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Aglas L, Bethanis A, Chrusciel P, Stolz F, Gruen M, Jaakkola UM, Jongejan L, Yatkin E, Van Ree R. In vivo Induction of Functional Inhibitory IgG Antibodies by a Hypoallergenic Bet v 1 Variant. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2118. [PMID: 33013894 PMCID: PMC7494741 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic sensitization to the major allergen Bet v 1 represents the dominating factor inducing a vast variety of allergic symptoms in birch pollen allergic patients worldwide, including the pollen food allergy syndrome. In order to overcome the huge socio-economic burden associated with allergic diseases, allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) as a curative strategy to manage the disease was introduced. Still, many hurdles related to this treatment exist making AIT not the patients’ first choice. To improve the current situation, the development of hypoallergen-based drug products has raised attention in the last decade. Herein, we investigated the efficacy of the novel AIT candidate BM4, a hypoallergenic variant of Bet v 1, to induce treatment-relevant cross-reactive Bet v 1-specific IgG antibodies in two different mammals, Wistar rats and New Zealand White rabbits. We further analyzed the cross-reactivity of BM4-induced Wistar rat antibodies with the birch pollen-associated food allergens Mal d 1 and Cor a 1, and the functional capability of the induced antibodies to act as IgE-blocking IgG antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the titers of rat IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgE, as well as rabbit IgG and IgE antibodies. To address the functional relevance of the induced IgG antibodies, the capacity of rat sera to suppress binding of human IgE to Bet v 1 was investigated by using an inhibition ELISA and an IgE-facilitated allergen-binding inhibition assay. We found that the treatment with BM4 induced elevated Bet v 1-specific IgG antibody titers in both mammalian species. In Wistar rats, high BM4-specific IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b titers (104 to 106) were induced, which cross-reacted with wild-type Bet v 1, and the homologous allergens Mal d 1 and Cor a 1. Rat allergen-specific IgG antibodies sustained upon treatment discontinuation. Sera of rats immunized with BM4 were able to significantly suppress binding of human IgE to the wild-type allergens and CD23-mediated human IgE-facilitated Bet v 1 binding on B cells. By contrast, treatment-induced IgE antibody levels were low or undetectable. In summary, BM4 induced a robust IgG immune response that efficiently blocked human IgE-binding to wild-type allergens, underscoring its potential therapeutic value in AIT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Aglas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Frank Stolz
- Biomay AG, Vienna Competence Center, Vienna, Austria
| | - Melanie Gruen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Emrah Yatkin
- Central Animal Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Ronald Van Ree
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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Knazovicky D, Helgeson E, Case B, Thomson A, Gruen M, Maixner W, Lascelles B. Replicate Effects and Test–Retest Reliability of Quantitative Sensory Threshold Testing in Dogs with and without Chronic Pain. Vet Comp Orthop Traumatol 2018. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0038-1660882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Knazovicky
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - E. Helgeson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - B. Case
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - A. Thomson
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - M. Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - W. Maixner
- Canine Cognition Center, Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - B. Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research and Education Centre, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
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Muller C, Gaines B, Gruen M, Case B, Arrufat K, Innes J, Lascelles BDX. Evaluation of Clinical Metrology Instrument in Dogs with Osteoarthritis. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:836-46. [PMID: 26971876 PMCID: PMC4896092 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In veterinary clinical pain studies, there is a paucity of data on test‐retest variability in Clinical Metrology Instruments (CMIs), and it is unknown whether CMIs should be administered using independent (respondents not permitted to see previous answers) or dependent (respondents shown previous answers) interviewing. Objectives To compare baseline variability in CMIs designed to assess pain in dogs with osteoarthritis, and compare CMI scores using independent (InD) and dependent interviewing (DI) for the Canine Brief Pain Inventory (CBPI) and the Client‐Specific Outcome Measures (CSOM). Animals Fifty‐one client‐owned dogs with radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis and associated pain. Methods Clinical Metrology Instruments data were collected during 2 randomized, double‐masked, placebo‐controlled, proof of principle pilot studies with parallel treatment groups. Enrolled dogs received either placebo or antinerve growth factor antibody (NV‐01). Results Agreement between baseline CMI scores was good (CBPI Pain P = .29, CBPI Interference P = .32, CSOM P = .036, LOAD P = .67, HCPI P = .27), being best for the LOAD (ICC = 0.89). CMI responses collected during independent and dependent interviewing were not statistically different (CBPI Pain P = .33, CBPI Interference P = .28, CSOM P = .42) and showed good agreement. Additionally, dependent interviewing resulted in increased treatment effect sizes. Conclusions and Clinical Importance There is little difference between independent and dependent interviewing, however, dependent interviewing resulted in increased treatment effect sizes. By using dependent interviewing, investigators could increase clinical trial power through minimal change to study design. Further research is warranted to investigate the use of dependent interviewing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Muller
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - B Gaines
- Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - M Gruen
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - B Case
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - K Arrufat
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - J Innes
- Chester Gates Referral Hospital, Chester, UK
| | - B D X Lascelles
- Comparative Pain Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Center for Comparative Medicine and Translational Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC.,Center for Pain Research and Innovation, UNC School of Dentistry, Chapel Hill, NC
