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Jenkins J, Pitney C, Nuzzo M, Eagen-Torkko M. Midwifery and APRN Scope of Practice in Abortion Care in the Early Post-Roe Era: Everything Old Is New Again. J Midwifery Womens Health 2023; 68:734-743. [PMID: 38078694 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 10 years, there has been a rapid expansion of legal and legislative changes in abortion care provision for advanced practice clinicians (APCs), including nurse practitioners, midwives, and physician associates (formerly physician assistants), with most of that expansion occurring in the last several years. This expansion has occurred via several routes (eg, legislative, popular vote, court decision, attorney general opinion), and the patchwork of legal statuses nationally creates confusion for clinicians who are unclear on current regulations. This review explores the historical context of abortion practice for APCs, as well as the primary philosophical and legal concepts relevant to this role development. Since 2012, the number of states permitting abortion practice by APCs has more than quintupled, and the changes to abortion law in the United States in the wake of the 2022 Supreme Court decision in the case of Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Center creates a new imperative to understand the role of APCs in accessing abortion care. Additionally, although the research on abortion safety for APC abortion providers is well-established, the physician-centered paradigm of abortion care has limited the ability of APCs to develop expertise in this essential public and clinical health service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Jenkins
- National Abortion Federation, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Christie Pitney
- Forward Midwifery, Abortion Freedom Fund, Saratoga, California
| | - Morgan Nuzzo
- Partners in Abortion Care, College Park, Maryland
| | - Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington
- Public Health Seattle-King County, Seattle, Washington
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Tillman S, Eagen-Torkko M, Levi A. Ethics, Abortion Access, and Emergency Care Post-Dobbs: The Gray Areas. J Midwifery Womens Health 2023; 68:774-779. [PMID: 38095827 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Clinical management of emergency pregnancy care, such as ectopic pregnancy or heavy bleeding with pregnancy of unknown location, includes upholding legal and ethical standards. For health care providers unwilling to provide evidence-based life-saving abortion care due to personal beliefs, clear guidance dictates disclosure of these limitations to the patient and colleagues, followed by immediate referral for appropriate care. However, this decision-making pathway may not be engaged due to a variety of factors: providers' beliefs preclude adherence to referral responsibilities, political discourse confuses patients as to their options and rights, and a constantly changing state and national legal landscape leads providers to question their ability to practice to their full scope of clinical care. Although this disruption of evidence-based standard of care existed pre-Dobbs, the moral disorder is now heightened. This Clinical Rounds highlights a patient vignette describing the risks of abortion restrictions for patients and providers alike, particularly when an individual provider's concerns for violating institutional guidelines sets a precedent for nursing response and forecloses on collaborative input or ethics consultation. The history of physician-only abortion exceptionalism and exclusion of nurses and midwives despite a significant history of nurses and midwives in abortion care grounds an argument for focusing on the impact of unethical and substandard care on the interprofessional care team leading to moral distress and negative patient outcomes. Patient-centered models of care, such as frameworks common in nursing and midwifery, offer opportunities to consider how all providers practicing to their full scope in interprofessional and collaborative ways, such as in emergency rooms and labor departments, might mitigate obstructions to abortion care that risk pregnant people's lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Tillman
- Albert Gnaegi Center for Health Care Ethics, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, Missouri
- Feminist Midwife, LLC, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington
| | - Amy Levi
- Consultant, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Lee C, Cao J, Eagen-Torkko M, Mohammed SA. Network analysis of adverse childhood experiences and cardiovascular diseases. SSM Popul Health 2023; 22:101358. [PMID: 36846630 PMCID: PMC9947418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance The findings to date indicate that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in later life. We demonstrate how network analysis, a statistical method that estimates complex patterns of associations between variables, can be used to model ACEs and CVD. The main goal is to explore the differential impacts of ACE components on CVD outcomes, conditioned on other ACEs and important covariates using network analysis. We also sought to determine which ACEs are most synergistically correlated and subsequently cluster together to affect CVD risk. Methods Our analysis was based on cross-sectional data from the 2020 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, which included 31,242 adults aged 55 or older (54.6% women, 79.8% whites, mean age of 68.7 ± 7.85 years). CVD outcomes included angina/coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke prevalence. Mixed graphical models were estimated using the R-package mgm, including all variables simultaneously to elucidate their one-to-one inter-relationships. Next, we conducted Walktrap cluster detection on the estimated networks using the R-package igraph. All analyses were stratified by gender to examine group differences. Results In the network for men, the variable "household incarceration" was most strongly associated with stroke. For women, the strongest connection was between "physical abuse" and stroke, followed by "sexual abuse" and angina/CHD. For men, angina/CHD and stroke were clustered with several CVD risk factors, including depressive disorder, diabetes, obesity, physical activity, and smoking, and further clustered with components of household dysfunction (household substance abuse, household incarceration, and parental separation/divorce). No clusters emerged for women. Conclusions Specific ACEs associated with CVDs across gender may be focal points for targeted interventions. Additionally, findings from the clustering method (especially for men) may provide researchers with valuable information on potential mechanisms linking ACEs with cardiovascular health, in which household dysfunction plays a critical role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyoung Lee
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA,Corresponding author.
