1
|
Prandoni P, Haas S, Fluharty M, Schellong S, Goto S, MacCallum P, Tse E, Pieper K, Kayani G, Kakkar A. Incidence and risk factors of post-thrombotic syndrome in patients with isolated calf vein thrombosis. Findings from the GARFIELD-VTE registry. Thromb Res 2024; 235:75-78. [PMID: 38308881 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2024.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sylvia Haas
- Formerly Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Shinya Goto
- Department of Medicine (Cardiology), Tokai University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Peter MacCallum
- Department of Hematology, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Tse
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Hong Kong
| | - Karen Pieper
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gloria Kayani
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ajay Kakkar
- Thrombosis Research Institute, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wright L, Fluharty M, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. How Did People Cope During the COVID-19 Pandemic? A Structural Topic Modelling Analysis of Free-Text Data From 11,000 United Kingdom Adults. Front Psychol 2022; 13:810655. [PMID: 35734451 PMCID: PMC9207408 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had substantial impacts on lives across the globe. Job losses have been widespread, and individuals have experienced significant restrictions on their usual activities, including extended isolation from family and friends. While studies suggest population mental health worsened from before the pandemic, not all individuals appear to have experienced poorer mental health. This raises the question of how people managed to cope during the pandemic. Methods To understand the coping strategies individuals employed during the COVID-19 pandemic, we used structural topic modelling, a text mining technique, to extract themes from free-text data on coping from over 11,000 UK adults, collected between 14 October and 26 November 2020. Results We identified 16 topics. The most discussed coping strategy was ‘thinking positively’ and involved themes of gratefulness and positivity. Other strategies included engaging in activities and hobbies (such as doing DIY, exercising, walking and spending time in nature), keeping routines, and focusing on one day at a time. Some participants reported more avoidant coping strategies, such as drinking alcohol and binge eating. Coping strategies varied by respondent characteristics including age, personality traits and sociodemographic characteristics and some coping strategies, such as engaging in creative activities, were associated with more positive lockdown experiences. Conclusion A variety of coping strategies were employed by individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. The coping strategy an individual adopted was related to their overall lockdown experiences. This may be useful for helping individuals prepare for future lockdowns or other events resulting in self-isolation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Wright
- Institute of Education, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Liam Wright,
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Fluharty M, Paul E, Fancourt D. Predictors and patterns of gambling behaviour across the COVID-19 lockdown: Findings from a UK cohort study. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:1-8. [PMID: 34744027 PMCID: PMC8555112 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the economy has raised concerns about negative coping behaviours to offset financial losses. We used a subset of a longitudinal study of UK adults (N = 19,963) to examine a range of predictors of (i) gambling during the first strict lockdown, (ii) gambling more frequently during this strict lockdown compared to before lockdown, and (iii) continued increased frequency of gambling during the relaxation of restrictions. Results from logistic regressions indicated that amongst other factors, those with progressively lower levels of education, were stressed due to boredom, frequently drank alcohol, and had high risk-taking tendencies were more likely to gamble during strict lockdown. Individuals who were more likely to have increased their frequency of gambling during strict lockdown compared to before the lockdown were stressed by boredom, employed, frequently drank alcohol, and had depression and anxiety, whilst men and current smokers were less likely. As lockdown restrictions eased, individuals of ethnic minority backgrounds, who were current smokers, and with lower educational attainment were more likely to continue gambling more than usual. Findings contribute to knowledge of who is most at risk for increasing their gambling during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, United States
| | - Elise Paul
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, United States
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fluharty M, Paul E, Bone J, Bu F, Sonke J, Fancourt D. Difference in predictors and barriers to arts and cultural engagement with age in the United States: A cross-sectional analysis using the Health and Retirement Study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0261532. [PMID: 34928997 PMCID: PMC8687585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0261532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Arts and cultural engagement are associated with a range of mental and physical health benefits, including promoting heathy aging and lower incidence of age-related disabilities such as slower cognitive decline and slower progression of frailty. This suggests arts engagement constitutes health-promoting behaviour in older age. However, there are no large-scale studies examining how the predictors of arts engagement vary with age. METHODS Data from the Health and Retirement Study (2014) were used to identify sociodemographic, life satisfaction, social, and