Subconjunctival bleedings in neonatal calves: a case series report

Background

In animals, only few reports exist about the occurrence and causes of subconjunctival bleedings, especially in newborn calves. Most case reports and studies showed that the major risk factors for subconjunctival bleedings in animals are traumatic events such as birth trauma and traffic accidents, respectively. In neonatal babies, it is suggested that compression of the thorax and abdomen during delivery or forces generated in utero during labor may raise venous pressure to conjunctival vessels and can cause subconjunctival bleedings.

Results

The incidence of bleedings in neonatal Holstein–Friesian calves was 2.4 per cent of 289 neonatal calves examined over a six-year period. In general, two types of subconjunctival bleedings were seen. One was usually in a semilunar fashion immediately outside the limbus of the eye. The other type was a stripe or macule of variable size at different positions of the sclera. The subconjunctival bleedings were not related to gestational time. In all cases, affected calves were born without assistance. Multiparous cows were more often involved in the calves with subconjunctival bleedings. Two calves examined haematologically did not show signs of anemia or thrombocytopenia.

Conclusions

Subconjunctival bleedings in neonatal calves appear not to be incidental findings. Main causes or associated conditions of subconjunctival bleedings were not found.

Nodular panniculitis in a cat with high alpha tocopherol concentration in serum

A 5-year-old male neutered domestic shorthair cat suffered from recurrent solitary nodules in different subcutaneous body regions. Nodules were surgically removed and each time histopathological diagnosis was fat necrosis and fibrosing to pyogranulomatous panniculitis. After the second surgery the alpha (α)-tocopherol concentration in serum of the cat was examined and the result (21 mg/L) exceeded the upper limit of the reference interval (3-11 mg/L). Vitamin E amount in diet fed solely in the past was checked as studies have shown that vitamin E amounts in food significantly influence vitamin E concentrations in serum. For comparative purposes, α-tocopherol concentrations were determined in sera of healthy control cats. Additionally, vitamin E amount in wet food from different manufacturers was analysed using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The results showed that the diet did not have higher vitamin E amounts compared to other diets. All control cats had similar high serum α-tocopherol concentrations. We conclude that panniculitis can occur despite high serum α-tocopherol concentrations in cats. Further studies are needed to redefine reference values of α-tocopherol in serum of cats.

Detection of Hammondia heydorni-like oocysts in feces of a dog with recurrent diarrhea

We report a male, 15-month-old American Canadian White Shepherd dog suffering from recurrent diarrhea and anorexia. Fecal analysis revealed coccidian oocysts of small size. Their morphology was similar to those of Hammondia (H.) heydorni and Neospora (N.) caninum isolates. Unsporulated oocysts had a mean length of 11.8 ± 0.96 µm and a mean width of 11.9 ± 0.96 µm. H. heydorni infection was suggested based on the larger size compared with N. caninum oocysts. Additionally, real time PCR analysis for N. caninum from the fecal sample was negative. After a single anti-coccidian treatment (0.45 mg/kg emodepside + 9 mg/kg toltrazuril) accompanied by amoxicillin (12 mg/kg twice daily for 6 days) the dog recovered very quickly from the disease. This case demonstrates that H. heydorni-like oocysts may be associated with gastrointestinal disease in canine species.

Einfluss der Milchleistung auf die Inzidenz ausgewählter Erkrankungen bei Hochleistungskühen

Gegenstand und Ziel: Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war die Quantifizierung des Einflusses der Milchleistung auf die Inzidenz ausgewählter Erkrankungen bei Hochleistungskühen. Material und Methoden: Die Datenerfassung erfolgte von Januar 2000 bis Dezember 2006 in einer Milchviehherde der Universität Hohenheim. Grundlage der Analyse bildeten 1680 tierärztliche Untersuchungsbefunde von 335 pluriparen und 148 primiparen Kühen. Die Erkrankungsprävalenz je Kuh und Laktation wurde mit einem logistischen Regressionsmodell für die 305-Tage-Milchleistung berechnet. Die Milchleistung der letzten und aktuellen Laktation wurde dabei jeweils mit fünf Erkrankungen korreliert: klinische Mastitis (MA), zystische Ovarfollikel (ZOF), Anöstrie (AN), Retentio secundinarum (RS) und Gebärparese (GP). Ergebnisse: Bei den pluriparen Kühen ergab sich innerhalb einer Laktation ein statistisch signifikanter Zusammenhang für das Auftreten folgender Erkrankungen: MA und GP, GP und RS sowie AN und ZOF. Die Höhe der individuellen 305-Tage-Milchleistung hatte sowohl bei den primiparen als auch bei den pluriparen Kühen einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die Inzidenz einer AN innerhalb derselben Laktation. Unter den pluriparen Tieren erkrankten Kühe mit einer Milchleistung > 10000 kg Milch signifikant häufiger an einer MA in der aktuellen und der Folgelaktation als Kühe mit einer Milchleistung < 7000 kg Milch. Schlussfolgerung: Hochleistende Milchkühe haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für Gesundheitsund Fruchtbarkeitsstörungen. Klinische Relevanz: Gesundheit und Fruchtbarkeit der Milchkühe sollten durch ein intensiviertes Gesundheitsmanagement sowie züchterisch gezielt verbessert werden.