| | - Jiepin Cao
- Section for Health Equity, Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, 180 Madison Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
| | - Selina A. Mohammed
- School of Nursing & Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, 18115 Campus Way NE, Bothell, WA, 98011, USA
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Alspaugh A, Mehra R, Coleman-Minahan K, Hoffmann TJ, Burton CW, Eagen-Torkko M, Bond TM, Franck LS, Olseon LC, Lanshaw N, Rychnovsky JD, McLemore MR. The Space in the Middle: Attitudes of Women's Health and Neonatal Nurses in the United States about Abortion. Womens Health Issues 2021; 32:130-139. [PMID: 34844851 DOI: 10.1016/j.whi.2021.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite playing an integral part in sexual and reproductive health care, including abortion care, nurses are rarely the focus of research regarding their attitudes about abortion. METHODS A sample of 1,820 nurse members of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses were surveyed about their demographic and professional backgrounds, religious beliefs, and abortion attitudes. Scores on the Abortion Attitudes Scale were analyzed categorically and trichotomized in multinomial regression analyses. RESULTS Almost one-third of the sample (32%) had moderately proabortion attitudes, 29% were unsure, 16% had strongly proabortion attitudes, 13% had strongly antiabortion attitudes, and 11% had moderately antiabortion attitudes. Using trichotomized Abortion Attitudes Scale scores (proabortion, unsure, antiabortion), adjusted regression models showed that the following characteristics were associated with proabortion attitudes: being non-Christian, residence in the North or West, having no children, and having had an abortion. CONCLUSIONS Understanding nurses' attitudes toward abortion, and what characteristics may influence their attitudes, is critical to sustaining nursing care for patients considering and seeking abortion. Additionally, because personal characteristics were associated with antiabortion attitudes, it is likely that personal experiences may influence attitudes toward abortion. A large percentage of nurses held attitudes that placed them in the "unsure" category. Given the current ubiquitous polarization of abortion discourse, this finding indicates that the binary narrative of this topic is less pervasive than expected, which lends itself to an emphasis on empathetic and compassionate nursing care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Alspaugh
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville College of Nursing, Knoxville, Tennessee; University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California.