arts appreciation predictors of (1) frequency of arts engagement, (2) cultural attendance, (3) difficulty participating in the arts, and (4) being an interested non-attendee of cultural events. Logistic regression models were stratified by age groups [50-59, 60-69, ≥70] for the frequency of arts participation outcome and [50-69 vs ≥70] all other outcomes. RESULTS Findings indicated a number of age-related predictors of frequent arts engagement, including gender, educational attainment, wealth, dissatisfaction with aging, and instrumental activities of daily living (iADL). For cultural event attendance, lower interest in the arts predicted lack of engagement across age groups, whereas higher educational attainment and more frequent religious service attendance became predictors in older age groups (≥ 70). Adults in both age groups were less likely to report difficulties engaging in the arts if they had lower neighbourhood safety, whilst poor self-rated health and low arts appreciation also predicted reduced likelihood of this outcome, but only in the younger (50-69) age group. Adults in the older (≥ 70) age group were more likely to be interested non-attendees of cultural events if they had higher educational attainment and less likely if they lived in neighbourhoods with low levels of safety. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that certain factors become stronger predictors of arts and cultural engagement and barriers to engagement as people age. Further, there appear to be socioeconomic inequalities in engagement that may increase in older ages, with arts activities overall more accessible as individuals age compared to cultural engagement due to additional financial barriers and transportation barriers. Ensuring that these activities are accessible to people of all ages will allow older adults to benefit from the range of health outcomes gained from arts and cultural engagement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elise Paul
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Bone
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Feifei Bu
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Sonke
- Center for Arts in Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
White J, Fluharty M, de Groot R, Bell S, Batty GD. Mortality among rough sleepers, squatters, residents of homeless shelters or hotels and sofa-surfers: a pooled analysis of UK birth cohorts. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 51:839-846. [PMID: 34871417 PMCID: PMC9189982 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Homelessness encompasses a wide spectrum of experience. Rough sleepers and people attending homeless shelters have been found to be at an increased risk of mortality. It is unclear whether risks are also elevated in those squatting, living temporarily in low-cost hotels or ‘sofa-surfing’ with friends or family members. This study examines mortality in a representative nationwide sample of people who have slept rough, squatted, lived in shelters or low-cost hotels and sofa-surfed. Methods Using unpublished data from two national birth cohorts, namely the National Child Development Study and the 1970 British Birth Cohort study, Cox proportional-hazards models and random-effects meta-analyses were used to analyse associations between homelessness and different types of homeless experience (rough sleeping, squatting, staying in a homeless shelter or low-cost hotel, and sofa-surfing) and mortality. Results Out of the 23 678 participants, 1444 (6.1%) reported having been homeless and 805 (3.4%) deaths occurred. Homelessness was associated with an increased risk of mortality [hazard ratio (HR) 1.68, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.24–2.26]. Mortality risk was raised across the spectrum of homeless experience, from sleeping rough (HR 4.71, 95% CI 2.38–9.30), to squatting (HR 6.35, 95% CI 2.73–14.75), staying in a homeless shelter (HR 4.89, 95% CI 2.36–10.11), staying in a low-cost hotel (HR 3.38, 95% CI 1.30–8.79 through to sofa-surfing (HR 2.86, 95% CI 1.84–4.42). Associations remained after separate control for socio-economic status, mental health, substance use, accidents and assaults, and criminality. Conclusions Mortality rates were raised across all types of homeless experience. This included squatting and sofa-surfing that have not previously been reported. Studies that have omitted the less severe, but more prevalent, use of low-cost hotels and sofa-surfing may have underestimated the impacts of homelessness on mortality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James White
- Centre for Trials Research, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rosa de Groot
- Department of Donor Medicine Research-Donor Studies, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Epidemiology and Data science, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam UMC, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven Bell
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - G David Batty
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fluharty M, Fancourt D. How have people been coping during the COVID-19 pandemic? Patterns and predictors of coping strategies amongst 26,016 UK adults. BMC Psychol 2021; 9:107. [PMID: 34266498 PMCID: PMC8280648 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-021-00603-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals face increased psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, it's unknown whether choice of coping styles are influenced by COVID-19 in addition to known predictors. METHODS Data from 26,016 UK adults in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study were analysed from 12/4/2020 15/5/2020. Regression models were used to identify predictors of coping styles (problem-focused, emotion-focused, avoidant, and socially-supported): model 1 included sociodemographic variables, model 2 additionally included psychosocial factors, and model 3 further