1
|
Wang J, Sun C, Gerdes N, Liu C, Liao M, Liu J, Shi MA, He A, Zhou Y, Sukhova GK, Chen H, Cheng XW, Kuzuya M, Murohara T, Zhang J, Cheng X, Jiang M, Shull GE, Rogers S, Yang CL, Ke Q, Jelen S, Bindels R, Ellison DH, Jarolim P, Libby P, Shi GP. Interleukin 18 function in atherosclerosis is mediated by the interleukin 18 receptor and the Na-Cl co-transporter. Nat Med 2015; 21:820-6. [PMID: 26099046 PMCID: PMC4554539 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-18 (IL18) participates in atherogenesis through several putative mechanisms. Interruption of IL18 action reduces atherosclerosis in mice. Here, we show that absence of the IL18 receptor (IL18r) does not affect atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe(-/-)) mice, nor does it affect IL18 cell surface binding to or signaling in endothelial cells. As identified initially by co-immunoprecipitation with IL18, we found that IL18 interacts with the Na-Cl co-transporter (NCC; also known as SLC12A3), a 12-transmembrane-domain ion transporter protein preferentially expressed in the kidney. NCC is expressed in atherosclerotic lesions, where it colocalizes with IL18r. In Apoe(-/-) mice, combined deficiency of IL18r and NCC, but not single deficiency of either protein, protects mice from atherosclerosis. Peritoneal macrophages from Apoe(-/-) mice or from Apoe(-/-) mice lacking IL18r or NCC show IL18 binding and induction of cell signaling and cytokine and chemokine expression, but macrophages from Apoe(-/-) mice with combined deficiency of IL18r and NCC have a blunted response. An interaction between NCC and IL18r on macrophages was detected by co-immunoprecipitation. IL18 binds to the cell surface of NCC-transfected COS-7 cells, which do not express IL18r, and induces cell signaling and cytokine expression. This study identifies NCC as an IL18-binding protein that collaborates with IL18r in cell signaling, inflammatory molecule expression, and experimental atherogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Department of Pathophysiology, Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chongxiu Sun
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Norbert Gerdes
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Conglin Liu
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Clinical Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Mengyang Liao
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aina He
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Huimei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xian Wu Cheng
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Departments of Cardiology and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Xiang Cheng
- 1] Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Jiang
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Gary E Shull
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Shaunessy Rogers
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Chao-Ling Yang
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Qiang Ke
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sabina Jelen
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - René Bindels
- Department of Physiology, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - David H Ellison
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Petr Jarolim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang J, Lindholt JS, Sukhova GK, Shi MA, Xia M, Chen H, Xiang M, He A, Wang Y, Xiong N, Libby P, Wang JA, Shi GP. IgE actions on CD4+ T cells, mast cells, and macrophages participate in the pathogenesis of experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. EMBO Mol Med 2015; 6:952-69. [PMID: 24963147 PMCID: PMC4119357 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201303811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin E (IgE) activates mast cells (MCs). It remains unknown whether IgE also activates other inflammatory cells, and contributes to the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). This study demonstrates that CD4+ T cells express IgE receptor FcεR1, at much higher levels than do CD8+ T cells. IgE induces CD4+ T-cell production of IL6 and IFN-γ, but reduces their production of IL10. FcεR1 deficiency (Fcer1a−/−) protects apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe−/−) mice from angiotensin-II infusion-induced AAAs and reduces plasma IL6 levels. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells (but not CD8+ T cells), MCs, and macrophages from Apoe−/− mice, but not those from Apoe−/−Fcer1a−/− mice, increases AAA size and plasma IL6 in Apoe−/−Fcer1a−/− recipient mice. Biweekly intravenous administration of an anti-IgE monoclonal antibody ablated plasma IgE and reduced AAAs in Apoe−/− mice. Patients with AAAs had significantly higher plasma IgE levels than those without AAAs. This study establishes an important role of IgE in AAA pathogenesis by activating CD4+ T cells, MCs, and macrophages and supports consideration of neutralizing plasma IgE in the therapeutics of human AAAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jes S Lindholt
- Department of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Elitary Research Centre of Individualized Medicine in Arterial Diseases, University Hospital of Odense, Odense, Denmark
| | - Galina K Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingcan Xia
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aina He
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Na Xiong
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Peter Libby
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jian-An Wang
