1
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Makowiecki AS, Coburn SC, Sheppard S, Bitterlin B, Breda T, Dawlatzai A, Giannella R, Jaros A, Kling C, Kolb E, Lapointe C, Simons-Wellin S, Michelsen HA, Daily JW, Hannigan M, Hamlington PE, Farnsworth J, Rieker GB. WindCline: Sloping wind tunnel for characterizing flame behavior under variable inclines and wind conditions. Rev Sci Instrum 2024; 95:025103. [PMID: 38341723 DOI: 10.1063/5.0175784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Developing accurate computational models of wildfire dynamics is increasingly important due to the substantial and expanding negative impacts of wildfire events on human health, infrastructure, and the environment. Wildfire spread and emissions depend on a number of factors, including fuel type, environmental conditions (moisture, wind speed, etc.), and terrain/location. However, there currently exist only a few experimental facilities that enable testing of the interplay of these factors at length scales <1 m with carefully controlled and characterized boundary conditions and advanced diagnostics. Experiments performed at such facilities are required for informing and validating computational models. Here, we present the design and characterization of a tilting wind tunnel (the "WindCline") for studying wildfire dynamics. The WindCline is unique in that the entire tunnel platform is constructed to pivot around a central axis, which enables the sloping of the entire system without compromising the quality of the flow properties. In addition, this facility has a configurable design for the test section and diffuser to accommodate a suite of advanced diagnostics to aid in the characterization of (1) the parameters needed to establish boundary conditions and (2) flame properties and dynamics. The WindCline thus allows for the measurement and control of several critical wildfire variables and boundary conditions, especially at the small length scales important to the development of high-fidelity computational simulations (10-100 cm). Computational modeling frameworks developed and validated under these controlled conditions can expand understanding of fundamental combustion processes, promoting greater confidence when leveraging these processes in complex combustion environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Makowiecki
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sean C Coburn
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Samantha Sheppard
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Brendan Bitterlin
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Timothy Breda
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Abdul Dawlatzai
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Robert Giannella
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Alexandra Jaros
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Christopher Kling
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Eric Kolb
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Caelan Lapointe
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Sam Simons-Wellin
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Hope A Michelsen
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - John W Daily
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Peter E Hamlington
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - John Farnsworth
- Ann and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Gregory B Rieker
- Paul M. Rady Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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2
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Frischmon C, Hannigan M. VOC source apportionment: How monitoring characteristics influence positive matrix factorization (PMF) solutions. Atmos Environ X 2024; 21:100230. [PMID: 38577261 PMCID: PMC10993988 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2023.100230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Positive matrix factorization (PMF) can be used to develop more targeted air quality mitigation strategies by identifying major sources of a pollutant in an area. This technique is dependent, however, on the ability of PMF to resolve factors that accurately represent all sources of that pollutant in an area. We investigated how the accuracy of PMF solutions might be influenced by monitoring data characteristics, such as temporal resolution, monitoring location, and species composition, to better inform the use of PMF in VOC mitigation strategies. We applied PMF to five VOC monitoring programs collected within a four-year period in Colorado and found generally consistent factors, which we identified as oil extraction, processing, and evaporation; natural gas; vehicle exhaust; and liquid gasoline/short-lived oil and gas. The main determinant influencing whether or not a dataset resolved each of these sources was whether the dataset had a comprehensive list of VOC species covering key species of each source. Pollution spikes were not well-modeled in any of the solutions. Hyperlocal and volatile chemical product factors expected to be resolved in the industrialized, urban location were also missing, highlighting three limitations of PMF analysis. Wind direction dependence and diurnal trends aided in source identification, suggesting that high-time resolution data is important for developing actionable PMF results. Based on these findings, we recommend that air monitoring for PMF-informed VOC mitigation efforts include high temporal resolution and a comprehensive array of VOC species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Frischmon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
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3
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Silberstein J, Wellbrook M, Hannigan M. Utilization of a Low-Cost Sensor Array for Mobile Methane Monitoring. Sensors (Basel) 2024; 24:519. [PMID: 38257613 PMCID: PMC10820073 DOI: 10.3390/s24020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The use of low-cost sensors (LCSs) for the mobile monitoring of oil and gas emissions is an understudied application of low-cost air quality monitoring devices. To assess the efficacy of low-cost sensors as a screening tool for the mobile monitoring of fugitive methane emissions stemming from well sites in eastern Colorado, we colocated an array of low-cost sensors (XPOD) with a reference grade methane monitor (Aeris Ultra) on a mobile monitoring vehicle from 15 August through 27 September 2023. Fitting our low-cost sensor data with a bootstrap and aggregated random forest model, we found a high correlation between the reference and XPOD CH4 concentrations (r = 0.719) and a low experimental error (RMSD = 0.3673 ppm). Other calibration models, including multilinear regression and artificial neural networks (ANN), were either unable to distinguish individual methane spikes above baseline or had a significantly elevated error (RMSDANN = 0.4669 ppm) when compared to the random forest model. Using out-of-bag predictor permutations, we found that sensors that showed the highest correlation with methane displayed the greatest significance in our random forest model. As we reduced the percentage of colocation data employed in the random forest model, errors did not significantly increase until a specific threshold (50 percent of total calibration data). Using a peakfinding algorithm, we found that our model was able to predict 80 percent of methane spikes above 2.5 ppm throughout the duration of our field campaign, with a false response rate of 35 percent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Silberstein
