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Kohlmeier A, McMaster S, Li ZR, Radzio-Basu J, Haddad LB, Sheth AN, Cong ME, Dinh C, Martin A, Hayward SL, Ofotokun I, Antia R, Garcia-Lerma JG, Kohlmeier JE. Differential localization of distinct CD4 T cell subsets in the female genital tract during the menstrual cycle is regulated by CCR5. The Journal of Immunology 2017. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.198.supp.149.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD4 T cells are essential for optimal immune responses against sexually transmitted infections, yet the composition of the CD4 T cell pool localized in the female genital tract (FGT), and the impact of the menstrual cycle on the CD4 T cell population dynamics in the FGT, remains poorly defined. Here we show the FGT CD4 T cell pool is comprised of distinct subsets of memory CD4 T cells based upon trafficking profile, anatomic regionalization, and effector responses. Based on expression of trafficking and tissue retention markers, FGT CD4 T cells are comprised of both migratory memory (TMM) and resident memory (TRM), with TMM expressing a broad array of trafficking markers that would enable their ability to perform immune surveillance in diverse tissues. Furthermore, these subsets differ in both their regionalization throughout the FGT and in their cytokine responses, notably IL-2 production. The frequency of TMM in the FGT increased during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle and correlated with increased CCR5 expression on circulating memory CD4 T cells. Using a dual adoptive transfer mouse model, we observed that CCR5-mediated trafficking was required for the localization of memory CD4 T cells to the luminal surface of the FGT. In addition, to test cycle influence on T cell trafficking into the FGT, we administered a CCR5 antagonist to pigtail macaques at different stages of the menstrual cycle and found that inhibition of CCR5 signaling selectively reduced TMM numbers solely at luteal time points. Together, these data provide broader insight into role that distinct tissue resident CD4 T cell subsets play in barrier defenses at the FGT and also demonstrate a role for the menstrual cycle in modulating immune protection through CCR5 signaling.
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Cong ME, Pau CP, Heneine W, García-Lerma JG. Antiretroviral Drug Activity in Macaques Infected during Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis Has a Transient Effect on Cell-Associated SHIV DNA Reservoirs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164821. [PMID: 27806064 PMCID: PMC5091888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) is a novel HIV prevention strategy. Suboptimal PrEP adherence and HIV infection creates an opportunity for continued antiretroviral drug activity during undiagnosed infection. We previously showed that macaques infected with SHIV during PrEP with FTC/TDF display reduced acute plasma viremias and limited virus diversity. We investigated the effect of PrEP on acute SHIV DNA dynamics and on the size of the persistent virus reservoir in lymphoid tissues. Design Cell-associated SHIV DNA levels in PBMCs were measured in 8 macaques infected during PrEP with FTC/TDF or single-agent TAF and was compared to those seen in untreated infections (n = 10). PrEP breakthrough infections continued treatment with 1–2 weekly drug doses to model suboptimal drug exposure during undiagnosed HIV infection in humans. SHIV DNA was also measured in lymphoid tissues collected from FTC/TDF PrEP breakthroughs after 1 year of infection. Results Compared to untreated controls, PrEP infections had reduced plasma RNA viremias both at peak and throughout weeks 1–12 (p<0.005). SHIV DNA levels were also reduced at peak and during the first 12 weeks of infection (p<0.043) but not throughout weeks 12–20. At 1 year, SHIV DNA reservoirs in lymphoid tissues were similar in size among macaques that received PrEP or placebo. Conclusions Antiviral drug activity due to PrEP limits acute SHIV replication but has only a transient effect on cell-associated SHIV DNA levels. Our model suggests that suboptimal drug exposure in persons that are taking PrEP and become infected with HIV may not be sufficient to reduce the pool of HIV-infected cells, and that treatment intensification may be needed to sustain potential virological benefits from the PrEP regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian-er Cong
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Chou-Pong Pau
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Walid Heneine
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J. Gerardo García-Lerma
