California by +32 (9-54) to +43 (15-66), depending on the set of relative risks used. Despite higher PM2.5 in Los Angeles due to the leak, premature mortalities there were more ambiguous, ranging from a mean decrease of -7 to a mean increase of +15, for 2 simulations with different resolution and boundary conditions. The remaining mortalities occurred in the Central Valley and San Francisco Bay Area. Ozone premature mortalities away from the leak increased by <1. The study did not evaluate potential health impacts, including cancers, immediately near the leak. As such, the Aliso Canyon leak affected temperatures, pollution, and health throughout California. Future leaks will also likely have impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305 , United States
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Jacobson MZ, Wilkerson JT, Naiman AD, Lele SK. The effects of aircraft on climate and pollution. Part II: 20-year impacts of exhaust from all commercial aircraft worldwide treated individually at the subgrid scale. Faraday Discuss 2014; 165:369-82. [PMID: 24601012 DOI: 10.1039/c3fd00034f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the 20-year impacts of emissions from all commercial aircraft flights worldwide on climate, cloudiness, and atmospheric composition. Aircraft emissions from each individual flight worldwide were modeled to evolve from the subgrid to grid scale with the global model described and evaluated in Part I of this study. Simulations with and without aircraft emissions were run for 20 years. Aircraft emissions were found to be responsible for -6% of Arctic surface global warming to date, -1.3% of total surface global warming, and -4% of global upper tropospheric warming. Arctic warming due to aircraft slightly decreased Arctic sea ice area. Longer simulations should result in more warming due to the further increase in CO2. Aircraft increased atmospheric stability below cruise altitude and decreased it above cruise altitude. The increase in stability decreased cumulus convection in favor of increased stratiform cloudiness. Aircraft increased total cloud fraction on average. Aircraft increased surface and upper tropospheric ozone by -0.4% and -2.5%, respectively and surface and upper-tropospheric peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) by -0.1% and -5%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased tropospheric OH, decreasing column CO and CH4 by -1.7% and -0.9%, respectively. Aircraft emissions increased human mortality worldwide by -620 (-240 to 4770) deaths per year, with half due to ozone and the rest to particulate matter less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (PM2.5).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - J T Wilkerson
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - A D Naiman
- Exponent Engineering and Scientific Consulting, CA, USA
| | - S K Lele
- Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Sovacool BK, Parenteau P, Ramana MV, Valentine SV, Jacobson MZ, Delucchi MA, Diesendorf M. Comment on "Prevented mortality and greenhouse gas emissions from historical and projected nuclear power". Environ Sci Technol 2013; 47:6715-6717. [PMID: 23697811 DOI: 10.1021/es401667h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Bahadur R, Russell LM, Jacobson MZ, Prather K, Nenes A, Adams P, Seinfeld JH. Importance of composition and hygroscopicity of BC particles to the effect of BC mitigation on cloud properties: Application to California conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ten Hoeve JE, Jacobson MZ, Remer LA. Comparing results from a physical model with satellite and in situ observations to determine whether biomass burning aerosols over the Amazon brighten or burn off clouds. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Investigating cloud absorption effects: Global absorption properties of black carbon, tar balls, and soil dust in clouds and aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd017218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zamora IR, Tabazadeh A, Golden DM, Jacobson MZ. Hygroscopic growth of common organic aerosol solutes, including humic substances, as derived from water activity measurements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2011jd016067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Idania R. Zamora
- Department of Geophysics; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Azadeh Tabazadeh
- Department of Geophysics; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - David M. Golden
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Creamean JM, Ault AP, Ten Hoeve JE, Jacobson MZ, Roberts GC, Prather KA. Measurements of aerosol chemistry during new particle formation events at a remote rural mountain site. Environ Sci Technol 2011; 45:8208-16. [PMID: 21809849 DOI: 10.1021/es103692f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Determining the major sources of particles that act as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) represents a critical step in the development of a more fundamental understanding of aerosol impacts on cloud formation and climate. Reported herein are direct measurements of the CCN activity of newly formed ambient particles, measured at a remote rural site in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of Northern California. Nucleation events in the winter of 2009 occurred during two pristine periods following precipitation, with higher gas-phase SO(2) concentrations during the second period, when faster particle growth occurred (7-8 nm/h). Amines, as opposed to ammonia, and sulfate were detected in the particle phase throughout new particle formation (NPF) events, increasing in number as the particles grew to larger sizes. Interestingly, long-range transport of SO(2) from Asia appeared to potentially play a role in NPF during faster particle growth. Understanding the propensity of newly formed particles to act as CCN is critical for predicting the effects of NPF on orographic cloud formation during winter storms along the Sierra Nevada Mountain range. The potential impact of newly formed particles in remote regions needs to be compared with that of transported urban aerosols when evaluating the impact of aerosols on clouds and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessie M Creamean
