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Heo SM, Faulkner H, An V, Symes M, Nandapalan H, Sivakumar B. Outcomes following reverse total shoulder arthroplasty vs operative fixation for proximal humerus fractures: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2023. [PMID: 38038170 DOI: 10.1308/rcsann.2022.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proximal humerus fractures are common in the older population. A consensus on the optimal management of complex fractures requiring surgery has yet to be reached. A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed to compare clinical outcomes between reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (RTSA) and open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). METHODS A systematic search of the literature was undertaken using the Medline®, PubMed, Embase™ and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials databases. Prospective and retrospective studies comparing clinical and patient reported results as primary outcome measures were included in this review, with secondary outcome measures including complications and revision surgery. A meta-analysis was conducted. RESULTS A total of 326 patients from 5 studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. Superior Constant-Murley scores (mean difference [MD]: 13.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.2-20.6; p<0.001), Oxford shoulder scores (MD: 4.3, 95% CI: 1.2-7.4; p=0.007), simple shoulder test scores (MD: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.01-1.89; p=0.05) and DASH (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand) scores (MD: 5.1 [1 study], 95% CI: 2.1-8.1; p=0.034) were noted in patients receiving RTSA. Range of motion and revision surgery rates were also superior in this group. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that RTSA affords more favourable outcomes and lower revision rates than ORIF following proximal humerus fractures. Definitive conclusions are precluded, however, owing to small sample sizes and risk of bias in retrospective studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Heo
- Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - H Faulkner
- Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Vvg An
- Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Symes
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - B Sivakumar
- Hornsby Ku-ring-gai Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Knaul FM, Arreola-Ornelas H, Touchton M, McDonald T, Blofield M, Avila Burgos L, Gómez-Dantés O, Kuri P, Martinez-Valle A, Méndez-Carniado O, Nargund RS, Porteny T, Sosa-Rubí SG, Serván-Mori E, Symes M, Vargas Enciso V, Frenk J. Setbacks in the quest for universal health coverage in Mexico: polarised politics, policy upheaval, and pandemic disruption. Lancet 2023; 402:731-746. [PMID: 37562419 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00777-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
2023 marks the 20-year anniversary of the creation of Mexico's System of Social Protection for Health and the Seguro Popular, a model for the global quest to achieve universal health coverage through health system reform. We analyse the success and challenges after 2012, the consequences of reform ageing, and the unique coincidence of systemic reorganisation during the COVID-19 pandemic to identify strategies for health system disaster preparedness. We document that population health and financial protection improved as the Seguro Popular aged, despite erosion of the budget and absent needed reforms. The Seguro Popular closed in January, 2020, and Mexico embarked on a complex, extensive health system reorganisation. We posit that dismantling the Seguro Popular while trying to establish a new programme in 2020-21 made the Mexican health system more vulnerable in the worst pandemic period and shows the precariousness of evidence-based policy making to political polarisation and populism. Reforms should be designed to be flexible yet insulated from political volatility and constructed and managed to be structurally permeable and adaptable to new evidence to face changing health needs. Simultaneously, health systems should be grounded to withstand systemic shocks of politics and natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felicia Marie Knaul
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA; Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Tómatelo a Pecho, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Hector Arreola-Ornelas
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Fundación Mexicana para la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico; Tómatelo a Pecho, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute for Obesity Research and School of Government and Public Transformation, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Michael Touchton
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Department of Political Science, College of Arts, and Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA.