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cong ME, Mitchell J, Sweeney E, Bachman S, Hanson DL, Heneine W, García-Lerma JG. Prophylactic efficacy of oral emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate combination therapy against a tenofovir-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus containing the K65R mutation in macaques. J Infect Dis 2013; 208:463-7. [PMID: 23633402 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jit189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Daily preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) is a novel strategy for preventing human immunodeficiency virus infection. We investigated in macaques whether FTC/TDF prevents transmission of a tenofovir-resistant simian/human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) containing the K65R mutation. Six macaques received weekly a dose of FTC/TDF 3 days before rectal SHIV exposures and a second dose 2 hours after. Six untreated animals were controls. Animals were exposed rectally to escalating virus doses weekly for up to 28 weeks. PrEP significantly delayed infection with SHIVK65R (P = .028), although 4 of 6 FTC/TDF-treated macaques were infected at the end of the challenges. These findings highlight the need to closely monitor PrEP efficacy in areas with prevalent K65R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian-er Cong
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kersh EN, Luo W, Zheng Q, Adams DR, Hanson D, Youngpairoj AS, Cong ME, Butler K, Hendry RM, McNicholl JM, Heneine W, Garcia-Lerma JG. Reduced inflammation and CD4 loss in acute SHIV infection during oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 2012; 206:770-9. [PMID: 22740713 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretrovirals on breakthrough HIV or SHIV infection is not fully documented. We addressed the hypothesis that SHIV(SF162P3) infection despite active PrEP results in altered early immune parameters, compared with untreated infection. METHODS Eleven rhesus macaques were infected during repeated, rectal, low-dose SHIV(SF162P3) exposures while receiving concurrent oral PrEP (Truvada [n = 2] or GS7340 [n = 4]) or as untreated controls (n = 5). We measured SHIV RNA, inflammatory cytokines, CD4 cells, and SHIV-specific and memory T cells until 20 weeks after peak viremia. RESULTS SHIV infection during PrEP resulted in 100-fold lower peak viremia and lower IL-15, IL-18, and IL-1Ra levels, compared with controls (P < .05; Wilcoxon rank-sum test). Unlike controls, PrEP-treated macaques showed no significant CD4 cell count reduction during acute infection and developed more SHIV-specific central memory T cells, relative to controls. After in vivo CD8 cell depletion, viral load increased to similar levels, indicating that CD8 cells were critical for viral control in both groups. CONCLUSIONS PrEP with antiretrovirals has beneficial effects on early SHIV infection even when infection is not prevented. Although long-term immune control could not be examined in this SHIV infection model, our results suggest that PrEP results in improved early disease parameters in breakthrough infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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Kersh EN, Adams DR, Youngpairoj AS, Luo W, Zheng Q, Cong ME, Aung W, Mitchell J, Otten R, Hendry RM, Heneine W, McNicholl J, Garcia-Lerma JG. T cell chemo-vaccination effects after repeated mucosal SHIV exposures and oral pre-exposure prophylaxis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19295. [PMID: 21541293 PMCID: PMC3082568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with anti-viral drugs is currently in clinical trials for the prevention of HIV infection. Induction of adaptive immune responses to virus exposures during anti-viral drug administration, i.e., a "chemo-vaccination" effect, could contribute to PrEP efficacy. To study possible chemo-vaccination, we monitored humoral and cellular immune responses in nine rhesus macaques undergoing up to 14 weekly, low-dose SHIV(SF162P3) rectal exposures. Six macaques concurrently received PrEP with intermittent, oral Truvada; three were no-PrEP controls. PrEP protected 4 macaques from infection. Two of the four showed evidence of chemo-vaccination, because they developed anti-SHIV CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells; SHIV-specific antibodies were not detected. Control macaques showed no anti-SHIV immune responses before infection. Chemo-vaccination-induced T cell responses were robust (up to 3,940 SFU/10(6) PBMCs), predominantly central memory cells, short-lived (≤22 weeks), and appeared intermittently and with changing specificities. The two chemo-vaccinated macaques were virus-challenged again after 28 weeks of rest, after T cell responses had waned. One macaque was not protected from infection. The other macaque concurrently received additional PrEP. It remained uninfected and T cell responses were boosted during the additional virus exposures. In summary, we document and characterize PrEP-induced T cell chemo-vaccination. Although not protective after subsiding in one macaque, chemo-vaccination-induced T cells warrant more comprehensive analysis during peak responses for their ability to prevent or to control infections after additional exposures. Our findings highlight the importance of monitoring these responses in clinical PrEP trials and suggest that a combination of vaccines and PrEP potentially might enhance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen N Kersh
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America.