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Löffler A, Gruen M, Wuchter C, Schriever F, Kufer P, Dreier T, Hanakam F, Baeuerle PA, Bommert K, Karawajew L, Dörken B, Bargou RC. Efficient elimination of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B cells by autologous T cells with a bispecific anti-CD19/anti-CD3 single-chain antibody construct. Leukemia 2003; 17:900-9. [PMID: 12750704 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2402890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that a novel recombinant bispecific single-chain antibody construct (bscCD19 x CD3), induces highly efficacious lymphoma-directed cytotoxicity mediated by unstimulated peripheral T lymphocytes. Functional analysis of bscCD19 x CD3 has so far been exclusively performed with human B lymphoma cell lines and T cells from healthy donors. Here we analysed the properties of bscCD19 x CD3 using primary B cells and autologous T cells from healthy volunteers or patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL). We show that bscCD19 x CD3 induces T-cell-mediated depletion of nonmalignant B cells in all four cases and depletion of primary lymphoma cells in 22 out of 25 cases. This effect could be observed at low effector-to-target (E:T) ratios and in the majority of cases without additional activation of autologous T cells by IL-2. Even in samples derived from patients heavily pretreated with different chemotherapy regimens, strong cytotoxic effects of bscCD19 x CD3 could be observed. The addition of bscCD19 x CD3 to patients' cells resulted in an upregulation of activation-specific cell surface antigens on autologous T cells and elevated levels of CD95 on lymphoma B cells. Although anti-CD95 antibody CH-11 failed to induce apoptosis in lymphoma cells, we provide evidence that B-CLL cell depletion by bscCD3 x CD3 is mediated at least in part by apoptosis via the caspase pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Annexin A5/metabolism
- Antibodies, Bispecific/therapeutic use
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, CD19/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Caspase Inhibitors
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Depletion
- Male
- Middle Aged
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- A Löffler
- Department of Haematology, Oncology and Tumourimmunology, Robert Rössle Clinic, Charité, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kunst G, Kress KR, Gruen M, Uttenweiler D, Gautel M, Fink RH. Myosin binding protein C, a phosphorylation-dependent force regulator in muscle that controls the attachment of myosin heads by its interaction with myosin S2. Circ Res 2000; 86:51-8. [PMID: 10625305 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.86.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C (MyBP-C) is one of the major sarcomeric proteins involved in the pathophysiology of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC). The cardiac isoform is tris-phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAPK) on beta-adrenergic stimulation at a conserved N-terminal domain (MyBP-C motif), suggesting a role in regulating positive inotropy mediated by cAPK. Recent data show that the MyBP-C motif binds to a conserved segment of sarcomeric myosin S2 in a phosphorylation-regulated way. Given that most MyBP-C mutations that cause FHC are predicted to result in N-terminal fragments of the protein, we investigated the specific effects of the MyBP-C motif on contractility and its modulation by cAPK phosphorylation. The diffusion of proteins into skinned fibers allows the investigation of effects of defined molecular regions of MyBP-C, because the endogenous MyBP-C is associated with few myosin heads. Furthermore, the effect of phosphorylation of cardiac MyBP-C can be studied in a defined unphosphorylated background in skeletal muscle fibers only. Triton skinned fibers were tested for maximal isometric force, Ca(2+)/force relation, rigor force, and stiffness in the absence and presence of the recombinant cardiac MyBP-C motif. The presence of unphosphorylated MyBP-C motif resulted in a significant (1) depression of Ca(2+)-activated maximal force with no effect on dynamic stiffness, (2) increase of the Ca(2+) sensitivity of active force (leftward shift of the Ca(2+)/force relation), (3) increase of maximal rigor force, and (4) an acceleration of rigor force and rigor stiffness development. Tris-phosphorylation of the MyBP-C motif by cAPK abolished these effects. This is the first demonstration that the S2 binding domain of MyBP-C is a modulator of contractility. The anchorage of the MyBP-C motif to the myosin filament is not needed for the observed effects, arguing that the mechanism of MyBP-C regulation is at least partly independent of a "tether," in agreement with a modulation of the head-tail mobility. Soluble fragments occurring in FHC, lacking the spatial specificity, might therefore lead to altered contraction regulation without affecting sarcomere structure directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kunst
- Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Abstract
The solution of the crystallographic macromolecular phase problem requires incorporation of heavy atoms into protein crystals. Several 2'-halogenated nucleotides have been reported as potential universal phasing tools for nucleotide binding proteins. However, only limited data are available dealing with the effect of 2'-substitution on recognition by the protein. We have determined equilibrium dissociation constants of 2'-halogenated ATP analogues for the ATP binding proteins UMP/CMP kinase and the molecular chaperone DnaK. Whereas the affinities to UMP/CMP kinase are of the same order of magnitude as for unsubstituted ATP, the affinities to DnaK are drastically decreased to undetectable levels. For 2'-halogenated GTP analogues, the kinetics of interaction were determined for the small GTPases p21ras(Y32W) (fluorescent mutant) and RabS. The rates of association were found to be within about one order of magnitude of those for the nonsubstituted nucleotides, whereas the rates of dissociation were accelerated by factors of approximately 100 (p21ras) or approximately 10(5) (Rab5), and the resulting equilibrium dissociation constants are in the nm or microM range, respectively. The data demonstrate that 2'halo-ATP and -GTP are substrates or ligands for all proteins tested except the chaperone DnaK. Due to the very high affinities of a large number of GTP binding proteins to guanine nucleotides, even a 10(5)-fold decrease in affinity as observed for Rab5 places the equilibrium dissociation constant in the microM range, so that they are still well suited for crystallization of the G-protein:nucleotide complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gruen
- Max-Planck-Institut für molekulare Physiologie, Abteilung Physikalische Biochemie, Dortmund, Germany.