| | - Tim McDonald
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Merike Blofield
- Department of Political Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Leticia Avila Burgos
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Octavio Gómez-Dantés
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Pablo Kuri
- Proyecto OriGen, Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey, Nuevo León, México
| | - Adolfo Martinez-Valle
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas Población y Salud, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Renu Sara Nargund
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Vilcek Institute for Biomedical Sciences, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thalia Porteny
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra Gabriela Sosa-Rubí
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Edson Serván-Mori
- Centro de Investigación en Sistemas de Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública de México, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Maya Symes
- Institute for Advanced Study of the Americas, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Julio Frenk
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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Franks D, Shatrov J, Symes M, Little DG, Cheng TL. Cannulated screw versus Kirschner-wire fixation for Milch II lateral condyle fractures in a paediatric sawbone model: a biomechanical comparison. J Child Orthop 2018; 12:29-35. [PMID: 29456751 PMCID: PMC5813122 DOI: 10.1302/1863-2548.12.170090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Lateral condyle fractures of the humerus are common in the paediatric population, accounting for up to 20% of elbow fractures. Traditional management involves internal fixation with Kirschner (K)-wires, however, this has been associated with complications and insufficiently rigid fixation. Recently, cannulated screws have been proposed as a more stable method of fixation. While cannulated screws have been thought to allow earlier range of movement and shorten time to union, data regarding the biomechanical performance and optimal screw placement is scarce. We hypothesize that cannulated screw fixation is superior to K-wire fixation and screw placement can enhance the stability of the construct. METHODS Paediatric humerus sawbones with Milch II fractures were fixed with one of three methods. Fractures were reduced with either a single cannulated screw either through the centre of the capitellum (oblique), or placed up the lateral column across the growth plate (lateral), or fixed with two K-wires. Fixed sawbone fractures were then mechanically tested in two directions simulating in vivo forces. RESULTS The lateral screw construct had a higher maximum force to failure, higher stiffness and absorbed higher energy as compared with the K-wire fixation and oblique screw under an anterior force. When loaded from the posterior direction, only the lateral column screw was better than K-wire fixation. CONCLUSIONS Screw fixation is a biomechanically effective alternative to K-wire fixation, especially when placed up the lateral column of the distal humerus. Further clinical studies are required before transcapitellar screw fixation can be adopted.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Franks
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - J. Shatrov
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - M. Symes
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia
| | - D. G. Little
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia and Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - T. L. Cheng
- Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology Unit, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, Australia and Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia,
Correspondence should be sent to T. L. Cheng, Orthopaedic Research and Biotechnology, The Children’s Hospital at Westmead, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia. E-mail:
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Addy C, Symes M, Bell N, Bateman K, Nazareth D. WS09.2 Radiation exposure in adults with CF attending Bristol Adult CF Centre. J Cyst Fibros 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(15)30053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Addy C, Symes M, Bell N, Bateman K, Nazareth D. 254 The value of the routine annual review chest radiograph in adults with CF. J Cyst Fibros 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/s1569-1993(15)30429-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Paterson H, See V, Seitz M, Symes M, Lu J, Thomas L. LVOTO following mitral prosthetic insertion with full retention of the native valve apparatus. Heart Lung Circ 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2008.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Nouri AM, Thompson C, Cannell H, Symes M, Purkiss S, Amirghofran Z. Profile of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFr) expression in human malignancies: effects of exposure to EGF and its biological influence on established human tumour cell lines. Int J Mol Med 2000; 6:495-500. [PMID: 10998445 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.6.4.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the profile of EGFr expression in transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder (TCC) and in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). In addition, to study the influence of EGF stimulation on the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I antigens, placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) as well as changes in tumour cell sensitivity to cisplatin using immunocytochemical staining, a colorimetric assay and SDS-gel electrophoresis. The results showed that: a) strong EGFr expression could be seen in 22/88 (27%) cases of TCCs. In oral tumours the values for non-invasive ameloblastoma and invasive OSCC were 4/25 (16%) and 30/41 (73%) respectively. b) EGFr expression in tumour cell lines paralleled that of tumour biopsies. The number of lines expressing high and low EGFr expression amongst TCCs were 4 and 4 and in OSCCs were 3 and 1 respectively. c) Exposure of tumour cell lines to EGF led to: i) an increase in EGFr expression (stimulatory indices SI, ranged from 1.06 to 2.58) for TCCs but a decrease in the case of OSCCs (SI ranged from 0.01 to 0.85). The corresponding SI values for class I antigens were 0.95-1.16 and 0.10-0.84. ii) A significant reduction in expression of PLAP by OSCC cell lines. iii) An increased susceptibility of OSCC cell lines to cisplatin by as much as 14% (p<0.001). These data demonstrated the overexpression of EGFr in a significant proportion of TCCs. As for oral tumours it depended on whether they were of an invasive or non-invasive type. In the invasive cases the majority overexpressed EGFr. The exposure of OSCC but not TCC tumour cells to EGF resulted in down regulation of EGFr and class I antigens. The expression of PLAP was also significantly reduced. Exposure of OSCC cells to EGF resulted in their increased susceptibility to cisplatin. The data supports the notion that the mitogenic activation of some tumour cells by EGF resulted in a reduction of their immune visibility, differentiation status and an increase in chemosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nouri
- Uro/Oncology Research Unit, The Royal London Medical College, London E1 1BB, UK.