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Cong ME, Youngpairoj AS, Aung W, Sharma S, Mitchell J, Dobard C, Heneine W, Garcia-Lerma JG. Generation and mucosal transmissibility of emtricitabine- and tenofovir-resistant SHIV162P3 mutants in macaques. Virology 2011; 412:435-40. [PMID: 21334708 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2011.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Transmission of drug-resistant HIV has been widely documented. We generated tenofovir (TFV)- and emtricitabine (FTC)-resistant SHIV162P3 mutants that can be used to investigate the transmission efficiency of drug-resistant viruses and their impact on the efficacy of pre-exposure prophylaxis. Both SHIV162p3(M184V) and SHIV162p3(K65R) replicated in vitro at high titers. Drug resistance profiles were similar to those seen in HIV. Virus infectivity to virion particle ratios were 4- and 10-fold lower in SHIV162p3(M184V) and SHIV162p3(K65R), compared to a concurrently generated WT SHIV162p3, respectively. Mucosal transmissibility studies using a repeat low-dose macaque model of rectal and vaginal transmission showed that both mutants were able to efficiently infect macaques only after the dose was increased to adjust for fitness reductions due to K65R and M184V. Our results in limited number of macaques suggest that the reduction in fitness due to M184V and K65R decreases virus transmissibility, and identify in vitro infectivity parameters that associate with mucosal transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian-er Cong
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
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García-Lerma JG, Cong ME, Mitchell J, Youngpairoj AS, Zheng Q, Masciotra S, Martin A, Kuklenyik Z, Holder A, Lipscomb J, Pau CP, Barr JR, Hanson DL, Otten R, Paxton L, Folks TM, Heneine W. Intermittent prophylaxis with oral truvada protects macaques from rectal SHIV infection. Sci Transl Med 2010; 2:14ra4. [PMID: 20371467 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3000391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
HIV continues to spread globally, mainly through sexual contact. Despite advances in treatment and care, preventing transmission with vaccines or microbicides has proven difficult. A promising strategy to avoid transmission is prophylactic treatment with antiretroviral drugs before exposure to HIV. Clinical trials evaluating the efficacy of daily treatment with the reverse transcriptase inhibitors tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) or Truvada (TDF plus emtricitabine) are under way. We hypothesized that intermittent prophylactic treatment with long-acting antiviral drugs would be as effective as daily dosing in blocking the earliest stages of viral replication and preventing mucosal transmission. We tested this hypothesis by intermittently giving prophylactic Truvada to macaque monkeys and then exposing them rectally to simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) once a week for 14 weeks. A simple regimen with an oral dose of Truvada given 1, 3, or 7 days before exposure followed by a second dose 2 hours after exposure was as protective as daily drug administration, possibly because of the long intracellular persistence of the drugs. In addition, a two-dose regimen initiated 2 hours before or after virus exposure was effective, and full protection was obtained by doubling the Truvada concentration in both doses. We saw no protection if the first dose was delayed until 24 hours after exposure, underscoring the importance of blocking initial replication in the mucosa. Our results show that intermittent prophylactic treatment with an antiviral drug can be highly effective in preventing SHIV infection, with a wide window of protection. They strengthen the possibility of developing feasible, cost-effective strategies to prevent HIV transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gerardo García-Lerma
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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García-Lerma JG, Otten RA, Qari SH, Jackson E, Cong ME, Masciotra S, Luo W, Kim C, Adams DR, Monsour M, Lipscomb J, Johnson JA, Delinsky D, Schinazi RF, Janssen R, Folks TM, Heneine W. Prevention of rectal SHIV transmission in macaques by daily or intermittent prophylaxis with emtricitabine and tenofovir. PLoS Med 2008; 5:e28. [PMID: 18254653 PMCID: PMC2225435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0050028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of an effective vaccine, HIV continues to spread globally, emphasizing the need for novel strategies to limit its transmission. Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) with antiretroviral drugs could prove to be an effective intervention strategy if highly efficacious and cost-effective PrEP modalities are identified. We evaluated daily and intermittent PrEP regimens of increasing antiviral activity in a macaque model that closely resembles human transmission. METHODS AND FINDINGS We used a repeat-exposure macaque model with 14 weekly rectal virus challenges. Three drug treatments were given once daily, each to a different group of six rhesus macaques. Group 1 was treated subcutaneously with a human-equivalent dose of emtricitabine (FTC), group 2 received orally the human-equivalent dosing of both FTC and tenofovir-disoproxil fumarate (TDF), and group 3 received subcutaneously a similar dosing of FTC and a higher dose of tenofovir. A fourth group of six rhesus macaques (group 4) received intermittently a PrEP regimen similar to group 3 only 2 h before and 24 h after each weekly virus challenge. Results were compared to 18 control macaques that did not receive any drug treatment. The risk of infection in macaques treated in groups 1 and 2 was 3.8- and 7.8-fold lower than in untreated macaques (p = 0.02 and p = 0.008, respectively). All six macaques in group 3 were protected. Breakthrough infections had blunted acute viremias; drug resistance was seen in two of six animals. All six animals in group 4 that received intermittent PrEP were protected. CONCLUSIONS This model suggests that single drugs for daily PrEP can be protective but a combination of antiretroviral drugs may be required to increase the level of protection. Short but potent intermittent PrEP can provide protection comparable to that of daily PrEP in this SHIV/macaque model. These findings support PrEP trials for HIV prevention in humans and identify promising PrEP modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Gerardo García-Lerma
