Field survey of ryanodine receptor mutations (G4946E and I4790K) and their effects on biotic performance in the diamondback moth

This study examined changes in the proportions of ryanodine receptor mutations (G4946E and I4790K) for Plutella xylostella populations in the field. Results show that the proportion of G4946E decreased during the survey years without diamide application and that insects with I4790K were observed less frequently during the survey period. This study also examined the biotic performances of diamide-resistant P. xylostella strains. The results show that the diamide-resistant strains exhibited hatchability, larval development, and fecundity equivalent to those of diamide-susceptible strains.

Fabrication of lead-free piezoelectric (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) ceramics by a modified solid-state reaction method

Sodium potassium niobate, (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3), fine powder has been successfully synthesized at the low temperature of 550 degrees C through a modified solid-state reaction method, in which urea [CO(NH(2))(2)] plays an important role. High-density (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) ceramics could be obtained by conventional sintering of the synthesized (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) fine powder with the addition of 0.03 mol% Co(3)O(4) as a sintering additive. The crystal structure, microstructure, and dielectric and piezoelectric properties were characterized. The (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) ceramic showed a comparatively saturated P-E hysteresis loop. The (Na(0.5)K(0.5))NbO(3) ceramic also displayed piezoelectricity with a piezoelectric constant d(33) of 126 pC/N and a planar electromechanical coupling factor k(p) of 33%.

Study on the potential of farmland soils as non-point sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in Japan

The amounts of N and P accumulated in farmland soils of 50 cm depth were equivalent to the amount of chemical fertilizer supplied for 50-70 years. The values of N/P of surface soils in farmlands were 1.0-4.3, lower than expected. The median diameter of soil particles in run-off waters was generally less than 10 microm. The mean values of particulate fractions over 1 microm and over 0.22 microm were 19% for N, 27% for P, and 39% for N, 64% for P respectively. Fine particles of soil containing concentrated phosphorus should be carefully monitored as potential sources related to eutrophication.

Production of humanized antibody against human high-affinity IgE receptor in a serum-free culture of CHO cells, and purification of the Fab fragments

We describe the preparation of Fab fragments of a humanized anti-human high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilonRIalpha) antibody potentially useful for treatment of IgE-mediated allergic diseases. IgE-binding capacities of sixteen combinations of light and heavy chains of four recombinant anti-Fc epsilonRIalpha antibodies, chimeric CRA2, humanized CRA2, chimeric CRA4, and humanized CRA4, were compared. A combination in which both chains were of humanized CRA2 had the highest activity. Stable transfectant clones of four kinds of host cells expressing recombinant antibodies were established. CHO-K1 cells were the most productive. Serum-free media suitable for culture of the stable CHO-transfectant clones were screened. The concentration of the humanized CRA2, which the most productive clone secreted into the chosen serum-free medium, was approximately 100 microg/ml. A procedure for the purification of the antibody, papain-digestion, and purification of Fab fragments was established. The highly purified humanized Fab fragments are suitable for use to examine their in vivo activity and immunogenicity in primates.

[Partial sternotomy for off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting]

We performed off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting through a partial sternotomy. The sternum was spit like C-shape configuration from the second intercostal space down to the xiphoid junction. The left internal mammary arteries were mobilized and anastomosed to the left anterior descending arteries. Saphenous veins were grafted between the ascending aorta and the right coronary arteries or diagonal branches. After the surgery, excellent stability of the thorax with minimized incisions enhanced the early recovery. We believe that partial sternotomy approach may be useful in some cases of off-pump CABG.

Molecular characterization of CRMP5, a novel member of the collapsin response mediator protein family

The CRMP (collapsin response mediator protein) family is thought to play key roles in growth cone guidance during neural development. The four members (CRMP1-4) identified to date have been demonstrated to form hetero-multimeric structures through mutual associations. In this study, we cloned a novel member of this family, which we call CRMP5, by the yeast two-hybrid method. This protein shares relatively low amino acid identity with the other CRMP members (49-50%) and also with dihydropyrimidinase (51%), whereas CRMP1-4 exhibit higher identity with each other (68-75%), suggesting that CRMP5 might be categorized into a third subfamily. The mouse CRMP5 gene was located at chromosome 5 B1. Northern blot and in situ hybridization analyses indicated that CRMP5 is expressed throughout the nervous system similarly to the other members (especially CRMP1 and CRMP4) with the expression peak in the first postnatal week. Association experiments using the yeast two-hybrid method and co-immunoprecipitation showed that CRMP5 interacts with dihydropyrimidinase and all the CRMPs including itself, except for CRMP1, although the expression profile almost overlaps with that of CRMP1 during development. These results suggest that CRMP complexes in the developing nervous system are classifiable into two populations that contain either CRMP1 or CRMP5. This indicates that different complexes may have distinct functions in shaping the neural networks.