Assessment of Diagnostics Tools for Sarcopenia Severity Using the Item Response Theory (IRT)

OBJECTIVE

To use the item response theory (IRT) methods to examine the degree to which the four selected tools reflect sarcopenia and to arrange them according to their ability to estimate sarcopenia severity.

DESIGN

A cross-sectional study aimed at verifying the possibilities of using diagnostic tools for sarcopenia.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

The study included residents living in an assisted living unit at the Senior Centre in Blansko (South Moravia, Czech Republic) (n=77). Sarcopenia was estimated according to the proposals of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) using calf circumference, the EWGSOP algorithm, hand grip strength, and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB).

RESULTS

The results from the IRT model showed that these four methods indicate strong unidimensionality so that they measure the same latent variable. The methods ranked according to the discrimination level ranging from high to low discrimination where the calf circumference was the most discriminatory (Hi = 0.86) and the SPPB together with hand grip strength were the least discriminatory (both Hi = 0.44).

CONCLUSION

We are recommending to identify mild sarcopenia by SPPB or hand grip strength, moderate sarcopenia by the EWGSOP algorithm and severe sarcopenia by the calf circumference.

Co-localization of the zinc transporter ZnT8 (slc30A8) with ghrelin and motilin in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs

Zinc is an important co-factor for insulin storage in pancreatic β-cells of different species and the uptake of this ion into insulin containing secretory vesicles is managed by the zinc transporter, ZnT8, a member of the slc30A gene family. Recent studies indicate that this protein is a major autoimmune target in human type 1A diabetes and has also been implicated by genome-wide association studies in type 2 diabetes. Since individuals suffering from type 1 diabetes often develop gastrointestinal motility disorders, we investigated the expression of ZnT8 in the porcine gastrointestinal tract. For this purpose, we studied the cell-type specific expression of ZnT8 in the gut and its co-expression with endocrine hormones that are closely linked to intestinal motility regulation. Nested RT-PCR and immunostaining of sequential serial sections, as well as double-immunostaining using antibodies directed against ZnT8, ghrelin, motilin, neurotensin, serotonin and glucagon-like peptide 1, indicated that ZnT8 is co-localized with ghrelin and motilin. Our findings provide important information about the cell-type specific expression of ZnT8 in the porcine gastrointestinal system. The selective and exclusive expression of ZnT8 in two endocrine cell-types that are engaged in motility functions may be of particular interest for further investigations into type I diabetes-associated gastrointestinal dysfunctions.

Comparative morphological evaluation of domestic animal cornea

OBJECTIVE

This study described corneal morphology in different domestic animals using histological and immunohistochemical methods. Specifically, we evaluated the species-specific distribution pattern of cytokeratins (CKs) and aquaporins (AQPs) to assess their contribution to the strength and transparency of the cornea, respectively.

PROCEDURES

Corneal sections (2 μm thick) were obtained from 28 pigs, 11 cows, two goats, six horses, four dogs, and five cats and stained with hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction. Immunohistochemistry was also performed using CK1 to 3 and AQP1 and 5 antibodies.

RESULTS

Domestic animal corneas were composed of corneal epithelium, stroma, Descemet's membrane, and corneal endothelium. Bowman's layer was not detected using the PAS reaction. The three-layered epithelium was thinnest in carnivores and thickest in equines and bovines. CKs were demonstrated immunohistochemically in all species examined, especially in the most superficial layer of the corneal epithelium. CKs were more widely distributed in canine and feline corneal epithelial cell layers compared to other species. The corneal monolayer endothelium was immunostained with AQP1 in all species examined, and it was also present in stromal keratocytes in a species-specific manner. In contrast, AQP5 was exclusively localized to the corneal epithelium. Epithelial staining patterns varied markedly between species, and the widest distribution of AQP5 was demonstrated in feline epithelial cell layers.

CONCLUSIONS

Differences in the distribution of CKs and AQPs in various species suggest species differences in the maintenance of structural integrity and fluid balance.

Effect of the MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism on homocysteinemia in response to creatine supplementation: a case study

Creatine (Cr) is recommended as a dietary supplement especially for athletes but its therapeutic potential is also discussed. It is assumed that human body uses Cr for the formation of phosphocreatine, which is necessary for muscular work as a source of energy. Production of Cr in a body is closely connected to methionine cycle where guanidinoacetate (GAA) is in a final step methylated from S-adenosylmethionine (SAM). Increased availability of SAM for phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sarcosine synthesis can potentially stimulate endogenous production of betaine a thus methylation of homocysteine (HCy) to form methionine. Our subject who was methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) 677TT homozygote lowered plasma HCy from 33.3 micromol/l to 17.1 micromol/l following one-month Cr supplementation (5 g/day) opposite to 677CC and CT genotypes whose HCy levels tended to increase (but still in normal ranges). We suppose that Cr supplementation stimulates pathways leading to production of sarcosine which can serve to regenerate tetrahydrofolate (THF) to form 5,10-methylene-THF. This could potentially increase MTHFR enzyme activity which may later result in increased HCy methylation. Cr supplementation significantly effects metabolism of one carbon unit and potentially lower body´s demands for methyl groups. This could be beneficial as in the case of reduced enzyme activity such as MTHFR 677C/T polymorphism.