- Cardiovascular Key Lab of Zhejiang Province, Department of Cardiology, College of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang J, Chen H, Liu L, Sun J, Shi MA, Sukhova GK, Shi GP. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 mediates mast cell migration to abdominal aortic aneurysm lesions in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:543-51. [PMID: 22871590 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mast cells participate importantly in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) by releasing inflammatory cytokines to promote vascular cell protease expression and arterial wall remodelling. Mast cells accumulate in AAA lesions during disease progression, but the exact chemokines by which mast cells migrate to the site of vascular inflammation remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that mast cells use chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) for their accumulation in experimental mouse AAA lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mast cell and apolipoprotein E double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice and found that they were protected from angiotensin II (Ang II) chronic infusion-induced AAAs compared with Apoe(-/-) littermates. Using bone-marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) from Apoe(-/-) mice and CCR2 double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-)) mice, we demonstrated that Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice receiving BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice, but not those from Apoe(-/-) mice, remained protected from AAA formation. Adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice also increased lesion content of macrophages, T cells, and MHC class II-positive cells; there was also increased apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, elastin fragmentation, and medial smooth muscle cell loss. In contrast, adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice did not affect these variables. CONCLUSIONS The increased AAA formation and associated lesion characteristics in Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice after receiving BMMC from Apoe(-/-) mice, but not from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice, suggests that mast cells use CCR2 as the chemokine receptor for their recruitment in Ang II-induced mouse AAA lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Shi MA, Shi GP. Different roles of mast cells in obesity and diabetes: lessons from experimental animals and humans. Front Immunol 2012; 3:7. [PMID: 22566893 PMCID: PMC3341969 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) play an important role in allergic hyperresponsiveness and in defending microorganism infections. Recent studies of experimental animals and humans have suggested that MCs participate in obesity and diabetes. MC distribution and activities in adipose tissues may vary, depending on the locations of different adipose tissues. In addition to releasing inflammatory mediators to affect adipose tissue extracellular matrix remodeling and to promote inflammatory cell recruitment and proliferation, MCs directly and indirectly interact and activate adipose tissue cells, including adipocytes and recruited inflammatory cells. Plasma MC protease levels are significantly higher in obese patients than in lean subjects. Experimental obese animals lose body weight after MC inactivation. MC functions in diabetes are even more complicated, and depend on the type of diabetes and on different diabetic complications. Both plasma MC proteases and MC activation essential immunoglobulin E levels are significant risk factors for human pre-diabetes and diabetes mellitus. MC stabilization prevents diet-induced diabetes and improves pre-established diabetes in experimental animals. MC depletion or inactivation can improve diet-induced type 2 diabetes and some forms of type 1 diabetes, but also can worsen other forms of type 1 diabetes, at least in experimental animals. Observations from animal and human studies have suggested beneficial effects of treating diabetic patients with MC stabilizers. Some diabetic patients may benefit from enhancing MC survival and proliferation – hypotheses that merit detailed basic researches and clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu W, Liu J, Shi MA, Wang J, Xiang M, Kitamoto S, Wang B, Sukhova GK, Murphy GF, Orasanu G, Grubb A, Shi GP. Cystatin C deficiency promotes epidermal dysplasia in K14-HPV16 transgenic mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e13973. [PMID: 21085595 PMCID: PMC2981574 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0013973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cysteine protease cathepsins are important in extracellular matrix protein degradation, cell apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Mice lacking cathepsins are protected from tumor progression in several animal models, suggesting that the regulation of cathepsin activities controls the growth of various malignant tumors. Methods and Results We tested the role of cathepsins using a mouse model of multistage epithelial carcinogenesis, in which the human keratin-14 promoter/enhancer drove the expression of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) early region E6/E7 transgenes. During the progression of premalignant dysplasia, we observed increased expression of cysteine protease cathepsin S, but concomitantly reduced expression of cathepsin endogenous inhibitor cystatin C in the skin tissue extract. Absence of cystatin C in these transgenic mice resulted in more progression of dysplasia to carcinoma in situ on the face, ear, chest, and tail. Chest and ear skin extract real time PCR and immunoblot analysis, mouse serum sample