Extracellular matrix components prevent lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine arterial endothelial cell injury by inhibiting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase

The effect of extracellular matrix components on lipopolysaccharide-induced vascular endothelial cell injury was studied by using lipopolysaccharide-susceptible bovine aortic endothelial cells. For evaluation of lipopolysaccharide-induced injury, we estimated DNA synthesis and cell detachment of bovine aortic endothelial cells in cultures using extracellular matrix components-coated plastic dishes. Among extracellular matrix components, matrigel almost completely inhibited the reduction in DNA synthesis and the enhancement in cell detachment of bovine aortic endothelial cells in cultures with lipopolysaccharide. The lipopolysaccharide-induced injury was also inhibited by coating with type IV collagen, gelatin, fibronectin, laminin, vitronectin, and heparin sulphate proteoglycan. Extracellular matrix components capable of preventing lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine aortic endothelial cells injury coincidentally inhibited the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in lipopolysaccharide-treated bovine aortic endothelial cells. SB203580, a specific inhibitor of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, also prevented the reduction in DNA synthesis and the enhancement in cell detachment of bovine aortic endothelial cells in cultures with lipopolysaccharide. It was therefore suggested that extracellular matrix components might protect bovine aortic endothelial cells from lipopolysaccharide-induced injury through inhibiting the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase.

Cytoskeletal alterations in lipopolysaccharide-induced bovine vascular endothelial cell injury and its prevention by sodium arsenite

Morphological changes, especially cytoskeletal alterations, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced vascular endothelial cell injury were studied by using LPS-susceptible bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC). BAEC in cultures with LPS showed cell rounding, shrinking, and intercellular gap formation. In those cells, LPS caused the disorganization of actin, tubulin, and vimentin. LPS also induced a reduction in the F-actin pool and an elevation in the G-actin pool. Cytoskeletal disorganization affected transendothelial permeability across the endothelial monolayer. Pretreatment of BAEC with sodium arsenite (SA) prevented alterations in LPS-induced BAEC injury. However, posttreatment with SA had no protective effect on them. SA upregulated the expression of heat shock protein in the presence of LPS. The role of SA in prevention of LPS-induced BAEC injury is discussed.

Use of photic feedback as an adjunct treatment in a case of Miller Fisher syndrome

Photic Feedback treatment of a patient diagnosed with Miller Fisher syndrome has resulted in the rapid and permanent remission of symptoms. During Photic Feedback treatment, the CD20 appeared to be slightly increased. This may have been associated with changes in humoral immunity. The present clinical observation of a single patient suggests that Photic Feedback treatment should be investigated as a possible adjunct therapy for patients who suffer from polyneuropathies, such as Miller Fisher syndrome, within a carefully controlled clinical trial.

Morphological change in Pseudomonas aeruginosa following antibiotic treatment of experimental infection in mice and its relation to susceptibility to phagocytosis and to release of endotoxin

The relationship between morphological changes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa following antibiotic treatment of experimental infection in mice, susceptibility to phagocytosis, and release of endotoxin was studied. The intraperitoneal administration of P. aeruginosa with imipenem or ceftazidime into mice induced morphological changes in the cells 2 h after injection. Round P. aeruginosa cells with imipenem treatment became susceptible to phagocytosis by peritoneal cells, whereas long filamentous cells with ceftazidime treatment were hardly phagocytized by peritoneal cells. The morphological changes also affected the plasma endotoxin level in the circulation.

Primary cultures of human endothelial cells are susceptible to low doses of Shiga toxins and undergo apoptosis

Various endothelial cells, with the exception of those from human microvasculatures, have been known to resist Shiga toxins (Stxs) in vitro. However, freshly prepared primary cultures of human endothelial cells from the umbilical vein and artery and the saphenous vein were shown to be killed by a very low dose of Stxs. This cytotoxicity of Stxs involves apoptosis, which seems to be caused by a mechanism distinct from the well-known action of Stxs to inhibit protein synthesis, since the blockade of protein synthesis by cycloheximide could not induce apoptosis or enhance the effect of Stxs. Passaged human endothelial cells have been found to be highly resistant to Stxs, which is consistent with previous reports, and not to show any evidence of apoptosis even when they are killed by a high dose of Stxs.