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Gruen M, Prinz H, Gautel M. cAPK-phosphorylation controls the interaction of the regulatory domain of cardiac myosin binding protein C with myosin-S2 in an on-off fashion. FEBS Lett 1999; 453:254-9. [PMID: 10405155 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(99)00727-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Myosin binding protein C is a protein of the myosin filaments of striated muscle which is expressed in isoforms specific for cardiac and skeletal muscle. The cardiac isoform is phosphorylated rapidly upon adrenergic stimulation of myocardium by cAMP-dependent protein kinase, and together with the phosphorylation of troponin-I and phospholamban contributes to the positive inotropy that results from adrenergic stimulation of the heart. Cardiac myosin binding protein C is phosphorylated by cAMP-dependent protein kinase on three sites in a myosin binding protein C specific N-terminal domain which binds to myosin-S2. This interaction with myosin close to the motor domain is likely to mediate the regulatory function of the protein. Cardiac myosin binding protein C is a common target gene of familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and most mutations encode N-terminal subfragments of myosin binding protein C. The understanding of the signalling interactions of the N-terminal region is therefore important for understanding the pathophysiology of myosin binding protein C associated cardiomyopathy. We demonstrate here by cosedimentation assays and isothermal titration calorimetry that the myosin-S2 binding properties of the myosin binding protein C motif are abolished by cAMP-dependent protein kinase-mediated tris-phosphorylation, decreasing the S2 affinity from a Kd of approximately 5 microM to undetectable levels. We show that the slow and fast skeletal muscle isoforms are no cAMP-dependent protein kinase substrates and that the S2 interaction of these myosin binding protein C isoforms is therefore constitutively on. The regulation of cardiac contractility by myosin binding protein C therefore appears to be a 'brake-off' mechanism that will free a specific subset of myosin heads from sterical constraints imposed by the binding to the myosin binding protein C motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gruen
- Max-Planck-Institute für molekulare Physiologie, Abt. Physikalische Biochemie, Dortmund, Germany
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Gruen M, Gautel M. Mutations in beta-myosin S2 that cause familial hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (FHC) abolish the interaction with the regulatory domain of myosin-binding protein-C. J Mol Biol 1999; 286:933-49. [PMID: 10024460 DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1998.2522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The myosin filaments of striated muscle contain a family of enigmatic myosin-binding proteins (MyBP), MyBP-C and MyBP-H. These modular proteins of the intracellular immunoglobulin superfamily contain unique domains near their N termini. The N-terminal domain of cardiac MyBP-C, the MyBP-C motif, contains additional phosphorylation sites and may regulate contraction in a phosphorylation dependent way. In contrast to the C terminus, which binds to the light meromyosin portion of the myosin rod, the interactions of this domain are unknown. We demonstrate that fragments of MyBP-C containing the MyBP-C motif localise to the sarcomeric A-band in cardiomyocytes and isolated myofibrils, without affecting sarcomere structure. The binding site for the MyBP-C motif resides in the N-terminal 126 residues of the S2 segment of the myosin rod. In this region, several mutations in beta-myosin are associated with FHC; however, their molecular implications remained unclear. We show that two representative FHC mutations in beta-myosin S2, R870H and E924K, drastically reduce MyBP-C binding (Kd approximately 60 microM for R870H compared with a Kd of approximately 5 microM for the wild-type) down to undetectable levels (E924K). These mutations do not affect the coiled-coil structure of myosin. We suggest that the regulatory function of MyBP-C is mediated by the interaction with S2, and that mutations in beta-myosin S2 may act by altering the interactions with MyBP-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gruen
- Max-Planck-Institut für Molekulare Physiologie, Rheinlanddamm 201, Dortmund, 44139, Germany
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Liehr H, Gruen M, Thiel H. Different stimuli to disseminated intravascular coagulation in liver diseases. Thromb Diath Haemorrh 1972; 28:325-6. [PMID: 4639664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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