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0314, United States
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Zhang Y, Liu P, Liu XH, Jacobson MZ, McMurry PH, Yu F, Yu S, Schere KL. A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 2. Three-dimensional model application and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Zhang Y, McMurry PH, Yu F, Jacobson MZ. A comparative study of nucleation parameterizations: 1. Examination and evaluation of the formulations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd014150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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15
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Zhang Y, Liu P, Liu XH, Pun B, Seigneur C, Jacobson MZ, Wang WX. Fine scale modeling of wintertime aerosol mass, number, and size distributions in central California. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd012950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Short-term effects of controlling fossil-fuel soot, biofuel soot and gases, and methane on climate, Arctic ice, and air pollution health. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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17
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Jacobson MZ, Ginnebaugh DL. Global-through-urban nested three-dimensional simulation of air pollution with a 13,600-reaction photochemical mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd013289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Data suggest that domes of high CO(2) levels form over cities. Despite our knowledge of these domes for over a decade, no study has contemplated their effects on air pollution or health. In fact, all air pollution regulations worldwide assume arbitrarily that such domes have no local health impact, and carbon policy proposals, such as "cap and trade", implicitly assume that CO(2) impacts are the same regardless of where emissions occur. Here, it is found through data-evaluated numerical modeling with telescoping domains from the globe to the U.S., California, and Los Angeles, that local CO(2) emissions in isolation may increase local ozone and particulate matter. Although health impacts of such changes are uncertain, they are of concern, and it is estimated that that local CO(2) emissions may increase premature mortality by 50-100 and 300-1000/yr in California and the U.S., respectively. As such, reducing locally emitted CO(2) may reduce local air pollution mortality even if CO(2) in adjacent regions is not controlled. If correct, this result contradicts the basis for air pollution regulations worldwide, none of which considers controlling local CO(2) based on its local health impacts. It also suggests that a "cap and trade" policy should consider the location of CO(2) emissions, as the underlying assumption of the policy is incorrect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
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Zhang Y, Wen XY, Wang K, Vijayaraghavan K, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional O3and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 2. An examination of formation mechanisms through a process analysis technique and sensitivity study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zhang Y, Vijayaraghavan K, Wen XY, Snell HE, Jacobson MZ. Probing into regional ozone and particulate matter pollution in the United States: 1. A 1 year CMAQ simulation and evaluation using surface and satellite data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2009jd011898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Edgerton SA, MacCracken MC, Jacobson MZ, Ayala A, Whitman CE, Trexler MC. Prospects for future climate change and the reasons for early action. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2008; 58:1386-1400. [PMID: 19044154 DOI: 10.3155/1047-3289.58.11.1386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
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24
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Hu XM, Zhang Y, Jacobson MZ, Chan CK. Coupling and evaluating gas/particle mass transfer treatments for aerosol simulation and forecast. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd009588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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25
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Jacobson MZ, Kaufman YJ, Rudich Y. Examining feedbacks of aerosols to urban climate with a model that treats 3-D clouds with aerosol inclusions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1029/2007jd008922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Abstract