Distribution of JC virus DNA in peripheral blood lymphocytes of hematological disease cases

OBJECTIVE

The distribution of JC virus DNA in peripheral blood was surveyed by the polymerase chain reaction using the late genes as markers.

RESULTS

Six out of 52 cases of hematological diseases and one systemic lupus erythematosus case out of 17 cases were positive for JCV DNA. After separation into B and T lymphocytes by a cell sorter, JCV DNA was found in both cell types prepared from adult T cell leukemia and PML patients.

CONCLUSION

Only 1 or 2 copies of JCV genome were calculated to exist in a cell based on the time course analysis of PCR. Only B lymphocytes and glial brain cells are known to produce nuclear factors which support the growth of the virus. The result that B lymphocytes contained a copy number of JCV genome similar to T lymphocytes suggests that there is some barrier to viral growth in susceptible B lymphocytes, and that the growth of JCV is different from that of other virulent viruses.

Production of murine collagen-induced arthritis using Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 lipopolysaccharide as a potent immunological adjuvant

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) was produced in mice with non H-2q and H-2r haplotypes by repeated immunization of porcine type-II collagen (CII) together with Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide (KO3 LPS) as an immunological adjuvant. Histological changes that appeared in joints of repeatedly immunized mice were characterized by destruction of normal joint structure, synovial hyperplasia with proliferation of synovial cells, and infiltration of inflammatory cells. No such lesions were produced in mice receiving repeated injections of CII alone or KO3 LPS alone. Development of the humoral antibody and the delayed-type hypersensitivity to CII was exclusively found in mice immunized with the mixture of CII and KO3 LPS. It was therefore suggested that arthritis lesions induced by repeated immunization with the mixture of CII and KO3 LPS might be caused by an autoimmune mechanism, and that the experimental model might be useful for characterization of human rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Production of tissue factor in CD14-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells by lipopolysaccharide

Production of tissue factor (TF) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with human CD14 DNA. The expression of CD14 on HUVECs dramatically enhanced the production of TF at a low concentration of LPS in the absence of fetal calf serum (FCS). On the other hand, mock-transfected HUVECs did not respond to even a high concentration of LPS. TF production in CD14-expressing HUVECs was significantly inhibited by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody. Addition of FCS to the culture of CD14-expressing HUVECs markedly augmented the LPS-induced TF production, whereas only a marginal effect was observed in mock-transfected HUVECs. The findings suggested that the integration of membrane CD14 rendered HUVECs highly sensitive to LPS in the production of TF irrespective of the presence of FCS.

Production of tissue factor in CD14-expressing human umbilical vein endothelial cells by lipopolysaccharide

Production of tissue factor (TF) in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was examined in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) transfected with human CD14 DNA. The expression of CD14 on HUVECs dramatically enhanced the production of TF at a low concentration of LPS in the absence of fetal calf serum (FCS). On the other hand, mock-transfected HUVECs did not respond to even a high concentration of LPS. TF production in CD14-expressing HUVECs was significantly inhibited by anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody. Addition of FCS to the culture of CD14-expressing HUVECs markedly augmented the LPS-induced TF production, whereas only a marginal effect was observed in mock-transfected HUVECs. The findings suggested that the integration of membrane CD14 rendered HUVECs highly sensitive to LPS in the production of TF irrespective of the presence of FCS.

Analysis of human IgE epitope of Der f 2 with anti-Der f 2 mouse monoclonal antibodies

Der f 2 is one of the major mite allergens recognized by human IgE antibodies of allergic patients. Using five anti-Der f 2 mouse monoclonal antibodies, human IgE epitopes of Der f 2 were analyzed. Among them, two monoclonal antibodies 15E11 and 13A4 inhibited the binding between Der f 2 and human IgE antibodies. To determine major IgE epitopes of Der f 2, epitopes for the monoclonal IgG antibodies were analyzed using 43 single site Der f 2 mutants constructed by site-directed mutagenesis. Binding ability of 13A4 and 15E11 was decreased by the amino acid replacement around the C-terminus, and around 73rd, respectively. These results suggest that the C-terminal portion and the central portion around 73rd of Der f 2 were recognized by human IgE antibodies as major epitopes. The location of the putative IgE epitopes on 3-D structure of Der f 2 is also discussed.