[Subclinical alveolar echinococcosis in a dog initially showing clinical features of leptospirosis]

A 3.5-year-old male Labrador retriever dog showed a short history of illness characterized by vomiting, apathy, and fever. Ultrasonographically, large nodular liver masses of high echogenicity were noted in both left and right liver lobes. Cytological and bacteriological examinations revealed a neutrophilic hepatitis without detectable agents. During treatment with doxycycline a four-fold decrease of serum titers to Leptospira (L.) icterohaemorrhagiae and L. sejroe was detected in paired serum samples by use of the complement-fixation test. The dog remained without clinical signs and no significant biochemical changes were recorded. However, ultrasonsographic examinations showed a progression of the hepatic lesions, presenting now as nodular parts with high echogenicity and cavernous parts with lower echogenicity. Diagnostic laparotomy was performed and the dog was euthanized due to severity of hepatic lesions. Histopathologically, a severe chronic granulomatous hepatitis with numerous parasitic structures was diagnosed. Morphology of the parasitic structures was comparable to the metacestode stage of Echinococcus multilocularis.

Immunohistochemical localization of low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) in the endometrium of cyclic and pregnant pigs

The low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1), also known as α2macroglobulin receptor or CD 91, is a multifunctional cell surface receptor that plays an important role in the endocytosis of several ligands and regulation of signalling pathways. In human endometrium, LRP1 was shown to be involved in the endocytic clearance of specific matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) from the stroma during different phases of the cycle. However, in the pig, it is currently not known whether LRP1 is actually expressed in the endometrium and functions in a similar manner, respectively. For that reason, we examined the localization of LRP1 in the porcine endometrium at different stages of the estrous cycle and pregnancy by immunohistochemistry. Our results showed that LRP1 immunostaining is found in all endometrial specimens examined of both cyclic and pregnant animals. Especially in metestrus and estrus, immunoreactivity (IR) of LRP1 was strongly detected in stromal cells underlying the luminal epithelium (LE). Endometrial glands were mostly surrounded by LRP1-positive cells, which showed some concomitant staining with an antibody against porcine macrophages. In pregnant animals, the number of LRP1-positively stained cells was comparable high within the subepithelial stroma of early pregnant pigs. During apposition and implantation, IR of LRP1 remained high in stromal cells of the endometrium and declined markedly during the ongoing pregnancy stages examined. Our data show, that endometrial LRP1 protein expression was specifically high in such cyclic and pregnancy stages which have a high tissue remodelling activity in dependence of differing steroid hormone concentrations.

Expression and possible role of fibroblast growth factor family members in porcine antral follicles during final maturation

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible participation of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members (FGF1, FGF2 and FGF7 and their receptors) in porcine follicles (polyovulatory species) under special consideration for FGF2 during final growth. A classification of follicles was done by size and follicular fluid content of oestradiol-17β, progesterone and prostaglandin F2α. The mRNA expression of examined factors was analysed by real-time PCR. The hormone concentration was estimated by enzyme immunoassay, protein characterisation by western blotting and localisation by immunohistochemistry. Follicle tissue separated in theca interna and granulosa cells was extracted and tested for mRNA of FGF1, FGF2, FGF7 and receptors (FGFR1IIIc, FGFRIIIb and FGFR2IIIc). Additionally, the mRNA expression of FSHR, LHR and aromatase cytochrome P450 for further characterisation of follicles was analysed. Significantly, higher FGF2 protein levels were measured in stroma when compared with total follicle or corpus luteum tissue. This result was confirmed by western blot with two strong bands. Immunological localisation of FGF2 only in stroma (fibroblasts) confirms the protein measurements. The results show a clear difference for FGF2 protein expression during final growth of follicles if monovulatory (bovine) and polyovulatory (porcine) species are compared. FGF2 protein in porcine ovary may be (due to localisation and concentration in stroma) important for support of angiogenesis of more follicles (polyovulatory species) and not of a single follicle like in cows.

Localization of transforming growth factor beta3 in squamous metaplasia of the porcine oviduct: a case report

Squamous metaplasia of the oviduct epithelium is a rare disorder of reproductive organs. We noted squamous metaplasia of the oviduct epithelium in a sow routinely slaughtered at day 2 of the oestrous cycle. Expression of transforming growth factor beta3 (TGF beta3) in the metaplastic epithelia was evaluated by immunohistochemistry, because TGF beta3 appears to play a key role as regulator of a variety of tissue remodelling events. Our results show that TGF beta3 immunostaining was specifically localized to foci of squamous metaplasia of the epithelial linings. Non-metaplastic epithelial cells of the oviduct were not immunostained with anti-TGF beta3 antibody. At the subcellular level, TGF beta3-labelled cells occasionally showed signs of apoptotic cell death. It is concluded that signals produced by TGF beta3 in metaplastic lesions of the oviduct are potentially involved in pathophysiological processes.