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Nouri AM, Zubairi ST, Russell MV, Moss T, Cannell H, Paris AM, Symes M, Oliver RT. Concordance between tumour cell activation by epidermal growth factor and alteration of cell sensitivity to cisplatin and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. Oncol Rep 2000. [DOI: 10.3892/or.7.1.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Nouri AM, Zubairi ST, Russell MV, Moss T, Cannell H, Paris AM, Symes M, Oliver RT. Concordance between tumour cell activation by epidermal growth factor and alteration of cell sensitivity to cisplatin and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity. Oncol Rep 2000; 7:197-201. [PMID: 10601618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study the impact of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on chemosensitivity and susceptibility to lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cytolysis on six cell lines (one super expressing EGFr i.e. HN5, three high expressing i.e. Hep2, KB and MCF-7 and two low expressing i.e. Fen and HN15) was investigated using the tetrazolium salt reduction assay (MTT) as measured by optical density (OD). Hep2, KB, MCF-7 and Fen lines showed a dose-related inhibition to cisplatin (from 19% to 80%). Treatment of EGFr positive cell lines, Hep2, KB and MCF-7 but not EGFr negative Fen by EGF prior to exposure to cisplatin inhibited the cells by between 10-15% (p<0.05). Exposure of HN5 line to EGF (0.1 ng/ml) prior to LAK assay, led to a decrease in tumour killing (13%, p<0.05). However, at 0.01 ng/ml the pre-treatment enhanced tumour sensitivity. These data indicated that pre-exposure of tumour cells to EGF altered their response to cisplatin and LAK killing and this depended on the degree of EGFr expression. These data may prove helpful for pre-selection of patients for an appropriate therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Nouri
- London Hospital Medical College, Whitechapel, London E1 1BB, UK
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Tezabwala B, Nouri A, Cannell H, Symes M. Local anergy rather than systemic anti-tumour immunity to explain tumour growth in an animal model of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 1997; 4:883-8. [PMID: 21590159 DOI: 10.3892/or.4.5.883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A chemically induced syngeneic hamster tumour model of human oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) was used to investigate the possible influence of locally transplanted growing rumours on the immune system of the recipient. Cell activation and cell cytotoxicity assays were performed in vitro using the colorimetric MTT assay to measure any possible changes. The fast growing nature of the tumour model if grafted locally as a fragment was confirmed but not if injected as a single cell suspension (SCS). Stimulation (Concanavalin A) of spleen cells from normal and from tumour bearing animals showed that there was a minor though statistically significant decrease in the mitogenic response of the latter. Thus, the respective stimulatory indices (SI) were 4.06+/-1.61 and 2.06+/-0.87 (0.02<p>0.01). No significant difference was observed when spleen cells were stimulated with interleukin-2 (IL-2), although there was a similar trend. Pre-immunisation of animals with irradiated autologous SCS three weeks prior to grafting, resulted in a significant decrease in the tumour growth rate of subsequently grafted tumour. Thus, the mean If: SD (weight of takes in mg) for the successful takes of untreated (n=10) and treated (n=9) groups were 52.0+/-52.2 and 25.7+/-19.4 (0.02<p>0.05) respectively. The number of cases with no tumour takes were 2 of 10 (20%) and 6 of 9 (66%) respectively. In a separate experiment groups of 5 animals were immunized with an increasing number of cells as irradiated SCS, the results of which demonstrated an inverse correlation between the rate of tumour growth and the number of injected tumour cells. The addition of irradiated SCS to IL-2 activated normal spleen cells (LAK cells) in vitro led to a dose-related decrease in the efficiency of cytotoxicity of latter when tested against an xenogeneic super-sensitive surrogate tumour target cell line (Fen cells). Thus, the percent killing by IL-2-activated normal spleen cells was 56.4%. The corresponding mean values for IL-2 activated normal spleen cells in the presence of tumour SCS at 25/1 and 50/1 ratios were 35.9% (p<0.05) and 11.9% (p<0.001) respectively. Ln an attempt to establish the presence of T suppressor cells, spleen cells from tumour bearing animals were injected concomitantly with SCS into 5 recipients. After four weeks no tumour growth had occurred. In conclusion we demonstrated that the presence of injected or grafted tumour had only a minor effect on systemic immune function but induced a strong local anergic effect. This local anergic effect was demonstrable as blocking of LAK activity and thus perhaps allowed suppression of the functional activities of incoming immunocompetent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tezabwala