Role of CD86 (B7-2) in triggering of antigen-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide

The role of CD86 in triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide was studied. The simultaneous administration of anti-CD86 antibody with ascaris extract and lipopolysaccharide prevented the production of IgE antibody response to ascaris extract. CD86+ cells were detected in peritoneal cavities and spleens of mice injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide. CD86+ cells appeared in peritoneal cavities and spleens eight hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, and they were detectable for a week. CD86+ cells in peritoneal cavities and spleens were mainly surface Ig-positive B-cells and some Ig-negative cells. It was suggested that lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of CD86 mainly on B-cells, and that CD86+ cells induced by lipopolysaccharide injection might play an important role as antigen-presenting cells on triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide.

Role of CD86 (B7-2) in triggering of antigen-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide

The role of CD86 in triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide was studied. The simultaneous administration of anti-CD86 antibody with ascaris extract and lipopolysaccharide prevented the production of IgE antibody response to ascaris extract. CD86+ cells were detected in peritoneal cavities and spleens of mice injected intraperitoneally with lipopolysaccharide. CD86+ cells appeared in peritoneal cavities and spleens eight hours after lipopolysaccharide injection, and they were detectable for a week. CD86+ cells in peritoneal cavities and spleens were mainly surface Ig-positive B-cells and some Ig-negative cells. It was suggested that lipopolysaccharide induced the expression of CD86 mainly on B-cells, and that CD86+ cells induced by lipopolysaccharide injection might play an important role as antigen-presenting cells on triggering of ascaris extract-specific IgE antibody response by lipopolysaccharide.

Hyposensitization to allergic reaction in rDer f 2-sensitized mice by the intranasal administration of a mutant of rDer f 2, C8/119S

C8/119S is a mutant of recombinant Der f 2 (rDer f 2), and lacks a disulphide bond possessed by wild-type rDer f 2. In humans and mice, C8/119S has a very weak IgE-binding capacity compared with the wild-type, but possesses a T cell reactivity comparable to that of the wild-type. C8/119S may thus be a safe immunotherapeutic agent for house dust mite allergy. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether the intranasal administration of C8/119S could suppress an immediate allergic reaction in mice sensitized with wild-type rDer f 2, possessing an allergic activity comparable to native counterparts purified from mite extract. Seven-week-old male A/J mice were immunized with wild-type rDer f 2 four times, and then intranasally administered 0.2-2 microg of wild-type, 0.2-20 microg of C8/119S, or PBS alone, three times a week for 4 weeks. Seven days after the last administration, the mice were examined for an immediate allergic reaction. The animals administered 2 microg of C8/119S (C2.0 group) showed significantly reduced immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by the i.v. injection of 1 and 10 microg of wild-type rDer f 2, compared with the PBS-treated mice. Similar results were obtained when we examined mice 10 weeks after the last administration. The reactions in the other groups given wild-type or C8/119S also tended to decrease in severity in comparison with the animals of the PBS group. The allergic phenotypes of the T cells, B cells, and basophils in the C2.0 group were shifted to that of naive mice without immunization. We conclude that C8/119S has hyposensitizing activities in mice sensitized with wild-type rDer f 2. C8/119S may be useful for immunotherapy of house dust mite allergy.

Altered expression of constitutive type and inducible type heat shock proteins in response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide as an experimental endotoxic shock model

The expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) as stress-induced proteins was studied in mice injected with D-galactosamine (D-GalN) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an experimental endotoxic shock model. The expression of constitutive type heat shock protein 70 (HSC70) was significantly reduced in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, while its expression was unaffected in livers of mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone. The expression of other constitutive type heat shock proteins, namely HSP60, HSP32 and HSP25 was also reduced in mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide. On the other hand, inducible type HSP70 was detected in livers from mice injected with D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide, but not in livers from mice injected with D-galactosamine or lipopolysaccharide alone. Simultaneous injection of anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha antibody prevented the liver from reduced expression of constitutive type HSC70, and lead to marked expression of inducible type HSP70 in the liver. Reduced expression of constitutive type HSC70 was also found when D-galactosamine and recombinant TNF-alpha was injected. Therefore, TNF-alpha was suggested to play a critical role on altered expression of constitutive HSC70 and inducible type HSP70 in response of D-galactosamine-sensitized mice to lipopolysaccharide.