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Matthew Wellbrook
- Urban Labs, University of Chicago, 33 North LaSalle Street Suite 1600, Chicago, IL 60602, USA
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado at Boulder, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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4
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Okorn K, Jimenez A, Collier-Oxandale A, Johnston J, Hannigan M. Characterizing methane and total non-methane hydrocarbon levels in Los Angeles communities with oil and gas facilities using air quality monitors. Sci Total Environ 2021; 777:146194. [PMID: 34602658 PMCID: PMC8485894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, sensor networks have been proven valuable to assess air quality on highly localized scales. Here we leverage innovative sensors to characterize gaseous pollutants in a complex urban environment and evaluate differences in air quality in three different Los Angeles neighborhoods where oil and gas activity is present. We deployed monitors across urban neighborhoods in South Los Angles adjacent to oil and gas facilities with varying levels of production. Using low-cost sensors built in-house, we measured methane, total non-methane hydrocarbons (TNMHCs), carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide during three deployment campaigns over four years. The multi-sensor linear regression calibration model developed to quantify methane and TNMHCs offers up to 16% improvement in coefficient of determination and up to a 22% reduction in root mean square error for the most recent dataset as compared to previous models. The deployment results demonstrate that airborne methane concentrations are higher within a 500 m radius of three urban oil and gas facilities, as well as near a natural gas distribution pipeline, likely a result of proximity to sources. While there are numerous additional sources of TNMHCs in complex urban environments, some sites appear to be larger emitters than others. Significant methane emissions were also measured at an idle site, suggesting that fugitive emissions may still occur even if production is ceased. Episodic spikes of both compounds suggested an association with oil and gas activities, demonstrating how sensor networks can be used to elucidate community-scale sources and differences in air quality moving forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Okorn
- Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Correspondence: , P: (303) 735-8054, A: 1111 Engineering Dr., Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Amanda Jimenez
- Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | | | - Jill Johnston
- Preventative Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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5
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Duvall R, Hagler G, Clements A, Benedict K, Barkjohn K, Kilaru V, Hanley T, Watkins N, Kaufman A, Kamal A, Reece S, Fransioli P, Gerboles M, Gillerman G, Habre R, Hannigan M, Ning Z, Papapostolou V, Pope R, Quintana P, Snyder JL. Deliberating Performance Targets: Follow-on workshop discussing PM 10, NO 2, CO, and SO 2 air sensor targets. Atmos Environ (1994) 2021; 246:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118099. [PMID: 33746555 PMCID: PMC7970457 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.118099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of air sensor technology is increasing worldwide for a variety of applications, however, with significant variability in data quality. The United States Environmental Protection Agency held a workshop in July 2019 to deliberate possible performance targets for air sensors measuring particles with aerodynamic diameters of 10 μm or less (PM10), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). These performance targets were discussed from the perspective of non-regulatory applications and with the sensors operating primarily in a stationary mode in outdoor environments. Attendees included representatives from multiple levels of government organizations, sensor developers, environmental nonprofits, international organizations, and academia. The workshop addressed the current lack of sensor technology requirements, discussed fit-for-purpose data quality needs, and debated transparency issues. This paper highlights the purpose and key outcomes of the workshop. While more information on performance and applications of sensors is available than in past years, the performance metrics, or parameters used to describe data quality, vary among the studies reports and there is a need for more clear and consistent approaches for evaluating sensor performance. Organizations worldwide are increasingly considering, or are in the process of developing, sensor performance targets and testing protocols. Workshop participants suggested that these new guidelines are highly desirable, would help improve data quality, and would give users more confidence in their data. Given the wide variety of uses for sensors and user backgrounds, as well as varied sensor design features (e.g., communication approaches, data tools, processing/adjustment algorithms and calibration procedures), the need for transparency was a key workshop theme. Suggestions for increasing transparency included documenting and sharing testing and performance data, detailing best practices, and sharing data processing and correction approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- R.M. Duvall
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - G.S.W. Hagler
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A.L. Clements
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Benedict
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Barkjohn
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - V. Kilaru
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - T. Hanley
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - N. Watkins
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A. Kaufman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A. Kamal
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Transportation and Air Quality, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S. Reece
- Former Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Fellow, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - P. Fransioli
- Clark County Department of Air Quality, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - M. Gerboles
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra, Italy
| | - G. Gillerman
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Standards Coordination Office, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - R. Habre
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. Hannigan
- University of Colorado-Boulder, Mechanical Engineering Department, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Z. Ning