ELISA, tissue immunohistological analysis, and tissue extract-mediated in vitro elastinolysis and collagenolysis assays demonstrated that cystatin C deficiency significantly increased cathepsin expression and activity. In skin from both the chest and ear, we found that the absence of cystatin C reduced epithelial cell apoptosis but increased proliferation. From the same tissue preparations, we detected significantly higher levels of pro-angiogenic laminin 5-derived γ2 peptides and concurrently increased neovascularization in cystatin C-deficient mice, compared to those from wild-type control mice. Conclusion Enhanced cathepsin expression and activity in cystatin C-deficient mice contributed to the progression of dysplasia by altering premalignant tissue epithelial proliferation, apoptosis, and neovascularization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weifang Yu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Michael A. Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meixiang Xiang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiro Kitamoto
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Wang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Galina K. Sukhova
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George F. Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gabriela Orasanu
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anders Grubb
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Guo-Ping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) effectively regulate gene expression in cultured cells and human disease models, and such regulation can be blocked with antibodies against miRNAs if miRNA-associated adverse effects occur. Promising findings using miRNAs to prevent disease progression in animal studies give hope to patients with disorders caused by dysregulated gene expression, such as cardiovascular diseases. Inflammatory cell infiltration, endothelial cell dysfunction, and angiogenesis are common pathologies of cardiovascular diseases. Accumulating data suggest that miRNA-mediated inhibition of gene expression can drive these pathologies in cardiac tissue or vasculature. It is often desirable to deliver exogenously prepared miRNAs or antibodies against miRNAs to target genes or miRNAs in specific cell or tissue types. Because naked miRNAs or antibodies against miRNAs are often unstable in the circulation, investigation has focused on their packaging and efficient delivery to diseased organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Shi
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, NRB-7, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yang M, Sun J, Zhang T, Liu J, Zhang J, Shi MA, Darakhshan F, Guerre-Millo M, Clement K, Gelb BD, Dolgnov G, Shi GP. Deficiency and inhibition of cathepsin K reduce body weight gain and increase glucose metabolism in mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2008; 28:2202-8. [PMID: 18818416 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.108.172320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previous studies demonstrated increased levels of cysteine proteases cathepsins in serum and adipose tissues from obese patients. We now provide evidence from a mouse model of obesity to suggest a direct participation of cathepsin K (CatK) in mouse body weight gain and glucose metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we detected 12-fold increase in CatK transcripts after adipogenesis of human preadipocytes. Using an immunohistology analysis, we consistently observed high levels of CatK expression in adipose tissues from obese humans and mice. Selective inhibition of CatK activity blocked the lipid accumulation in human and mouse preadipocytes. In mice, CatK deficiency reduced significantly diet-induced body weight gain and serum glucose and insulin levels. Similar results were obtained in diet-induced and genetically created (ob/ob) obese mice after animals were treated with a CatK-selective inhibitor. Mechanistic study demonstrated a role for CatK in degrading fibronectin, a matrix protein that controls adipogenesis. Deficiency or inhibition of CatK leads to fibronectin accumulation in muscle and adipose tissues. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an essential role of CatK in adipogenesis and mouse body weight gain, possibly via degradation of fibronectin, thus suggesting a novel therapeutic strategy for the control of obesity by regulating CatK activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Yang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Shi MA, Chen YL. [Genetic epidemiologic study of hydrocephalus]. Zhonghua Fu Chan Ke Za Zhi 1990; 25:143-5, 187-8. [PMID: 2390871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This paper described the epidemiological pattern and genetic features of congenital hydrocephalus. 77 214 births (live and still) were monitored, among whom 84 were hydrocephalus, incidence of 1.09%. The results suggested that the maternal occupation, age, number, of gravidity and educational level may be major contributors to the incidence of hydrocephalus. The incidence of hydrocephalus was significantly different between urban and rural areas, and its prevalence in the offsprings of parental consanguinity was 9.8%, being 9 times higher than those of non-consanguineous marriages (P less than 0.001). The incidence of hydrocephalus in the first degree relatives of the patient was 12.82%, being 10.76 times higher than that of the general population. The herebitability of the first degree relative was 49.6%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Shi
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei
| | | |
Collapse
|