included experience of COVID-19 specific adverse worries or events. RESULTS Sociodemographic and psychosocial predictors of coping align with usual predictors of coping styles not occurring during a pandemic. However, even when controlling for the wide range of these previously known predictors specific adversities were associated with use of specific strategies. Experience of worries about finances, basic needs, and events related to Covid-19 were associated with a range of strategies, while experience of financial adversities was associated with problem-focused, emotion-focused and avoidant coping. There were no associations between coping styles and experiencing challenges in meeting basic needs, but Covid-19 related adversities were associated with a lower use of socially-supported coping. CONCLUSIONS This paper demonstrates that there are not only demographic and social predictors of coping styles during the COVID-19 pandemic, but specific adversities are related to the ways that adults cope. Furthermore, this study identifies groups at risk of more avoidant coping mechanisms which may be targeted for supportive interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7HB UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Penton-Voak IS, Adams S, Button KS, Fluharty M, Dalili M, Browning M, Holmes EA, Harmer CJ, Munafò MR. Emotional recognition training modifies neural response to emotional faces but does not improve mood in healthy volunteers with high levels of depressive symptoms. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1211-1219. [PMID: 32063231 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291719004124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is demand for new, effective and scalable treatments for depression, and development of new forms of cognitive bias modification (CBM) of negative emotional processing biases has been suggested as possible interventions to meet this need. METHODS We report two double blind RCTs, in which volunteers with high levels of depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory ii (BDI-ii) > 14) completed a brief course of emotion recognition training (a novel form of CBM using faces) or sham training. In Study 1 (N = 36), participants completed a post-training emotion recognition task whilst undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate neural correlates of CBM. In Study 2 (N = 190), measures of mood were assessed post-training, and at 2-week and 6-week follow-up. RESULTS In both studies, CBM resulted in an initial change in emotion recognition bias, which (in Study 2) persisted for 6 weeks after the end of training. In Study 1, CBM resulted in increases neural activation to happy faces, with this effect driven by an increase in neural activity in the medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral amygdala. In Study 2, CBM did not lead to a reduction in depressive symptoms on the BDI-ii, or on related measures of mood, motivation and persistence, or depressive interpretation bias at either 2 or 6-week follow-ups. CONCLUSIONS CBM of emotion recognition has effects on neural activity that are similar in some respects to those induced by Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI) administration (Study 1), but we find no evidence that this had any later effect on self-reported mood in an analogue sample of non-clinical volunteers with low mood (Study 2).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian S Penton-Voak
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sally Adams
- Department of Psychology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | | | - Meg Fluharty
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Dalili
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Emily A Holmes
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Solna, Sweden
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Bristol Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust and University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mak HW, Fluharty M, Fancourt D. Predictors and Impact of Arts Engagement During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analyses of Data From 19,384 Adults in the COVID-19 Social Study. Front Psychol 2021; 12:626263. [PMID: 33981269 PMCID: PMC8109242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The global COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 heavily affected the arts and creative industries due to the instigation of lockdown measures in the United Kingdom and closure of venues. However, it also provided new opportunities for arts and cultural engagement through virtual activities and streamed performances. Yet it remains unclear (i) who was likely to engage with the arts at home during lockdown, (ii) how this engagement differed from patterns of arts engagement prior to COVID-19, and (iii) whether home-based arts engagement was related to people's ability to cope with their emotions during lockdown. This study was therefore designed to address these questions. METHODS We used data collected in late May from the United Kingdom COVID-19 Social Study run by University College London. Multivariate regressions were used for the analysis (N = 19,384). Identified factors included demographic factors, socio-economic position, psychosocial wellbeing and health conditions, adverse events/worries, and coping styles. RESULTS Four types of home-based arts engagement were identified during the COVID-19 pandemic: digital arts and writing, musical activities, crafts, and reading for pleasure. Our results show that the strongest predictors of the engagement were age, education attainment, social support, and emotion-focused or supportive coping styles. In particular, younger adults (aged 18-29), non-keyworkers, people with greater social support, people who had lost work, those who were worried about catching the virus, and those with an emotion-focused, problem-focused or supportive coping style were more likely to have