Neonatal granulocytosis is a postpartum event which is seen in the liver as well as in the blood

In a recent series of studies, we demonstrated that stress in humans and animals, with resultant sympathetic nerve strain, induces severe granulocytosis, because granulocytes carry adrenergic receptors on the surface. Because activated granulocytes produce free radicals and superoxides, they sometimes induce tissue damage if the stress is too strong or continuous. Human neonates are also known to show high levels of granulocytes in the peripheral blood. In this study, we investigated whether such neonatal granulocytosis are a stress-associated response at birth. Both human and mouse materials, before and after birth, were used. The number of leukocytes in the blood, as well as some other factors in the serum, were measured. Although levels of granulocytes were found to be low in fetal humans and mice, they increased sharply after birth. In parallel with this postpartal granulocytosis, transaminases in sera increased transiently. In reference to results of a transient elevation in the levels of catecholamines at birth in mice, all these phenomena resemble stress-associated responses. Indeed, fatty liver and hematopoietic destruction in the liver were also observed in mice and humans. At this time, the production of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) by granulocytes in the liver was evident. These results suggest that neonatal granulocytosis is a postpartum event which results from various stresses (e.g., oxygen stress) at birth. This event may be responsible for such well-known neonatal phenomena as the termination of fetal hematopoiesis in the liver and as neonatal jaundice.

Lipopolysaccharide induces apoptotic cell death of B memory cells and regulates B cell memory in antigen-nonspecific manner

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was administered into sheep red blood cells (SRBC)-primed mice, and the effect of LPS on SRBC-specific memory cells was investigated. Spleen cells from SRBC-primed mice which were injected with LPS exhibited much lower in vitro secondary plaque-forming cells (PFC) responses to SRBC than those from untreated SRBC-primed mice. The in vitro anti-SRBC response of the spleen cells to LPS was also reduced. The combination experiments of B cells and T cells from SRBC-primed mice which were injected with or without LPS demonstrated that the reduction of immune responses to SRBC after administration of LPS was caused by the defect of SRBC-specific B memory cells, but not T memory cells. B cell type rosette-forming cells (RFC) for SRBC markedly decreased after injection of LPS, while PFC as antibody-forming cells did not increase subsequently. Therefore, the reduction of RFC was not due to their differentiation into PFC. The lymphoid follicles in the spleens from mice injected with LPS were stained positively by in situ nick end labeling specific for fragmented DNA. A large percentage of Ig+ spleen cells from SRBC-primed mice which were injected with LPS was also stained positively. The injection of glucocorticoids into SRBC-primed mice induced similar reduction of B memory cells. It was suggested that LPS might induce apoptosis of B memory cells and regulate B cell memory in antigen-nonspecific manner.

Analysis of the IgE-epitope of Der f 2, a major mite allergen, by in vitro mutagenesis

Der f 2 is a major mite allergen composed of 129 amino acid residues. To determine the major epitopes on Der f 2 recognized by human IgE antibodies, artificial mutations were introduced to Der f 2 protein. The IgE-binding activity of Der f 2 was significantly decreased by deletion of 10 amino acids at the N-terminus or nine amino acids at the C-terminus. Site-directed mutagenesis with a single amino acid replacement by Ala or Leu in both N- and C-terminal regions as well as a central portion was performed to generate 42 single-site mutations. Amino acid replacement around a disulfide bond of Cys8-Cys119 caused a marked decrease in IgE-binding activity. Furthermore, a distinct decrease in IgE-binding was also caused by Ala-substitution close to a disulfide bond of Cys73-Cys78 and by mutations of a few charged residues. From these results, it was concluded that the two disulfide-forming regions of Der f 2 and several charged residues are important for forming major epitope structures recognized by human IgE antibodies.

Strong adjuvant action of Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide and its inhibition of systemic anaphylaxis

Immunization with lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella O3 as an immunological adjuvant did not cause the death of mice in systemic anaphylaxis to bovine serum albumin. On the other hand, most mice immunized with lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia coli O111, Klebsiella O4 and Salmonella minnesota did die. Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide enhanced IgM and IgG antibody response to BSA more markedly than Escherichia coli O111 lipopolysaccharide, while it affected the production of IgE antibody only slightly. therefore, it is suggested that the inhibition of systemic anaphylaxis by Klebsiella O3 lipopolysaccharide adjuvant might be related to its strong adjuvant action on IgM and IgG class antibody production, and that high levels of circulating IgM and IgG antibodies might act as blocking antibodies in the development of IgE-mediated systemic anaphylaxis.

Increased phosphodiesters in lipopolysaccharide prepared from the polymyxin B-resistant isolate of Klebsiella pneumoniae

A polymyxin B (PXB)-resistant mutant of Klebsiella pneumoniae O3 was isolated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from the PXB-resistant isolate bound little PXB, although LPS from the parental strain did. The 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of PXB-resistant type LPS showed that it contained much less of the phosphomonoesters and the pyrophosphate esters, and an increased amount of the phosphodiesters, compared to the parental type LPS. The decrease in the binding of PXB might be due to altered phosphate groups on the PXB-resistant type LPS, suggesting that it might explain the PXB-resistance of the mutant.