Effect of the luteinising hormone surge on regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor and extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases and their inhibitors in bovine follicles

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pattern of regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A (isoforms 121, 165, 189), VEGF receptor tyrosine kinases (VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-14, MMP-19, tissue-specific inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in time-defined follicle classes before (0 h) and after the application of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH). Bovine ovaries containing periovulatory follicles or new corpora lutea (CL; Days 1-2) were collected 0, 4, 10, 20 and 25 h (follicles) or 60 h (CL) after the injection of GnRH. Transcripts of VEGF isoforms (VEGF(121), VEGF(165), VEGF(189)) were upregulated 4 h after GnRH injection (during the luteinising hormone (LH) surge) and decreased thereafter to lowest levels around ovulation. All VEGF isoforms and their receptors were upregulated again after ovulation. The VEGF peptide concentration in follicular fluid decreased 20 h after GnRH injection, followed by an increase in follicles 25 h after GnRH. Expression of MMP-1 mRNA increased rapidly 4 h after GnRH injection and remained high during the entire experimental period. In contrast, MMP-19 mRNA increased significantly only after ovulation. Expression of TIMP-1 mRNA increased 4 h after GnRH and again after ovulation. Expression of tPA mRNA increased 4 h after GnRH and remained high during the entire experimental period, whereas expression of uPA transcripts increased significantly only after ovulation. Both uPAR and PAI-1 mRNA levels increased in follicles 4 h after GnRH and again after ovulation. The amount of MMP-1 protein (immunolocalisation) increased in follicles 10 h after GnRH: additional staining was observed in the granulosa cell layer. In conclusion, the temporal and spatial pattern of regulation of VEGF and extracellular matrix-degrading proteinases during periovulation suggests they are important mediators of the LH-dependent rupture of bovine follicles and for early CL formation (angiogenesis).

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) in the porcine ovary during the oestrus cycle

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) proteins are growth factors that have been shown to be involved in regulation of ovarian follicular development. Ovarian expression, activity and functional significance of TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta2 isoforms were extensively studied in most species. However, little is known about the biological role of TGF-beta3 previously shown to be expressed independently of the other two isoforms. Therefore, expression of TGF-beta3 mRNA and protein was evaluated by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, in porcine ovaries collected during different phases of the oestrus cycle. Results of RT-PCR analysis showed that TGF-beta3 mRNA is expressed throughout the oestrus cycle. The level of TGF-beta3 mRNA expression was found to be higher at metoestrus and dioestrus. Weak TGF-beta3 immunoreactivity was present in follicular epithelial cells and oocytes of preantral follicles in all stages examined. TGF-beta3 protein expression was exclusively present in theca interna cell layer of antral follicles, and was particularly prominent in large antral follicles. Immediately after ovulation, almost all theca cells outside of the granulosa cell layer were intensively stained with anti-TGF-beta3. Immunostaining of TGF-beta3 in theca lutein cells rapidly decreased during corpus luteum development. It is suggested that TGF-beta3 may play an important role in modulating theca cell function of pre- and postovulatory follicles of the pig.

Clusterin expression in porcine endocrine cells during islet development

Clusterin is a well-known glycoprotein expressed by many cell types involved in multiple physiological functions. In rat pancreatic tissue it is expressed along with islet cell development and found to be involved in regeneration of pancreatic endocrine cells after various types of tissue injuries. These results led us to propose that clusterin might play a crucial role in organization and assembling processes of islet cells during pre- and postnatal development. Therefore, the aim of this study was to find out whether and in which cell type clusterin is expressed during islet cell organization in the porcine species which could play a future role in the field of xenotransplantation. For this purpose we examined the expression pattern of clusterin at different developing stages in the porcine pancreas by double-immunostaining with antibodies against chromogranin A and clusterin, and clarified whether distinct islet hormones were coexpressed with clusterin. Further, we checked by RT-PCR whether clusterin was locally expressed or possibly locally bound to the corresponding receptor. In newborn and up to 3-month-old animals clusterin was found to be expressed in a special cell type which is closely associated and intermingled with other endocrine cells. In fully developed adult islets clusterin-cells then reorganize and were found to be mainly localized in the mantle area of Langerhans islets. Double-immunostaining with antibodies against clusterin and different islet hormones such as insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin clearly demonstrate that clusterin expression was found in an own special cell type and it is also present in a subset of glucagon producing A-cells. Taken together, our results show that clusterin expression in porcine species is found in an own, as yet unidentified cell type during postnatal developmental stages, and probably labels immature precursor cells in adult animals, which finally have the potential to differentiate into glucagon-expressing cells.

Expression and localisation of extracellular matrix degrading proteases and their inhibitors during the oestrous cycle and after induced luteolysis in the bovine corpus luteum

The corpus luteum (CL) offers the opportunity to study high proliferative processes during its development and degradation processes during its regression. We examined the mRNA expression of matrix metalloproteases (MMP)-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, MMP-19, tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-1, TIMP-2, tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), uPA-receptor (uPAR), PA-inhibitors (PAI)-1, PAI-2 in follicles 20 h after GnRH application, CLs during days 1–2, 3–4, 5–7 and 8–12 of the oestrous cycle as well as after induced luteolysis. Cows in the mid-luteal phase were injected with Cloprostenol and the CLs were collected at 0.5, 2, 4, 12, 24, 48 and 64 h after PGF2α injection. Real-time RT-PCR determined mRNA expressions. Expression from 20 h after GnRH to day 12: MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-14 and tPA showed a clear expression, but no regulation. TIMP-1 and uPAR mRNA increased when compared with the follicular phase. TIMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-19 and uPA increased from the follicular phase to days 8–12. PAI-1 and PAI-2 expression increased from days 1–7 and decreased to days 8–12. Induced luteolysis: MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, MMP-19 and TIMP-1 all increased at different time points and intensities, whereas TIMP-2 was constantly decreased from 24 to 64 h. The plasminogen activator system and their inhibitors were up-regulated from 2 to 64 h, tPA was already increased after 0.5 h. Immunohistochemistry for MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-14: an increased staining for MMP-1 and MMP-14 was seen in large luteal cells beginning 24 h after PGF2α application. MMP-2 showed a strong increase in staining in endothelial cells at 48 h.