| | - Renee Mehra
- University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Thomas J Hoffmann
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, and Office of Research, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Candace W Burton
- Sue & Bill Gross School of Nursing, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA & Public Health Seattle-King County, Seattle, Washington
| | - Toni M Bond
- University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California
| | - Linda S Franck
- University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California
| | | | - Nikki Lanshaw
- University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California
| | - Jacqueline D Rychnovsky
- Commissioned Officers Association of the United States Public Health Service, Landover, Maryland
| | - Monica R McLemore
- University of California, San Francisco School of Nursing and the ACTIONS Program, San Francisco, California
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Eagen-Torkko M, Yanow S. The Critical Role of Midwives in Safe Self-Managed Abortion. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:795-800. [PMID: 34549524 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
As access to legal abortion in the United States becomes more complex, there is increasing interest in self-managed abortion. Choosing to seek abortion care outside the clinical setting can also help people marginalized or harmed by existing health care systems to access needed care in a way that feels safe and empowering. However, patients and midwives alike often have a lack of information about expected outcomes and potential complications that may arise, as well as how to manage these in a health care system that may make appropriate follow-up difficult to access if needed. This article discusses patient education as a harm-reduction approach, and reviews ways that midwives may strategically and ethically participate in this patient education need. As trusted health care providers who are expert in pregnancy and reproductive health, midwives are ideally positioned to meet patient knowledge needs around self-managed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- University of Washington Bothell & Public Health Seattle-King County, Seattle, Washington
| | - Susan Yanow
- Reproductive Health Consultant, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Eagen-Torkko M, Altman MR, Kantrowitz-Gordon I, Gavin A, Mohammed S. Moral Distress, Trauma, and Uncertainty for Midwives Practicing During a Pandemic. J Midwifery Womens Health 2021; 66:304-307. [PMID: 34086389 PMCID: PMC8242461 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington
| | - Molly R Altman
- School of Nursing, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Amelia Gavin
- School of Social Work, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, Washington
| | - Selina Mohammed
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington
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Eagen-Torkko M, Levi AJ. The Ethical Justification for Conscience Clauses in Nurse-Midwifery Practice: Context, Power, and a Changing Landscape. J Midwifery Womens Health 2020; 65:759-766. [PMID: 33247504 DOI: 10.1111/jmwh.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the last century, conscientious objection has moved from objection to conscripted military service to include health care providers who have moral concerns about participation in specific aspects of health care. Although guidance for the use of conscientious objection has developed in both nursing and midwifery, changes in the political landscape may be creating a source of conflict between providers and the use of conscientious objection. Particularly in aspects of sexual and reproductive care like abortion, contraception, and lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, or queer health care, the ethical requirement for prompt referral is becoming increasingly difficult to meet in many contexts. Changes to federal regulations protecting conscience clauses have tilted strongly in favor of the rights of providers in recent years; this challenges the delicate balance of patient and provider rights that has developed over the years. These may now represent an unavoidable conflict between different aspects of the ethical obligations of providers, in particular the obligation to seek justice, and bring into question whether the current status of conscientious objection is sustainable. In this article, we examine these conflicts in the context of the current political climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Eagen-Torkko
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, Washington
| | - Amy J Levi
- College of Nursing, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
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Swartz A, Hoffmann TJ, Cretti E, Burton CW, Eagen-Torkko M, Levi AJ, Aztlan EA, McLemore MR. Attitudes of California Registered Nurses About Abortion. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2020; 49:475-486. [PMID: 32783889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe attitudes about abortion among registered nurses (RNs) licensed in California and to determine if demographic characteristics were associated with these attitudes. DESIGN Cross-sectional, one-time survey. SETTING Online between 2015 and 2017. PARTICIPANTS Nurses with active RN licenses in California (N = 2,500). METHODS An anonymous survey was sent to a random sample of 2,500 RNs with active California licenses between 2015 and 2017 to assess their personal and professional demographic characteristics and their attitudes toward abortion. Using scores on the Abortion Attitudes Scale, we dichotomized participants into proabortion and antiabortion categories. We used chi-square tests to determine differences based on demographic characteristics. RESULTS Data from 504 RNs licensed in California are included in this analysis. Most respondents identified as female (n = 462, 92%), older than 50 years of age (n = 379, 75%), married (n = 364, 72%), White (n = 354, 70%), and Christian (n = 322, 64%). They were more likely to have negative attitudes toward abortion care if they identified as Christian (p < .001) and more positive attitudes if they identified as White (p < .001) independent of identifying as Christian. CONCLUSIONS Respondents had a complex range of attitudes about abortion. In some cases, these attitudes aligned and/or conflicted with stated religious orientation. This study highlights the demographic characteristics that are associated with the attitudes and beliefs about abortion among RNs licensed in California.
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O'Connor MR, Barrington WE, Buchanan DT, Bustillos D, Eagen-Torkko M, Kalkbrenner A, Laing SS, Reding KW, de Castro A. Short-Term Outcomes of a Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion Institute for Nursing Faculty. J Nurs Educ 2019; 58:633-640. [DOI: 10.3928/01484834-20191021-04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Eagen-Torkko M, Altman MR. Adapting Sexual Configurations Theory to Nursing. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2019; 48:468-477. [PMID: 31100211 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2019.04.283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer/questioning people in the United States experience multiple health disparities related to sexual and reproductive health. Attempts to address these disparities have focused on sexual orientation and gender identity rather than on the specific aspects of sexuality that may be more relevant to an individual's health outcomes. This focus is also incongruent with a holistic approach to health and wellness interventions. We propose an adaptation of sexual configurations theory, a psychological theory with which to accurately describe different aspects of sexuality, to better position nurses to address these important disparity issues. We position sexual configurations theory within a contextual framework that incorporates aspects of trauma theory as a new way to evaluate individual sexuality in a holistic nursing context.