- ST BARTHOLOMEWS & ROYAL LONDON SCH MED & DENT,DEPT ORAL & MAXILLOFACIAL SURG,LONDON,ENGLAND. ST BARTHOLOMEWS & ROYAL LONDON SCH MED & DENT,DEPT MED ONCOL,LONDON,ENGLAND
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Nouri A, Sharghi S, Symes M, Paris A, Oliver R. Characteristics of human tumour cell lines after induction of multidrug resistance. Int J Oncol 1996; 8:1189-93. [PMID: 21544481 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.8.6.1189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A colorimetric technique was used to investigate some aspects of multidrug resistant (MDR)-induced cell lines. Continuous contact of the inducing agent with cells was necessary for MDR induction and this was followed by a series of phases i.e., a selection phase (ESP) lasted up to 6 days, a conditioning phase (CP) lasted up to 14 days and an expansion phase (EP) lasted up to 7 days. Gene transfection to correct missing MHC class I antigens on the Fen cell line did not affect cell behaviour. Of particular interest was the finding that the withdrawal of the MDR inducing agent did not reverse MDR phenotype immediately.
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Angus R, Lai T, Collins C, Stonebridge B, Symes M. Expression of glutathione-s-transferase isotypes in relation to Doxorubicin sensitivity and prognosis in patients with renal-carcinoma. Int J Oncol 1994; 4:1383-6. [PMID: 21567066 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.4.6.1383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Specimens were obtained from the tumour and adjacent normal kidney in 29 patients with renal carcinoma. Expression of the alpha, pi and mu isoforms of gluthatione-S-transferase (GST) was estimated in formalin fixed paraffin embedded sections of the normal and neoplastic kidney following exposure to the appropriate polyclonal antibodies. binding of which was recognised by the indirect peroxidase technique. Expression of alpha, pi and mu GST in each tumour specimen was compared with the in vitro sensitivity of tumour cells to doxorubicin determined by drug inhibition of [Se-75] selenomethionine uptake by the appropriate tumour cells in culture. Expression of pi GST was associated with tumour cell resistance to doxorubicin. The level of alpha, pi and mu GST was not related to patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Angus
- UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT SURG,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND. UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT PATHOL,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND. UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT COMP SCI,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND
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Lai T, Angus R, Collins C, Feneley R, Sibley G, Smith P, Stonebridge B, Symes M. P-glycoprotein expression, tumor differentiation, chemosensitivity of tumor-cells in-vitro and clinical outcome in patients with renal-cell carcinoma. Int J Oncol 1994; 4:211-213. [PMID: 21566915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023] Open
Abstract
There was no association between expression of P-170 glycoprotein on cells derived from 14 renal carcinomas and the in vitro sensitivity of the cells to doxorubicin or its potentiation by verapamil. Furthermore expression of P-170 on the cells of individual tumours was unrelated to nuclear differentiation or patient prognosis. These observations may in part resolve the dilemma posed by the reported association in some tumour types between expression of P-170 and the metastatic phenotype together with the previously observed relation in renal carcinoma between P-170 expression, good tumour differentiation and therefore a favourable prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Lai
- UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT SURG,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND. UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT PATHOL,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND. UNIV BRISTOL,BRISTOL ROYAL INFIRM,DEPT COMP SCI,BRISTOL BS2 8HW,AVON,ENGLAND
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Symes M. Multidrug-resistance due to p-glycoprotein. Int J Oncol 1993; 3:539-42. [PMID: 21573398 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.3.3.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-drug resistance (MDR) is due to the presence in neoplastic cells of the transmembrane glycoprotein P-170. The P-170 increases drug efflux by combining with the drug and adenosine triphosphate. This energy dependent drug efflux may be reversed by agents, e.g. verapamil, which compete with drugs for receptors on the plasma membrane. High expression of P-170 is associated with reduced sensitivity to MDR-associated cytotoxic drugs, e.g. doxorubicin in vitro by renal and breast carcinoma cells. Verapamil has been most effective in increasing the effect of chemotherapy in patients with multiple myeloma. In contrast, negative results have been reported for 'solid' tumours such as carcinoma of the colon and kidney.
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