Non-neuronal acetylcholine and choline acetyltransferase in oviductal epithelial cells of cyclic and pregnant pigs

Certain female reproductive tissues are known to express the non-neuronal cholinergic system. Using different experimental approaches, we tested the hypothesis that acetylcholine (ACh) in the porcine oviduct may also be derived from non-neuronal structures. Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect acetylcholine synthesizing enzyme choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in different segments of the oviduct of cyclic and pregnant sows. Immunohistochemical experiments revealed strong immunoexpression of ChAT in the entire oviductal epithelium at metoestrus. Thereby, a particular pronounced staining was found in the supranuclear region of almost all epithelial cells. Immunostaining of ChAT decreased markedly during dioestrus and prooestrus stages, respectively. At prooestrus, ChAT immunoreactivity was confined to ciliated cells. Furthermore, we found elevated level of staining intensity of ChAT in the pregnant oviduct at day 13. Using the same ChAT antibody for Western blot analyses, we detected immunoreactive bands of MW 69,000 and 46,000 mainly in ampulla, while MW 58,000 and 30,000 forms were present mainly in infundibulum and isthmus. Furthermore ACh was detected by HPLC and fluorimetric methods in oviductal epithelium. In conclusion, we show expression of ChAT in oviductal epithelial cells at different stages of the oestrus cycle and pregnancy, indicating that these cells can synthesize ACh in a cycle-dependent manner. These results suggest as yet unexplored roles of epithelial ACh in the oviduct.

Cellular Prion Protein in the Bovine Mammary Gland Is Selectively Expressed in Active Lactocytes

The cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a highly conserved glycoprotein with a still enigmatic physiological function. It is mainly expressed in the central nervous system but accumulating data suggest that PrPc is also found in a broad spectrum of non-neuronal tissue. Here we investigated the cell-type-related PrPc expression in the bovine mammary gland by using immunohistochemistry (IHC), ELISA, Western blot, and real-time RT-PCR. Specific immunostaining of serial sections revealed that PrPc is selectively localized in mammary gland epithelial cells. Particularly strong expression was found at the basolateral surface of those cells showing active secretion. Results obtained by RT-PCR and ELISA complemented IHC findings. No correlation was found between the level of PrPc expression and other parameters such as age of the animals under study or stage of lactation.

Prion protein expression in bovine podocytes and extraglomerular mesangial cells

The cellular form of the prion protein (PrP(c)) is thought to be a substrate for an abnormal isoform of the prion protein (PrP(sc)). One emerging hypothesis is that the proposed conversion phenomenon takes place at the site at which the infectious agent meets PrP(c). PrP(c) is abundant in the central nervous system, but little is known about the cell-type-specific distribution of PrP(c) in non-neuronal tissues of cattle. We have studied whether PrP(c), a protein found predominantly in neurons, also exists in bovine podocytes, since neurons and podocytes share a large number of similarities. We have therefore examined the expression of PrP(c) by immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent analysis. Immunostained serial sections and specific antibodies against PrP(c) have revealed that PrP(c) is selectively localized in podocytes and is particularly strongly expressed in extraglomerular mesangial cells but not in endothelial or intraglomerular mesangial cells. The selective expression of PrP(c) in podocytes is of special importance, as it suggests that these cells represent possible targets for peripheral infection with prions and demonstrates that PrP(c) can be added to the list of neuronal factors expressed in mammalian podocytes.

Changes in fibroblast growth factor 2 and its receptors in bovine follicles before and after GnRH application and after ovulation

The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression pattern of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), its receptor variants (FGFR1IIIc, FGFR2IIIc) and nucleolin in time-defined follicle classes before and after GnRH application and after ovulation in the cow. Ovaries containing preovulatory follicles or new corpora lutea (CL) were collected at approximately 0, 4, 10, 20 and 25 h (follicles) and 60 h (new CL) relative to injection of GnRH to induce an LH surge (n = 5 animals per group). The expressions of FGF2 and FGFR1IIIc mRNA were significantly up-regulated only in the follicle group 4 h after GnRH (during the LH surge) with a significant down-regulation immediately afterwards. Western blot analyses showed two protein bands with at 22 and 18 kDa with apparent up-regulation beginning with the LH surge (4 h) and maximum levels 20 h after GnRH. FGF2 protein in follicles collected at 0 h (before LH surge) was localised in theca tissue (endothelial and pericytes of blood vessels) but not in granulosa cells (GCs). The FGF2 staining (by immunohistochemistry) pattern changed dramatically after the LH surge for a short period (about 2 days) and FGF2 protein was localised dominantly in the nucleus of many GCs, while most capillary endothelial cells were FGF2 immunonegative. In conclusion, the novel observation of FGF2 up-regulation and the distinct change in FGF2 localisation from theca (cytoplasm of endothelial cells) to the nucleus of GCs after the LH surge may be important for survival of GCs or for the transition of the GCs to luteal cells.