In vivo production of heat shock protein in mouse peritoneal macrophages by administration of lipopolysaccharide

The in vivo production of heat shock protein was studied by administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into mice. Heat shock protein 70 was detected in the extract of adherent peritoneal cells from mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS by using the immunoblotting method. The expression of heat shock protein 70 was found 2 days after injection of LPS and reached its peak 4 days after injection. The intraperitoneal injection of LPS induced the expression of heat shock protein 70, whereas its subcutaneous injection did not. The in vivo production of heat shock protein 70 was inhibited by administration of LPS together with quercetin, an inhibitor of accumulation of heat shock protein 70 mRNA. Tumor necrosis factor alpha enhanced LPS-induced heat shock protein production in vivo. There was a decrease of gamma delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity of mice injected intraperitoneally with LPS. It was suggested that bacterial LPS is a stressful agent which induces the in vivo heat shock protein response, and its administration leads to the production of heat shock protein 70 in peritoneal macrophages.

Localization of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in mice by administration of lipopolysaccharide

Localization of apoptotic cells by administration of lipopolysaccharide into mice was studied by using the in situ specific labeling of fragmented DNA. This method clearly stained the nuclei of thymocytes at the cortex of the thymus. The nuclei of cells in the bone marrow and in the spleen were also positively stained. It was suggested that the cortex in the thymus is where the LPS-induced programmed cell death occurs.

[A case of pontine supranuclear facial palsy]

A 56-year-old hypertensive man suddenly developed difficulty in speaking and numbness in the right hand. On admission, he showed moderate right supranuclear facial palsy and right clumsy hand. Three weeks later, he was discharged with only right supranuclear facial palsy. MRI revealed a small infarction in the middle pons. The lesion was situated in the paramedian borderzone between the base and tegmentum. These findings suggest that supranuclear fibers to the facial nucleus descend as a separate bundle from the main pyramidal tract at the mid-pontine level.

[A case of cerebral pedunclar infarction presenting with pure motor hemiparesis]

Left pure motor hemiparesis occurred in a 42-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The left hemiparesis affected the arm and leg equally. The face was almost spared, with only a very slight facial asymmetry. Brain CT and MRI showed a small infarction located in the external 2/3 of the right cerebral peduncle. Cerebral angiography did not reveal significant abnormalities.

In vivo induction of apoptosis (programmed cell death) in mouse thymus by administration of lipopolysaccharide

In vivo administration of bacterial lipopolysaccharide to mice induced DNA fragmentation in the thymus. Fragmented DNA was confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and laser flow cytometry. DNA fragmentation was predominantly detected in the thymus of young mice, while it was undetectable in the spleen, bone marrow, and lymph nodes. DNA fragmentation in the thymus was roughly dependent on the dose of lipopolysaccharide injected and reached the peak about 18 h after the injection. The addition of lipopolysaccharide to in vitro cultures of thymocytes did not cause DNA fragmentation, suggesting that lipopolysaccharide was unable to induce apoptosis of thymocytes directly. The injection of lipopolysaccharide induced no significant DNA fragmentation in adrenalectomized mice. The injection of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha antibody together with lipopolysaccharide partially inhibited the appearance of DNA fragmentation in the thymus. On the basis of the fact that DNA fragmentation is one of the characteristics typical in apoptotic cell death, it was suggested that lipopolysaccharide could induce apoptosis in the mouse thymus in vivo. This apoptosis in the thymus might be mediated mainly by the adrenal hormones, but it is likely that tumor necrosis factor alpha might also participate in it.

Novel adjuvant action of lipopolysaccharides that possess mannose homopolysaccharides as O-specific polysaccharides on immune responses to nonimmunogenic autoantigens in mice

The adjuvant action of various lipopolysaccharides on immune responses to syngeneic tissue extract in mice was examined. Only lipopolysaccharides possessing the linear mannose homopolysaccharides as O-specific polysaccharides exhibited definite adjuvant action on immune responses to the autoantigens. The intensity of this adjuvant activity of lipopolysaccharide from Klebsiella O3 seemed to be the strongest.