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McLemore M, Cretti E, Eagen-Torkko M, Burton C, Levi A, McCarthy M. Findings From a Sexual and Reproductive Health and Abortion Care Survey of California Nurses. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.04.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Eagen-Torkko M, Low LK, Zielinski R, Seng JS. Prevalence and Predictors of Breastfeeding After Childhood Abuse. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2017; 46:465-479. [PMID: 28263726 PMCID: PMC5423841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence and predictors of breastfeeding intent and outcomes in women with histories of childhood maltreatment trauma (CMT), including those with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). DESIGN Secondary analysis of a prospective observational cohort study of the effects of PTSD on perinatal outcomes. SETTING Prenatal clinics in three health systems in the Midwestern United States. PARTICIPANTS Women older than 18 years expecting their first infants, comprising three groups: women who experienced CMT but did not have PTSD (CMT-resilient), women with a history of CMT and PTSD (CMT-PTSD), and women with no history of CMT (CMT-nonexposed). METHODS Secondary analysis of an existing data set in which first-time mothers were well-characterized on trauma history, PTSD, depression, feeding plans, feeding outcomes, and several other factors relevant to odds of breastfeeding success. RESULTS Intent to breastfeed was similar among the three groups. Women in the CMT-resilient group were twice as likely to breastfeed exclusively at 6 weeks (60.5%) as women in the CMT-PTSD group (31.1%). Compared with women in the CMT-nonexposed group, women in the CMT-resilient group were more likely to exclusively breastfeed. Four factors were associated with increased likelihood of any breastfeeding at 6 weeks: prenatal intent to breastfeed, childbirth education, partnered, and a history of CMT. Four factors were associated with decreased odds of breastfeeding: African American race, PTSD, major depression, and low level of education (high school or less). CONCLUSION Posttraumatic stress disorder is more important than childhood maltreatment trauma history in determining likelihood of breastfeeding success. Further research on the promotion of breastfeeding among PTSD-affected women who have experienced CMT is indicated.
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Shirley JL, Eagen-Torkko M. Uncertainty, Humility, and Engagement in Pregnancy Care. Am J Bioeth 2017; 17:96-98. [PMID: 27996905 DOI: 10.1080/15265161.2016.1251640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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Martin LA, Debbink M, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Eagen-Torkko M, Harris LH. Measuring Stigma Among Abortion Providers: Assessing the Abortion Provider Stigma Survey Instrument. Women Health 2014; 54:641-61. [DOI: 10.1080/03630242.2014.919981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Martin L, Debbink M, Youatt E, Hassinger J, Bonnington A, Eagen-Torkko M, Harris L. Burnout, stigma and team cohesion among abortion providers participating in the providers share workshop. Contraception 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Eagen-Torkko M, Martin L, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Bonnington A, Harris L. The “caring paradox”? Abortion care and nursing staff. Contraception 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Maniere E, Bonnington A, Hassinger J, Martin L, Youatt E, Eagen-Torkko M, Debbink M, Harris L. “I actually like children very much”: The false dichotomization of abortion provision and motherhood. Contraception 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Bonnington A, Martin L, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Eagen-Torkko M, Debbink M, Harris L. Abortion providers as stigmatizers: provider judgment and stereotyping of patients seeking abortion. Contraception 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2013.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Harris L, Eagen-Torkko M, Youatt E, Hassinger J, Debbink M, Martin L. Abortion providers and pro-life patients. Contraception 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Debbink M, Martin L, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Eagen-Torkko M, Harris L. Building connections: assessing the impact of the providers share workshop on abortion workers' disclosure of their stigmatized identity. Contraception 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Martin L, Debbink M, Hassinger J, Youatt E, Eagen-Torkko M, Harris L. Measurement of stigma in abortion provision: the abortion provider stigma scale. Contraception 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.contraception.2012.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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