Determination of target cells for cholecystokinin in the porcine pancreas

The cholecystokinin (CCK) family of peptides and receptors is present throughout the brain and gastrointestinal tract including pancreatic tissue. The expression of these molecules in the gut and pancreas is species-specifically regulated and the role of CCK in porcine pancreatic islet hormone secretion is still a matter of discussion. Therefore, in this study we have determined the cell-type specific localization of and its high affinity CCKA-receptor in islet cells using immunohistochemical techniques. Serial sectioning followed by double-immunostaining of methanol/acetic acid-fixed, paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissues were performed with antibodies against CCK, CCKA-receptor, glucagon and somatostatin. To determine whether CCK specific mRNA is locally expressed, total RNA was isolated, transcribed to cDNA and analysed with specific primer for CCK gene expression. Our results clearly show that CCK and the CCKA-receptor coexist in glucagon--but not in somatostatin-producing cells. Moreover our RT-PCR experiments demonstrate that there is no local gene expression of CCK in the porcine pancreas. Our results provide evidence that, in the porcine species, blood-borne CCK binds specifically to the CCKA-receptor and may thereby modulate the glucose homeostasis via a direct action on A-cells.

Estrous cycle specific immunolocalization of different domains of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the porcine oviduct

Although porcine uterus is known to contain active and inactive forms of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R), the latter consist of the extracellular domain only; it is currently unknown whether different EGF-R isoforms are expressed in the porcine oviduct during estrous cycle. Therefore, we used two different monoclonal antibodies, one against the extracellular and the other against the cytoplasmic domain of the EGF-R, to investigate cycle-dependent and cell-type-specific expression of full-size and truncated receptor forms. At metestrus, the majority of epithelial cells of the oviduct were strongly immunopositive for both antibodies, indicating the presence of the full-size receptor. In diestrous and proestrous stages, we found a low level of cytoplasmic but no extracellular EGF-R staining in epithelial cells. While the staining intensity of cytoplasmic domain of the EGF-R was only faint or absent in muscular tissue and blood vessels throughout the estrous cycle, extracellular domain of the EGF-R exhibited a strong immunostaining of smooth muscle cells and vascular smooth muscle cells, especially in diestrous and proestrous stages. There was no significant difference between the oviductal ampulla and isthmus in either the intensity or the pattern of both cytoplasmic and extracellular EGF-R immunostaining. We conclude that the restricted presence of the functional full-size receptor to the epithelial layer indicates a specific role during early embryonic development, whereas truncated EGF-R forms may potentially regulate contractions and blood flow in the oviduct.

Cell-type specific expression of IGF-1R in porcine islet cells

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) functions as a growth factor regarding physiological regulations of cellular metabolism, regeneration and growth. In pancreas islets their potential function is unclear and only little information is available on occurrence and distribution of the corresponding insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) in islet cells. Therefore, we investigated the localization of IGF-1R by immunohistochemical techniques and its possible co-localization with other islet hormones. Further, we applied molecular biology techniques to determine the present of local gene expression of IGF-1R and IGF-1. Immunostaining on serial sections with anti-insulin, anti-glucagon and anti-somatostatin antibodies shows, IGF-1R was selectively expressed in insulin-producing B-cells and additionally more pronounced in somatostatin-containing D-cells, which are located in the periphery of porcine pancreatic islets. Furthermore, the RT-PCR experiment demonstrates clearly that IGF-1 and IGF-1R was expressed together in the porcine pancreas. The high expression of IGF-1R in porcine D-cells indicates that mammalian IGF-1R genes are regulated in a different manner since it was shown that in all other species IGF-1R was expressed in B- and A-cells but not in D-cells.

Serum IgA-promoting effects induced by feed loads containing isolated deoxynivalenol (DON) in growing piglets

Deoxynivalenol (DON), a Fusarium toxin belonging to the trichothecene group, has been reported to produce a variety of adverse health effects in farm animals, such as inhibition of protein synthesis, reduction of feed intake, and alteration of the immune system. In pigs, the effects of increasing levels of chemically pure DON in a semisynthetic diet on performance, health, and serum immunglobulin A (IgA) levels were examined. A diet, without grain components and trichothecene free (8 main trichothecenes), with doses of 0, 300, 600, and 1200 microg pure DON/kg was fed to 34 female pigs for a period of 8 wk after weaning under standardized conditions. Body weight gain and biochemical and hematological values in the blood and serum, including concentrations of IgA, blood glucose, cortisol, and insulinlike growth factor 1 (IGF-1), were determined. Increasing levels of DON in the feed induced a significant depression of glucose levels. Cortisol and IGF-1 levels were not significantly affected but differed between groups at the end of the experiment. A significant increase of IgA concentration in the serum even at a dosage level of 600 microg DON/kg feed was observed. This is the first report demonstrating in vivo that limited dosages of DON are able to stimulate IgA levels in the serum of growing piglets.