Detection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and identification of its serotype by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using poly-L-lysine

A new solid-phase enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for detection of LPS and identification of its serotype with antisera. Since LPS binds poorly to polystyrene microplates, precoating with poly-L-lysine was used before coating LPS on the surface of microplates. The small amount of LPS in complex mixtures (i.e., less than 1 microgram/ml) could be detectable in ELISA. Use of poly-L-lysine with high molecular weight (MW) provided a higher sensitivity than poly-L-lysine with low MW. Precoating with polymyxin B, or poly-L-histidine was less effective in the sensitivity than precoating with poly-L-lysine, but it was still better than no precoating. The newly developed ELISA technique could be also applied for detection of anti-LPS antibodies in sera or for screening of monoclonal anti-LPS antibody.

Novel cell surface antigens expressed on mouse alveolar macrophages

Two new cell surface antigens expressed on mouse alveolar macrophages were defined by rat monoclonal antibodies. One marker, AVM-1, was detected on mouse alveolar macrophages, but it was undetectable on resident peritoneal cells, thioglycollate medium-induced peritoneal cells, and splenic macrophages. Splenic lymphocytes, thymocytes and bone marrow cells were also AVM-1 negative. Anti-AVM-1 monoclonal antibody immunoprecipitated a single polypeptide with a molecular weight of 200,000. Of particular interest was the finding that the anti-AVM-1 antibody could inhibit the formation of EA and EAC rosette on macrophage line cells. A second antigen (AVM-2) was also present on alveolar macrophages, and its molecular weight was 38,000.

Histological and functional changes in the thyroid glands of mice implanted with hybridomas secreting monoclonal autoantibody against mouse thyroglobulin

Mouse hybridoma cells secreting monoclonal antibody (mAb) against mouse thyroglobulin were established. The implantation of the hybridomas succeeded to induce high titers of circulating mAb against thyroglobulin in sera of mice. By using the implantation of the hybridomas in mice, the effect of autoantibody on the thyroid glands was studied histologically and functionally. In these mice the thyroid follicles were significantly swollen and warped, whereas there was no infiltration of inflammatory cells. The 125I-uptake in their thyroid glands was markedly decreased. There were no functional changes in control mice implanted with non-secreting P3U1 partner cells. Therefore, it was suggested that high titers of anti-thyroglobulin autoantibody could definitely cause the histological and functional damages in the thyroid glands.

Transient global amnesia and falcotentorial meningioma--a case report

A 59-year-old woman suffered from a single episode of transient global amnesia (TGA). A computerized tomographic scan and angiographic examinations revealed a falcotentorial meningioma, supplied by the posterior cerebral arteries. We suggest that TGA can be attributed to the vascular insufficiency in this case.

Recovery of DNA fragments specifically bound by monoclonal anti-DNA antibody

A method to recover and identify DNA fragments that were specifically bound by a monoclonal anti-DNA antibody has been developed. A mixture of DNA fragments digested by restriction enzymes was first incubated with a murine monoclonal anti-DNA antibody and then reacted with anti-murine immunoglobulin-conjugated Sepharose 4B. The resulting complex was washed to remove unbound DNA by low-speed centrifugation. The bound DNA fragment was released from antibody by alkaline dimethyl sulfoxide solution or extracted by phenol treatment. The recovered DNA was analyzed by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel.

Pure sensory stroke due to pontine haemorrhage

Two cases of pure sensory stroke due to pontine haemorrhage are reported. Haematomas were located in the dorsolateral tegmentum of the pons, detected by computed tomographic scan. One showed the cheiro-oral syndrome on the left side. The other showed sensory dysaesthesia on the right side of the body, followed by dysaesthesia of cheiro-oral distribution. These cases indicate that the pons can also be one of the lesion sites of pure sensory stroke.

Action of 7-ethylcamptothecin on tumor cells and its disposition in mice

Some biological effects of camptothecin (CPT) and its new derivative 7-ethylcamptothecin (ECPT) were studied. The drugs were effective against murine leukemia; ECPT was more effective than CPT. Ip administration of ECPT or CPT gave maximum treated/control values of 325% and 232%, respectively. The drugs also inhibited the growth of KB cells in vitro, 50% effective doses of 3.5 ng/ml of ECPT and 8.6 ng/ml of CPT, indicating the stronger activity of ECPT. Pharmacokinetic studies of the drugs in mice showed that ECPT had a longer biological half-life in the terminal phase and a larger amount remained in the plasma compared with CPT. After iv administration of ECPT, the drug accumulated in the intestine, suggesting that the main route of excretion of the drug is through the biliary tract. The study on cell cycle progression by flow cytometry suggested that the main effect of both drugs on L1210 cells was the blocking of G2-M phase. These results suggest that the main reasons for the superior antitumor activity of ECPT compared with CPT are as follows: (a) ECPT had a stronger growth-inhibiting activity against tumor cells, and (b) ECPT remained in the intestinal tract for a longer time and in higher amounts when administered in vivo.