increased arts engagement during lockdown. Arts activities were used as approach and avoidance strategies to help cope with emotions, as well as to help improve self-development. CONCLUSION Overall, our study suggests that while some people who engaged in the arts during the COVID-19 pandemic were those who typically engage under normal circumstances, the pandemic has also created new incentives and opportunities for others to engage virtually. Additionally, this study highlights the value of the arts as coping tools during stressful situations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Fluharty M, Bu F, Steptoe A, Fancourt D. Coping strategies and mental health trajectories during the first 21 weeks of COVID-19 lockdown in the United Kingdom. Soc Sci Med 2021; 279:113958. [PMID: 33965772 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The negative impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health is well evidenced. However, there is little research on how individuals' coping strategies were related to changes in mental health over time. METHODS The current study used data from the COVID-19 Social Study in the United Kingdom (N = 26,505) to explore whether coping strategies (problem-focused, emotion-focused, avoidant, and socially-supportive) were associated with (i) better mental health as lockdown was introduced, and (ii) faster recovery over time. RESULTS People with greater use of problem-focused, avoidant, and supportive coping displayed more mental health symptoms, while greater use of emotion-focused coping was associated with fewer mental health symptoms. Symptoms decreased over time for all coping strategies, but only socially-supportive coping was associated with a faster decrease in anxiety and depressive symptoms, indicating a potential protective effect of social support on psychological distress. CONCLUSIONS Problem-, avoidant- and emotion-focused coping strategies were not associated with faster improvements in mental health. Suggesting the adoption of one of these coping styles in itself is not necessarily a driver of improvements in mental health; rather, specific attributes of the behaviours expressed as part of this coping style appear to be important in and of themselves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Feifei Bu
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK
| | - Daisy Fancourt
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bann D, Fluharty M, Hardy R, Scholes S. Socioeconomic inequalities in blood pressure: co-ordinated analysis of 147,775 participants from repeated birth cohort and cross-sectional datasets, 1989 to 2016. BMC Med 2020; 18:338. [PMID: 33203396 PMCID: PMC7672962 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01800-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High blood pressure (BP) is a key modifiable determinant of cardiovascular disease and a likely determinant of other adverse health outcomes. While socioeconomic inequalities in BP are well documented, it remains unclear (1) how these inequalities have changed across time, given improvements over time in the detection and treatment of high BP (hypertension); (2) whether BP inequalities are present below and above hypertension treatment thresholds; and (3) whether socioeconomic position (SEP) across life has cumulative effects on BP. We sought to address these gaps using evidence from two complementary sources: birth cohort and repeated cross-sectional datasets. METHODS We used three British birth cohort studies-born in 1946, 1958, and 1970-with BP measured at 43-46 years (in 1989, 2003, and 2016), and 21 repeated cross-sectional datasets-the Health Survey for England (HSE), with BP measured among adults aged ≥ 25 years (1994-2016). Adult education attainment was used as an indicator of SEP in both datasets; childhood father's social class was used as an alternative indicator of (early life) SEP in cohorts. Adjusting for the expected average effects of antihypertensive medication use, we used linear regression to quantify SEP differences in mean systolic BP (SBP), and quantile regression to investigate whether inequalities differed across SBP distributions-below and above hypertension treatment thresholds. RESULTS In both datasets, lower educational attainment was associated with higher SBP, with similar absolute magnitudes of inequality across the studied period. Differences in SBP by education (Slope Index of Inequality) based on HSE data were 3.0 mmHg (95% CI 1.8, 4.2) in 1994 and 4.3 mmHg (2.3, 6.3) in 2016. Findings were similar for diastolic BP (DBP) and survey-defined hypertension. Inequalities were found across the SBP distribution in both datasets-below and above the hypertension threshold-yet were larger at the upper tail; in HSE, median SBP differences were 2.8 mmHg (1.7, 3.9) yet 5.6 mmHg (4.9, 6.4) at the 90th quantile. Adjustment for antihypertensive medication use had little impact on the magnitude of inequalities; in contrast, associations were largely attenuated after adjustment for body mass index. Finally, cohort data suggested that disadvantage in early and adult life had cumulative independent associations with BP: cohort-pooled differences in SBP were 5.0 mmHg (3.8, 6.1) in a score combining early life social class and own education, yet were 3.4 mmHg (2.4, 4.4) for education alone. CONCLUSION Socioeconomic inequalities in BP have persisted from 1989 to 2016 in Britain/England, despite improved detection and treatment of high BP. To achieve future reductions in BP inequalities, policies addressing the wider structural determinants of high BP levels are likely required, particularly those curtailing the obesogenic environment-targeting detection and treatment alone is unlikely to be sufficient.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- CLOSER, Social Research Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Shaun Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bann D, Scholes S, Fluharty M, Shure N. Adolescents' physical activity: cross-national comparisons of levels, distributions and disparities across 52 countries. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2019; 16:141. [PMID: 31888652 PMCID: PMC6937925 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-019-0897-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite global concerns regarding physical inactivity, limited cross-national evidence exists to compare adolescents' physical activity participation. We analysed data from 52 high- and low-middle income countries, with activity undertaken inside and outside of school in 2015. We investigated gender and socioeconomic disparities, and additionally examined correlations with country-level indices of physical education (PE) curriculum time allocation, wealth, and income inequality. METHODS We compared adolescents' reported activity levels inside and outside of school using nationally representative cross-sectional data from 52 high- and low-middle income countries (N = 347,935)-the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) in 2015. Students reported average attendance (days/week) in PE classes, and the days/week engaged in moderate activity (MPA) and vigorous activity (VPA) outside of school. We also compared gender and socioeconomic disparities, and additionally examined correlations with purported determinants-country-level estimates of PE curriculum time allocation, wealth, and income inequality. RESULTS Average activity levels differed substantially both between and within regions, with potentially important differences in distributions identified-such as a bimodal distribution in the U.S. and Canada in PE. Males were more active than females, as were those from households with higher rather than lower household wealth; these disparities were modest for PE, but higher for moderate and vigorous activity outside school-there was strong evidence for heterogeneity in the magnitude of these disparities (e.g., I2 > 95% for gender differences across all countries). PE class attendance was positively correlated with PE curriculum time allocation (rho = 0.36); activity outcomes were inconsistently associated with country-level wealth and income inequality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal extensive cross-country differences in adolescents' physical activity; in turn, these highlight policy areas that could ultimately improve global adolescent health, such as the incorporation of minimum country-level PE classes, and the targeting of gender and socioeconomic disparities in activity conducted outside of school. Our findings also highlight the utility of educational databases such as PISA for use in global population health research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK.
| | - Shaun Scholes
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
| | - Nikki Shure
- Department of Social Science, University College London Institute of Education, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fluharty M, Taylor AE, Grabski M, Munafò MR. The Association of Cigarette Smoking With Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:3-13. [PMID: 27199385 PMCID: PMC5157710 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 600] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies report a positive association between smoking and mental illness. However, the literature remains mixed regarding the direction of this association. We therefore conducted a systematic review evaluating the association of smoking and depression and/or anxiety in longitudinal studies. METHODS Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science and were included if they: (1) used human participants, (2) were longitudinal, (3) reported primary data, (4) had smoking as an exposure and depression and/or anxiety as an outcome, or (5) had depression and/or anxiety as the exposure and smoking as an outcome. RESULTS Outcomes from 148 studies were categorized into: smoking onset, smoking status, smoking heaviness, tobacco dependence, and smoking trajectory. The results for each category varied substantially, with evidence for positive associations in both directions (smoking to later mental health and mental health to later smoking) as well as null findings. Overall, nearly half the studies reported that baseline depression/anxiety was associated with some type of later smoking behavior, while over a third found evidence that a smoking exposure was associated with later depression/anxiety. However, there were few studies directly supporting a bidirectional model of smoking and anxiety, and very few studies reporting null results. CONCLUSIONS The literature on the prospective association between smoking and depression and anxiety is inconsistent in terms of the direction of association most strongly supported. This suggests the need for future studies that employ different methodologies, such as Mendelian randomization (MR), which will allow us to draw stronger causal inferences. IMPLICATIONS We systematically reviewed longitudinal studies on the association of different aspects of smoking behavior with depression and anxiety. The results varied considerably, with evidence for smoking both associated with subsequent depression and anxiety, and vice versa. Few studies supported a bidirectional relationship, or reported null results, and no clear patterns by gender, ethnicity, clinical status, length to follow-up, or diagnostic test. Suggesting that despite advantages of longitudinal studies, they cannot alone provide strong evidence of causality. Therefore, future studies investigating this association should employ different methods allowing for stronger causal inferences to be made, such as MR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meg Fluharty
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom;
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Amy E Taylor
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Meryem Grabski