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Ron A Otten
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shoukat H Qari
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eddie Jackson
- Division of Scientific Resources, National Center for Preparedness, Detection, and Control of Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mian-er Cong
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Silvina Masciotra
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wei Luo
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Caryn Kim
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Debra R Adams
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Michael Monsour
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Lipscomb
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey A Johnson
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - David Delinsky
- Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Emory University School of Medicine/Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Robert Janssen
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Thomas M Folks
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Walid Heneine
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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Cong ME, Heneine W, García-Lerma JG. The fitness cost of mutations associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance is modulated by mutational interactions. J Virol 2006; 81:3037-41. [PMID: 17192300 PMCID: PMC1865994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02712-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
It is generally accepted that the fitness cost of resistance mutations plays a role in the persistence of transmitted drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and that mutations that confer a high fitness cost are less able to persist in the absence of drug pressure. Here, we show that the fitness cost of reverse transcriptase (RT) mutations can vary within a 72-fold range. We also demonstrate that the fitness cost of M184V and K70R can be decreased or enhanced by other resistance mutations such as D67N and K219Q. We conclude that the persistence of transmitted RT mutants might range widely on the basis of fitness and that the modulation of fitness cost by mutational interactions will be a critical determinant of persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian-er Cong
- Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Abstract
A series of serum specimens obtained from two chimpanzees experimentally infected with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis C virus, and hepatitis G/GB-C virus were tested for TT virus (TTV) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All PCR fragments obtained from both animals were directly sequenced, and the nucleotide sequences were compared to each other and to all known TTV sequences. This comparison showed that both animals were infected simultaneously with four new TTV variants designated A, M1, M2, and M3. One chimpanzee was found to be infected with TTV only after HAV inoculation, whereas the other animal was infected with TTV before any experimental procedure was performed. A set of PCR primers specific for these four new TTV variants was used to amplify TTV-like sequences from nine naive chimpanzees. None of these animals was infected with the prototype TTV variant. Two of these animals, however, were infected with one of the new TTV variants, while one animal was infected with an additional new TTV variant designated T. Among 99 hepatitis patients, 29 were found to be infected with the prototype TTV variant. None of these human specimens was found to be positive by PCR specific for TTV variants A, M1, M2, and M3. Similarly, not a single specimen from a smaller subset of human serum samples was found to be positive for the TTV variant T. Phylogenetic analysis performed on all known TTV sequences demonstrated that TTV can be classified into 13 different, yet closely related TTV species, designated as TTV-I for the prototype variant through TTV-XIII. The new variants M1 and M2 were classified as two different genotypes of TTV-VI, variant M3 was classified as TTV-VII, variant A was classified as TTV-VIII, and variant T was classified as TTV-IX. Thus, the data obtained in this study suggest that TTV represents a large swarm of TTV-like species, some of which have not been detected in humans and circulate predominantly among chimpanzees.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA Virus Infections/veterinary
- DNA Virus Infections/virology
- DNA Viruses/classification
- DNA Viruses/genetics
- DNA, Viral/blood
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Evolution, Molecular
- Genetic Variation/genetics
- Genome, Viral
- Genotype
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Animal/virology
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/surgery
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/virology
- Humans
- Liver Transplantation
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pan troglodytes/virology
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Cong
- Hepatitis Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA
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Khudyakov YE, Cong ME, Nichols B, Reed D, Dou XG, Viazov SO, Chang J, Fried MW, Williams I, Bower W, Lambert S, Purdy M, Roggendorf M, Fields HA. Sequence heterogeneity of TT virus and closely related viruses. J Virol 2000; 74:2990-3000. [PMID: 10708413 PMCID: PMC111797 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.7.2990-3000.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TT virus (TTV) is a recently discovered infectious agent originally obtained from transfusion-related hepatitis. However, the causative link between the TTV infection and liver disease remains uncertain. Recent studies demonstrated that genome sequences of different TTV strains are significantly divergent. To assess genetic heterogeneity of the TTV genome in more detail, a sequence analysis of PCR fragments (271 bp) amplified from open reading frame 1 (ORF1) was performed. PCR fragments were amplified from 5 to 40% of serum specimens obtained from patients with different forms of hepatitis who reside in different countries (e.g., China, Egypt, Vietnam, and the United States) and from normal human specimens obtained from U.S. residents. A total of 170 PCR fragments were sequenced and compared to sequences derived from the corresponding TTV genome region deposited in GenBank. Genotypes 2 and 3 were found to be significantly more genetically related than any other TTV genotype. Moreover, three sequences were shown to be almost equally related to both genotypes 2 and 3. These observations suggest a merger of genotypes 2 and 3 into one genotype, 2/3. Additionally, five new groups of TTV sequences were identified. One group represents a new genotype, whereas the other four groups were shown to be more evolutionary distant from all known TTV sequences. The evolutionary distances between these four groups were also shown to be greater than between TTV genotypes. The phylogenetic analysis suggested that these four new genetic groups represent closely related yet different viral species. Thus, TTV exists as a "swarm" of at least five closely related but different viruses. These observations suggest a high degree of genetic complexity within the TTV population. The finding of the additional TTV-related species should be taken into consideration when the association between TTV infections and human diseases of unknown etiology is studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Khudyakov
- Hepatitis Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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13
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Pujol FH, Khudyakov YE, Devesa M, Cong ME, Loureiro CL, Blitz L, Capriles F, Beker S, Liprandi F, Fields HA. Hepatitis G virus infection in Amerindians and other Venezuelan high-risk groups. J Clin Microbiol 1998; 36:470-4. [PMID: 9466761 PMCID: PMC104562 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.36.2.470-474.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/1997] [Accepted: 11/19/1997] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, a new virus related to flaviviruses, the hepatitis G virus (HGV), or GBV-C virus, was discovered as a putative blood-borne human pathogen. HGV RNA (NS5 region) was amplified by reverse transcription-nested PCR in the sera of 6 of 64 (9%) hemodialysis patients; 2 of 80 (2.5%) West Yukpa Amerindians, a population with a high rate of HBV infection but negative for HCV infection; and 1 patient with an acute episode of non-A, non-B, non-C hepatitis (NABCH). The patterns of single-strand conformation polymorphism of the amplified products were unique among different specimens and similar on follow-up for hemodialysis patients. All patients tested remained HGV RNA positive 1 and 2 years later, without major sequence variation, except for the NABCH patient, for whom a double infection and an apparent clearance of the original dominant variant was observed after 2 years. The sequences of the NS5 amplified products demonstrated 85 to 90% identity with other reported HGV sequences.
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MESH Headings
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Flaviviridae/genetics
- Flaviviridae/isolation & purification
- Hepatitis C/diagnosis
- Hepatitis E/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/blood
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/diagnosis
- Hepatitis, Viral, Human/epidemiology
- Humans
- Indians, South American
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Polymorphism, Single-Stranded Conformational
- RNA, Viral/blood
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Renal Dialysis/adverse effects
- Sequence Analysis, RNA
- Venezuela/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Pujol
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Caracas, Venezuela.
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Khudyakov YE, Cong ME, Bonafonte MT, Abdulmalek S, Nichols BL, Lambert S, Alter MJ, Fields HA. Sequence variation within a nonstructural region of the hepatitis G virus genome. J Virol 1997; 71:6875-80. [PMID: 9261413 PMCID: PMC191969 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.9.6875-6880.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nine sets of nested PCR primers from a 2.6-kb region of the hepatitis G virus (HGV) genome at nucleotide positions 5829 to 8421 were designed and used to analyze serum specimens obtained from patients with community-acquired non-A, non-B hepatitis who were HGV RNA positive. One set of primers was found to be most efficient in detecting HGV and was subsequently used to test 162 HCV-positive and 11 HCV-negative plasma units obtained from individual paid donors. HGV RNA was detected in 30 (17.3%) plasma units, 2 of which were found among the 11 HCV-negative specimens. A complete set of nine PCR fragments was obtained from two patients with community-acquired acute non-A, non-B hepatitis and from four paid donors. All PCR fragments were sequenced and were shown to have a nucleotide similarity of 85.9 to 92.3% and a derived amino acid similarity of 96.0 to 99.0%. The majority of nucleotide changes occurred in the third position of codons. The HGV nucleotide and protein sequences obtained in this study were compared with HCV sequences. Based on this analysis the 2.6-kb fragment was predicted to encode the C-terminal part of the putative NS4b, the entire NS5a, and almost the complete NS5b proteins. Putative protease cleavage sites separating these proteins were also predicted. In serial specimens obtained from the two HGV-infected patients, no significant variations were found in the HGV nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences over time. The HGV sequences obtained from one patient showed no changes over 6 months, whereas more than 99.0% homology was observed for sequences from the second patient over 2.5 years. Heterogeneity analysis performed on 10 sequences obtained in this study and corresponding regions from 6 known full-size sequences of the HGV genomes demonstrated notable discrete heterogeneity consistent with the existence of HGV genetic groups or types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Khudyakov
- Hepatitis Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333, USA.