Ethanol use in vehicle fuel is increasing worldwide, but the potential cancer risk and ozone-related health consequences of a large-scale conversion from gasoline to ethanol have not been examined. Here, a nested global-through-urban air pollution/weather forecast model is combined with high-resolution future emission inventories, population data, and health effects data to examine the effect of converting from gasoline to E85 on cancer, mortality, and hospitalization in the United States as a whole and Los Angeles in particular. Under the base-case emission scenario derived, which accounted for projected improvements in gasoline and E85 vehicle emission controls, it was found that E85 (85% ethanol fuel, 15% gasoline) may increase ozone-related mortality, hospitalization, and asthma by about 9% in Los Angeles and 4% in the United States as a whole relative to 100% gasoline. Ozone increases in Los Angeles and the northeast were partially offset by decreases in the southeast. E85 also increased peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN) in the U.S. but was estimated to cause little change in cancer risk. Due to its ozone effects, future E85 may be a greater overall public health risk than gasoline. However, because of the uncertainty in future emission regulations, it can be concluded with confidence only that E85 is unlikely to improve air quality over future gasoline vehicles. Unburned ethanol emissions from E85 may result in a global-scale source of acetaldehyde larger than that of direct emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
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27
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Archer C, Jacobson MZ. Comment on “Evaluation of a wind power parameterization using tower observations” by Steven M. Lazarus and Jennifer Bewley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Archer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Abstract
This paper examines the incremental global climate response of black carbon (BC), the main component of soot, due to absorption and scattering by BC inclusions within cloud and precipitation particles. Modeled soot is emitted as an externally mixed aerosol particle. It evolves to an internal mixture through condensation, hydration, dissolution, dissociation, crystallization, aqueous chemistry, coagulation, and cloud processing. Size-resolved cloud liquid and ice particles grow by condensation onto size-resolved soot and other particles. Cloud particles grow to precipitation by coagulation and the Bergeron process. Cloud and precipitation particles also undergo freezing, melting, evaporation, sublimation, and coagulation with interstitial aerosol particles. Soot, which is tracked in cloud and precipitation particles of all sizes, is removed by rainout, washout, sedimentation, and dry deposition. Two methods of treating the optics of BC in size-resolved cloud liquid, ice and graupel are compared: the core-shell approximation (CSA) and the iterative dynamic effective medium approximation (DEMA). The 10-year global near-surface incremental temperature response due to fossil fuel (ff), biofuel (bf), and biomass burning (bb) BC within clouds with the DEMA was slightly stronger than that with the CSA, but both enhancements were <+0.05 K. The ff+bf portion may be approximately 60% of the total, suggesting that BC inclusions within clouds may enhance the near-surface temperature response of ff+bf soot due to all processes (estimated as approximately 0.27 K), by <10%, strengthening the possible climate impact of BC. BC cloud absorption was also found to increase water vapor, decrease precipitation, and decrease cloud fraction. The increase in water vapor at the expense of precipitation contributed to warming in addition to that of the cloud BC absorption itself. Aerosol-hydrometeor coagulation followed by hydrometeor evaporation may have caused almost twice the BC internal mixing as aerosol-aerosol coagulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
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Jacobson MZ, Kittelson DB, Watts WF. Enhanced coagulation due to evaporation and its effect on nanoparticle evolution. Environ Sci Technol 2005; 39:9486-92. [PMID: 16475326 DOI: 10.1021/es0500299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A new explanation for the evolution of particles near a roadway is proposed. The explanation starts with data that suggest that small (<15 nm) liquid nanoparticles shed semivolatile organics (<C24) almost immediately upon emission. It is shown here that the shrinking of these particles enhances their rates of coagulation by over an order of magnitude, and this appears important in helping to explain particle evolution further downwind, as measured by two datasets, including one reported here, and as found with a three-dimensional numerical model used to simulate the data. Enhanced coagulation in isolated emission puffs may also affect evolution. Neither condensation, complete evaporation, coagulation alone, nor preferential small-particle dilution appears to explain the evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-4020, USA.
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Jacobson MZ. Correction to “Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd005888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Converting all U.S. onroad vehicles to hydrogen fuel-cell vehicles (HFCVs) may improve air quality, health, and climate significantly, whether the hydrogen is produced by steam reforming of natural gas, wind electrolysis, or coal gasification. Most benefits would result from eliminating current vehicle exhaust. Wind and natural gas HFCVs offer the greatest potential health benefits and could save 3700 to 6400 U.S. lives annually. Wind HFCVs should benefit climate most. An all-HFCV fleet would hardly affect tropospheric water vapor concentrations. Conversion to coal HFCVs may improve health but would damage climate more than fossil/electric hybrids. The real cost of hydrogen from wind electrolysis may be below that of U.S. gasoline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA.