Oestrous cycle-regulated expression of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 in the pig ovary

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (IP(3)R-2) is an intracellular Ca(2+) release channel responsible for mobilizing of Ca(2+) from intracellular storage sites and plays a key role in biological processes such as fertilization, cell differentiation, and growth. To study the cell-type-specific IP(3)R-2 expression in porcine ovaries during different phases of the oestrous cycle, we used reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry. A total of 24 ovaries from gilts were collected in early luteal, mid-luteal, and follicular phases of the oestrous cycle. When amplified with the primers common to IP(3)R-2, a RT-PCR product of the expected size (approximately 388 bp) was clearly detected in the follicular and early luteal phase of the oestrous cycle, but there was no detectable PCR product in the corpus luteum of the mid-luteal phase of the oestrous cycle. Immunohistochemical studies showed that IP(3)R-2 protein is expressed in granulosa cells and theca cells of growing follicles. IP(3)R-2 immunostaining was first detected during the late pre-antral stage in granulosa and theca cells. Granulosa cell IP(3)R-2 expression increased from the pre-antral to mid-antral stage, but was strongly reduced in pre-ovulatory follicles. In the developing corpus luteum, intense IP(3)R-2 immunostaining was also present in luteal cells, but undetectable in mid-luteal corpora lutea. Furthermore, oocytes, atretic follicles and regressed corpora lutea were negative for IP(3)R-2. Our results indicate that the expression of the IP(3)R-2 protein was downregulated in terminally differentiated granulosa cells of pre-ovulatory follicles when granulosa cells lose follicle-stimulating hormone responsiveness. Therefore, we strongly suggest that IP(3)R-2 may play an important role in the initiation and propagation of intracellular Ca(2+) signals during follicular development of the pig.

Immunophenotype of porcine oviduct epithelial cells during the oestrous cycle: a double-labelling immunohistochemical study

The luminal epithelium of the porcine oviduct is composed of ciliated cells and secretory cells, but it is assumed for several species that under the control of steroid hormones secretory cells are able to be transformed into ciliated cells. In order to better understand such physiological changes during the different stages of the oestrous cycle, we evaluated epithelial cell proliferation together with oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) expression of porcine ampullary oviducts. To identify the immunophenotype of proliferating cells, double immunohistochemistry was performed using anti-chromogranin A antibody (anti-CgA) as the second primary antibody. Anti-CgA, recently shown to be an immunocytochemical marker of ciliated cells of the cow, also labelled specifically the luminal surface of ciliated cells of the pig. Double labelling of sections with the monoclonal antibody MIB-1 against the proliferation-associated nuclear epitope Ki-67 and anti-CgA clearly demonstrates that MIB-1 was selectively localised in the nuclei of secretory cells. Proliferative activity was not observed in CgA-positive ciliated cells in all examined stages of the oestrous cycle. The percentage of Ki-67-positive epithelial cells was higher at pro-oestrus, compared with the other stages of the oestrous cycle. Furthermore, ERalpha immunoreactivity was exclusively detected in the nuclei of the epithelial cells, which were negative for CgA. We conclude, therefore, that oestrogen may induce the initial proliferation of secretory cells and promote the differentiation into ciliated cells.

Spätabort bei einer Kuh in Verbindung mit einem Uteruswandabszess

Gegenstand und Ziel: Diskussion klinischer, bakteriologischer und serologischer Befunde einer Kuh mit Spätabort in Verbindung mit einem Uteruswandabszess. Material und Methode: Fallbericht einer dreijährigen Jungkuh der Rasse Holstein-Friesian. Ergebnisse: Ultrasonographisch wurde bei der Trächtigkeitsuntersuchung im Bereich des Corpus uteri ein ca. 5 × 5 cm großer Abszess diagnostiziert, der als Folge der puerperalen, antiseptischen Behandlungen angesehen wurde. Der Abort fand erst Ende des siebten Trächtigkeitsmonats statt. Bakteriologische und serologische Untersuchungen konnten keine spezifischen Aborterreger detektieren. Aus Nabel und Fetus ließen sich jedoch massenhaft Escherichia coli und α-hämolysierende Streptokokken nachweisen. Bei der Schlachttieruntersuchung war der Abszess nicht mehr vorhanden. Schlussfolgerung: Ein Abort kann durch ubiquitäre Keime induziert werden, die aus einem uterinen Abszess stammen und sich im Lauf der Trächtigkeit ausbreiten können. Klinische Relevanz: Trotz nicht vollständig ausgeheilter uteriner Erkrankungen sind eine erfolgreiche Konzeption und die Aufrechterhaltung der Trächtigkeit prinzipiell möglich.

Differential expression of EGF receptor in the pig duodenum during the transition phase from maternal milk to solid food

BACKGROUND

The aim of this investigation was to study the cell type-specific expression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) and to evaluate changes of the EGF-R distribution during transition from maternal milk to solid food in the gastrointestinal tract of young piglets.