A new competitive assay for monoclonal antibodies against phi X174 single stranded DNA

A new method using L-lysine-conjugated Sepharose 4B as a matrix for coupling competitors is described for analysis of the specificity of monoclonal antibodies against single stranded DNA. In this assay, competitor-coupled Sepharose 4B is first incubated with an antibody, and then the competitor is removed (together with the antibody that is bound to it) by low-speed centrifugation of the reaction mixture. The supernatant containing only unreacted antibody is then analysed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The method is simple and does not use radioactive materials. Moreover it is not subject to the data fluctuation that is caused by the binding of competitors to microplates in a commonly used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay employing high concentrations of competitors.

Action of camptothecin and its derivatives on deoxyribonucleic acid

Camptothecin, an antitumor alkaloid, induced alkali-labile linkages to supercoiled closed circular DNA. The induction was dependent on the concentration of salt, and the highest level of induction was obtained in the presence of 1.0 M NaCl. The active site was the OH group at the C-20 in the E ring. Camptothecin interacted with adenine base at the C-7 in the B ring which resulted in inhibition of hyperchromicity in heat denaturation of DNA. Replacement of the H group with a substituent whose chain length was longer than -CH2CH3, such as -CH2OCOCH2CH3 or -CH2(CH2)4CO2CH3, caused a loss of potency for the inhibition of hyperchromicity. In the presence of 1.0 M NaCl, camptothecin interacted with superhelical closed circular DNA at 37 degrees. The apparent number of binding sites per base-pair of superhelical DNA was about one hundredth of ethidium bromide according to the equilibrium dialysis experiment. An intercalative interaction was observed with poly(dG-dC) in a 4 M NaCl concentration, but not in 0.1 M NaCl. A similar intercalation was detected in brominated poly(dG-dC) in the physiological concentration of NaCl. Camptothecin seemed to intercalate into the Z-form region which was favorably induced in a negatively superhelical closed circular DNA.

Applicability of superhelical model for regulation of gene expression

The superhelical model for regulation of gene expression was tested in 41 structural genes of eukaryotes, viruses and plasmids, and in the primer RNA gene for DNA replication in five kinds of enteric bacteria and two kinds of plasmids. The model which was first proposed for regulation of transcription in simian virus 40 was based on the following observations: a stem-loop structure of low free energy was located 3' downstream from the transcriptional initiation site; sequences homologous to the loop were located at the symmetrical site with the stem-loop at the center; and the loop encountered any of these homologous sequences after one rotation of superhelix depending on the superhelical density. If the loop interacted with the complementary sequences in the opposite strand, DNA formed a specific cruciform or T-shaped structure. The superhelical model proposed that transcription was regulated by the conversion of the template DNA in the regular, the cruciform, and the T-shaped structures. The model was applicable to all the structural genes and the primer RNA genes tested so far, except histone genes. In eukaryotes, only one stem-loop structure which conformed to the superhelical model was constructed in most of the genes except the growth hormone genes, the globin genes of human, and the human interferon gamma gene. An average length of the stem-loop was 46 bases, and the 5' end of the stem loop was located at the 30th base downstream from the transcriptional initiation site on the average in eukaryotes. In some genes, a consensus sequence was detected in the loops of the same kind of gene in different species or of different kind of gene in the same species.

Superhelical model of DNA for regulation of gene expression

A superhelical higher-order structure is proposed as a model of template DNA for regulation of transcription in simian virus 40. A stem-and-loop structure is located 3' downstream from the transcriptional initiation site in the sense strand. The complementary sequences to the loop regions in both strands are found between the 70th and the 300th nucleotides at the symmetrical sites as well as at the homologous sites with the stem-and-loop structure as the center. The complementary sequences are located such that both loops in sense and anti-sense strand encounter any of these sequences after one rotation of superhelix depending on the superhelical density. If each loop makes an intrastrand interaction with the complementary sequence at the symmetrical site either 5' upstream or 3' downstream, DNA forms a cruciform open-type structure at the root of the stem-and-loop region. When both loops interact with the complementary sequences at the homologous sites in both strands either 5' upstream or 3' downstream, a T-shaped closed-type structure is formed. The former is proposed as a signal for progression of transcription and the latter, cessation. If the transcription is defined as being regulated by the open- and the closed-structure at the stem-and-loop region which is constructed 3' downstream from the initiation site, the biochemical and genetic properties and activities of simian virus 40 genome are well interpreted.