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Jacobson MZ. Studying ocean acidification with conservative, stable numerical schemes for nonequilibrium air-ocean exchange and ocean equilibrium chemistry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd005220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Climate response of fossil fuel and biofuel soot, accounting for soot's feedback to snow and sea ice albedo and emissivity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2004jd004945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Jacobson MZ. Reply to comment by J. E. Penner on “Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Jacobson MZ. Reply to comment by J. Feichter et al. on “Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming”. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd003299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina L. Archer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
| | - Mark Z. Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford California USA
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Jacobson MZ. Development of mixed-phase clouds from multiple aerosol size distributions and the effect of the clouds on aerosol removal. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Carmichael GR, Streets DG, Calori G, Amann M, Jacobson MZ, Hansen J, Ueda H. Changing trends in sulfur emissions in Asia: implications for acid deposition, air pollution, and climate. Environ Sci Technol 2002; 36:4707-4713. [PMID: 12487289 DOI: 10.1021/es011509c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In the early 1990s, it was projected that annual SO2 emissions in Asia might grow to 80-110 Tg yr(-1) by 2020. Based on new high-resolution estimates from 1975 to 2000, we calculate that SO2 emissions in Asia might grow only to 40-45 Tg yr(-1) by 2020. The main reason for this lower estimate is a decline of SO2 emissions from 1995 to 2000 in China, which emits about two-thirds of Asian SO2. The decline was due to a reduction in industrial coal use, a slowdown of the Chinese economy, and the closure of small and inefficient plants, among other reasons. One effect of the reduction in SO2 emissions in China has been a reduction in acid deposition not only in China but also in Japan. Reductions should also improve visibility and reduce health problems. SO2 emission reductions may increase global warming, but this warming effect could be partially offset by reductions in the emissions of black carbon. How SO2 emissions in the region change in the coming decades will depend on many competing factors (economic growth, pollution control laws, etc.). However a continuation of current trends would result in sulfur emissions lower than any IPCC forecasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory R Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, The University of Iowa, lowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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Jacobson MZ. Control of fossil-fuel particulate black carbon and organic matter, possibly the most effective method of slowing global warming. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Analysis of aerosol interactions with numerical techniques for solving coagulation, nucleation, condensation, dissolution, and reversible chemistry among multiple size distributions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd002044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Streets DG, Jiang K, Hu X, Sinton JE, Zhang XQ, Xu D, Jacobson MZ, Hansen JE. Climate change. Recent reductions in China's greenhouse gas emissions. Science 2001; 294:1835-7. [PMID: 11729288 DOI: 10.1126/science.1065226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D G Streets
- Decision and Information Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL 60439, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-4020, USA.
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Jacobson MZ. GATOR-GCMM: 2. A study of daytime and nighttime ozone layers aloft, ozone in national parks, and weather during the SARMAP field campaign. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. GATOR-GCMM: A global- through urban-scale air pollution and weather forecast model: 1. Model design and treatment of subgrid soil, vegetation, roads, rooftops, water, sea ice, and snow. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
Aerosols affect the Earth's temperature and climate by altering the radiative properties of the atmosphere. A large positive component of this radiative forcing from aerosols is due to black carbon--soot--that is released from the burning of fossil fuel and biomass, and, to a lesser extent, natural fires, but the exact forcing is affected by how black carbon is mixed with other aerosol constituents. From studies of aerosol radiative forcing, it is known that black carbon can exist in one of several possible mixing states; distinct from other aerosol particles (externally mixed) or incorporated within them (internally mixed), or a black-carbon core could be surrounded by a well mixed shell. But so far it has been assumed that aerosols exist predominantly as an external mixture. Here I simulate the evolution of the chemical composition of aerosols, finding that the mixing state and direct forcing of the black-carbon component approach those of an internal mixture, largely due to coagulation and growth of aerosol particles. This finding implies a higher positive forcing from black carbon than previously thought, suggesting that the warming effect from black carbon may nearly balance the net cooling effect of other anthropogenic aerosol constituents. The magnitude of the direct radiative forcing from black carbon itself exceeds that due to CH4, suggesting that black carbon may be the second most important component of global warming after CO2 in terms of direct forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Z Jacobson
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, California 94305-4020, USA.
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Liang J, Jacobson MZ. A study of sulfur dioxide oxidation pathways over a range of liquid water contents, pH values, and temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Isolating nitrated and aromatic aerosols and nitrated aromatic gases as sources of ultraviolet light absorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd100054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jacobson MZ. Studying the effects of aerosols on vertical photolysis rate coefficient and temperature profiles over an urban airshed. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Lu R, Turco RP, Jacobson MZ. An integrated air pollution modeling system for urban and regional scales: 1. Structure and performance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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