METHODS

Duodenal tissue probes from six pigs were taken 2 days before (-2d) and 2 days (+2d) and 14 days (+14d) after transition from milk to solid food. The specimens were fixed in methanol/glacial acetic acid (2 : 1). A monoclonal antibody against EGF-R was used to examine the pattern and topographical shift of EGF-R. To assess a possible correlation between EGR-R-positive cells and mitotic activity, the mitotic index (MI) were evaluated based on expression of the Ki-67 antigen.

RESULTS

A significant change in the topographical and cellular distribution of the EGF-R could be successfully determined during the transition period. The highest immunoreactivity for EGF-R was found in enterocytes 2 days before transition from maternal milk, predominantly around the villous tips. Two days after transition consistent staining along the villi and crypts could be demonstrated. Fourteen days later the expression was significant lower around the villous tips and was more concentrated in Brunner's glands. Additionally, distinct expression of the receptor is selectively found in stimulated goblet cells. The analysis of the mitotic activity during the transition period shows that cells that highly express the EGF-R have a rather low proliferation rate.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that EGF plays an important role in cell differentiation (rather than cell proliferation) in young animals, and it may be involved in stimulating mucus secretion.

Colocalization of chromogranin A and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in ciliated cells of the bovine oviduct

Previous investigations of the expression of chromogranin A (CgA) have been performed primarily in neuroendocrine tissues containing amine and peptide secretory vesicles. More recently it has been shown that CgA, as a high capacity Ca2+ storage protein, interacts with the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor/Ca2+ channel (InsP3R) which has been found to be selectively localized in oviductal cells of the mouse. To examine a possible role of this coupling in the Ca2+-dependent ciliary movement, we investigated the topographical and cellular distribution of cells positive for CgA and inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 2 (InsP3R2) in the bovine oviduct at different stages of the oestrous cycle. Using immunohistochemical techniques on paraffin-embedded tissue we have successfully shown that CgA is selectively expressed in ciliated cells of the bovine oviduct. The labelled cells show intense positive staining in the apical surface area in close vicinity to the ciliary apparatus. CgA-positive ciliated cells are most frequently observed at dioestrous while a lower number appears at oestrous. Additionally, secretory and intraepithelial neuroendocrine cells consistently do not stain with the CgA-antiserum. We then investigated whether the reported expression of the InsP3R in oviductal cells of the mouse corresponds to the expression of the InsP3R in bovine oviductal cells. Using a polyclonal antibody to the type 2 InsP3R, we found that the receptor is also selectively expressed in a similar matter to CgA in the apical cytoplasm of ciliated cells. This is the first morphological demonstration of the colocalization of CgA and InsP3R in epithelial ciliated cells of the bovine oviduct. Our results suggest that CgA and InsP3R could be involved in controlling the ciliary activity of oviductal epithelial cells.

Expression of cytokeratin 18 during pre- and post-natal porcine lung development

The expression pattern of the intermediate filament protein cytokeratin 18 (CK 18) is described during pre- and post-natal development of the porcine lung using a monoclonal antibody against human CK 18. Lungs from 16 foetuses in pseudoglandular, canalicular, saccular and alveolar stages of lung development and lungs from 12 pigs ranging in age from birth to 49 days after birth were studied by immunohistochemistry. In the early pseudoglandular stage of development (day 70 of gestation) all the columnar epithelial cells lining the tubular endbuds strongly expressed CK 18 predominantly in the apical cell compartment. A modest staining was found in the more cuboidal cells of the canalicular stage (day 80 of gestation) where the labelling occurred as a distinct positive rim at the apical cell membrane in most of the cells lining the canaliculi. In 96- and 100-day-old foetuses, parts of the gas exchanging area were formed as terminal sacs by extreme attenuation of the epithelium. In this stage, CK 18 was clearly detectable in the flat type I as well as in the cuboidal type II alveolar epithelial cells. A marked change of the CK 18 expression pattern occurred during formation of the alveoli by septal outgrowth and maturation of the epithelium in 105- and 111-day-old foetuses. Differentiated type I cells no longer expressed CK 18, whereas type II cells were still labelled. Moreover, a specific change in the subcellular distribution pattern from the luminal periphery in immature porcine type II cells to a cytoplasmic localization in differentiated type II cells could be observed. Our investigation additionally demonstrated that the epithelium of bronchi, bronchioli and terminal bronchioli expressed CK 18 in all pre- and post-natal developmental stages. From the 96 days of gestation onwards the epithelial cells of developing bronchial glands were also labelled. Our results clearly show that during porcine lung development profound changes in the cellular expression pattern of CK 18 occur and that CK 18 can be regarded as a selective marker for differentiated porcine alveolar type II cells from the 105th day of gestation onwards. We also assume that the intermediate filament CK 18 could be of significance in the maturation process of the type II alveolar cells.

[Surgical treatment of Zenker's diverticulum]

The authors present an account of diagnostic methods, endoscopic problems and surgical treatment of Zenker's diverticula of the oesophagus. They analyze possibilities of X-ray and endoscopic diagnosis; a frequent problem is the insertion of an oesophageal probe before operation; tamponade of the diverticula before operation is useful. Surgical treatment is indicated in major diverticula, small flat ones are followed up. The surgical approach is from the left side of the neck. In the authors' department always total resection of the dicerticulum was performed in major diverticule, invagination could be used in minor diverticula. Early and late complications of operations are discussed.