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Munafò
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, School of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Grabski M, Curran HV, Nutt DJ, Husbands SM, Freeman TP, Fluharty M, Munafò MR. Behavioural tasks sensitive to acute abstinence and predictive of smoking cessation success: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2016; 111:2134-2144. [PMID: 27338804 PMCID: PMC5111768 DOI: 10.1111/add.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Performance on cognitive tasks may be sensitive to acute smoking abstinence and may also predict whether quit attempts fail. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify cognitive tasks sensitive to acute abstinence and predictive of smoking cessation success. METHODS Embase, Medline, PsycInfo and Web of Science were searched up to March 2016. Studies were included if they enrolled adults and assessed smoking using a quantitative measure. Studies were combined in a random effects meta-analysis. RESULTS We included 42 acute abstinence studies and 13 cessation studies. There was evidence for an effect of abstinence on delay discounting [d = 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.07-0.45, P = 0.005], response inhibition (d = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.26-0.70, P < 0.001), mental arithmetic (d = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.06-0.70, P = 0.018), and recognition memory (d = 0.46, 95% CI = 0.23-0.70, P < 0.001). In contrast, performance on the Stroop (d = 0 .17, 95% CI = -0.17-0.51, P = 0.333) and smoking Stroop (d = 0.03, 95% CI = -0.11-0.17, P = 0.675) task was not influenced by abstinence. We found only weak evidence for an effect of acute abstinence on dot probe task performance (d = 0.15, 95% CI = -0.01-0.32, P = 0.072). The design of the cessation studies was too heterogeneous to permit meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS Compared with satiated smokers, acutely abstinent smokers display higher delay discounting, lower response inhibition, impaired arithmetic and recognition memory performance. However, reaction-time measures of cognitive bias appear to be unaffected by acute tobacco abstinence. Conclusions about cognitive tasks that predict smoking cessation success were limited by methodological inconsistencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meryem Grabski
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
| | | | - David J. Nutt
- Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Tom P. Freeman
- Clinical Psychopharmacology UnitUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - Meg Fluharty
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Experimental PsychologyUniversity of BristolBristolUK,MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU) at the University of BristolBristolUK,UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol StudiesUniversity of BristolUK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Jupp B, Murray JE, Jordan ER, Xia J, Fluharty M, Shrestha S, Robbins TW, Dalley JW. Social dominance in rats: effects on cocaine self-administration, novelty reactivity and dopamine receptor binding and content in the striatum. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2016; 233:579-89. [PMID: 26554388 PMCID: PMC4726718 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-4122-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Studies in human and non-human primates demonstrate that social status is an important determinant of cocaine reinforcement. However, it is unclear whether social rank is associated with other traits that also predispose to addiction and whether social status similarly predicts cocaine self-administration in rats. OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to investigate whether social ranking assessed using a resource competition task affects (i) the acquisition, maintenance and reinstatement of cocaine self-administration; (ii) the dopaminergic markers in the striatum; and (iii) the expression of ancillary traits for addiction. METHODS Social ranking was determined in group-housed rats based upon drinking times during competition for a highly palatable liquid. Rats were then evaluated for cocaine self-administration and cue-induced drug reinstatement or individual levels of impulsivity, anxiety and novelty-induced locomotor activity. Finally, dopamine content, dopamine transporter (DAT) and dopamine D2/D3 (D2/3) receptor binding were measured postmortem in the dorsal and ventral striatum. RESULTS Rats deemed socially dominant showed enhanced novelty reactivity but were neither more impulsive nor anxious compared with subordinate rats. Dominant rats additionally maintained higher rates of cocaine self-administration but showed no differences in the acquisition, extinction and reinstatement of this behaviour. D2/3 binding was elevated in the nucleus accumbens shell and dorsal striatum of dominant rats when compared to subordinate rats, and was accompanied by elevated DAT and reduced dopamine content in the nucleus accumbens shell. CONCLUSIONS These findings show that social hierarchy influences the rate of self-administered cocaine but not anxiety or impulsivity in rats. Similar to non-human primates, these effects may be mediated by striatal dopaminergic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Jupp
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jennifer E Murray
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Emily R Jordan
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jing Xia
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Meg Fluharty
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Saurav Shrestha
- Molecular Imagine Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Behavioural and Clinical Neurosciences Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 3EB, UK.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 2QQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|