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Fields HA, Khudyakov YE, Favorov MO, Khudyakova NS, Cong ME, Holloway BF, Lambert SB, Jue DL. Artificial mosaic proteins as new immunodiagnostic reagents: the hepatitis E virus experience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996; 5:167-79. [PMID: 15566875 DOI: 10.1016/0928-0197(96)00218-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/1995] [Accepted: 01/21/1996] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naturally occurring viral proteins derived from cell culture and recombinant proteins expressed in procaryotic systems have been used extensively as target proteins in the development of immunoassay methods for the detection of antibodies. However, immunoassays utilizing these proteins often yield false-positive reactions suggesting that it may be possible to identify and remove regions responsible for these non-specific reactions. OBJECTIVE In this paper we describe a new strategy for the construction of immunoreactive recombinant proteins designed to improve immunoassay specificity. STUDY DESIGN A synthetic gene encoding an artificial polypeptide composed of antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) proteins was constructed from short oligonucleotides by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The polypeptide comprises a mosaic of three antigenically dominant regions from the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2), one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Burmese HEV strain, and one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Mexican strain. The mosaic protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera with glutathione-S-transferase or beta-galactosidase. RESULTS Guinea pig sera containing antibodies to the corresponding HEV synthetic peptides were used to demonstrate by immunoblot analysis and by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) the presence and accessibility of all HEV-specific antigenic epitopes designed into the mosaic protein. Both hybrid proteins were shown by immunoblot analysis using a panel of human anti-HEV-positive and -negative sera to be HEV-specific. A sensitive and specific EIA was developed to detect IgG anti-HEV activity in human sera. A neutralization test using individual synthetic peptides corresponding to the epitopes designed into the mosaic protein was also developed to confirm IgG anti-HEV activity by absorbing the specimen before retesting by EIA. CONCLUSION An artificial mosaic protein composed of short linear HEV-specific antigenic epitopes was constructed from synthetic oligonucleotides by PCR and used to develop a sensitive and specific EIA for the detection of anti-HEV activity in human sera.
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Affiliation(s)
- H A Fields
- Hepatitis Branch, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, National Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Khudyakov YE, Favorov MO, Khudyakova NS, Cong ME, Holloway BP, Padhye N, Lambert SB, Jue DL, Fields HA. Artificial mosaic protein containing antigenic epitopes of hepatitis E virus. J Virol 1994; 68:7067-74. [PMID: 7523696 PMCID: PMC237144 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.11.7067-7074.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A synthetic gene encoding an artificial polypeptide composed of antigenic epitopes of the hepatitis E virus (HEV) proteins was constructed from short oligodeoxyribonucleotides by using PCR. The polypeptide comprises a mosaic of three antigenically active dominant regions from the protein encoded by open reading frame 2 (ORF2), one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Burmese HEV strain, and one antigenically active region from the protein encoded by ORF3 of the Mexican HEV strain. The mosaic protein was expressed in Escherichia coli as a chimera with glutathione S-transferase or beta-galactosidase. Guinea pig sera containing antibodies to the corresponding HEV synthetic peptides were used to demonstrate by Western immunoblot analysis and enzyme immunoassay the presence and accessibility of all HEV-specific antigenic epitopes introduced into the mosaic protein. Both the glutathione S-transferase and beta-galactosidase hybrid proteins were analyzed by using a panel of human anti-HEV-positive and -negative sera. The data obtained strongly indicate a diagnostic potential for the mosaic protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y E Khudyakov
- Hepatitis Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia 30333
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