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - V. Papapostolou
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar, CA, USA
| | - R. Pope
- Maricopa County Air Quality Department, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - P.J.E. Quintana
- San Diego State University, School of Public Health, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - J. Lam Snyder
- Sacramento Metropolitan Air Quality Management District, Sacramento, CA, USA
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6
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Collier-Oxandale A, Wong N, Navarro S, Johnston J, Hannigan M. Using Gas-Phase Air Quality Sensors to Disentangle Potential Sources in a Los Angeles Neighborhood. Atmos Environ (1994) 2020; 233:117519. [PMID: 34220277 PMCID: PMC8248942 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the late summer of 2016, our team deployed a network of low-cost air quality sensing systems in partnership with community-based organizations in a neighborhood in South Los Angeles, California. Residents of this community were concerned about possible emissions from local oil and gas activity, however in addition to these potential emissions, the neighborhood is also subject to a complex mixture of pollutants from other nearby sources including major highways. For this deployment, metal-oxide VOC sensors were quantified to provide methane (CH4) and total non-methane hydrocarbon (TNMHCs) concentration estimates. This data along with other sensor signals, meteorological data, and community member observations was used to examine the composition and possible origins of observed emissions. The sensor network displayed expected environmental trends and highlighted short-term elevations in CH4 and/or TNMHCs, which we were then able to investigate more closely. The results indicated that sources of both combusted and volatilized hydrocarbons were likely affecting air quality throughout the community, including near the site of the local oil and gas activity. This deployment may serve as a model for how multi-sensor systems deployed in networks can be leveraged to better understand sources in complex areas, potentially supporting future community-based air quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jill Johnston
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California
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7
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Thorson J, Collier-Oxandale A, Hannigan M. Using A Low-Cost Sensor Array and Machine Learning Techniques to Detect Complex Pollutant Mixtures and Identify Likely Sources. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:E3723. [PMID: 31466288 PMCID: PMC6749282 DOI: 10.3390/s19173723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
An array of low-cost sensors was assembled and tested in a chamber environment wherein several pollutant mixtures were generated. The four classes of sources that were simulated were mobile emissions, biomass burning, natural gas emissions, and gasoline vapors. A two-step regression and classification method was developed and applied to the sensor data from this array. We first applied regression models to estimate the concentrations of several compounds and then classification models trained to use those estimates to identify the presence of each of those sources. The regression models that were used included forms of multiple linear regression, random forests, Gaussian process regression, and neural networks. The regression models with human-interpretable outputs were investigated to understand the utility of each sensor signal. The classification models that were trained included logistic regression, random forests, support vector machines, and neural networks. The best combination of models was determined by maximizing the F1 score on ten-fold cross-validation data. The highest F1 score, as calculated on testing data, was 0.72 and was produced by the combination of a multiple linear regression model utilizing the full array of sensors and a random forest classification model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Thorson
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | | | - Michael Hannigan
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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8
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Williams R, Duvall R, Kilaru V, Hagler G, Hassinger L, Benedict K, Rice J, Kaufman A, Judge R, Pierce G, Allen G, Bergin M, Cohen R, Fransioli P, Gerboles M, Habre R, Hannigan M, Jack D, Louie P, Martin N, Penza M, Polidori A, Subramanian R, Ray K, Schauer J, Seto E, Thurston G, Turner J, Wexler A, Ning Z. Deliberating performance targets workshop: Potential paths for emerging PM 2.5 and O 3 air sensor progress. Atmos Environ X 2019; 2:100031. [PMID: 34322666 PMCID: PMC8314253 DOI: 10.1016/j.aeaoa.2019.100031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The United States Environmental Protection Agency held an international two-day workshop in June 2018 to deliberate possible performance targets for non-regulatory fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) air sensors. The need for a workshop arose from the lack of any market-wide manufacturer requirement for Ozone documented sensor performance evaluations, the lack of any independent third party or government-based sensor performance certification program, and uncertainty among all users as to the general usability of air sensor data. A multi-sector subject matter expert panel was assembled to facilitate an open discussion on these issues with multiple stakeholders. This summary provides an overview of the workshop purpose, key findings from the deliberations, and considerations for future actions specific to sensors. Important findings concerning PM2.5 and O3 sensors included the lack of consistent performance indicators and statistical metrics as well as highly variable data quality requirements depending on the intended use. While the workshop did not attempt to yield consensus on any topic, a key message was that a number of possible future actions would be beneficial to all stakeholders regarding sensor technologies. These included documentation of best practices, sharing quality assurance results along with sensor data, and the development of a common performance target lexicon, performance targets, and test protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Williams
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R. Duvall
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
- Corresponding author. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, MD E343-02, Research Triangle Park,
NC 27711, USA. (R. Duvall)
| | - V. Kilaru
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - G. Hagler
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research
and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - L. Hassinger
- Former Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education
(ORISE) staff assigned to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - K. Benedict
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - J. Rice
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - A. Kaufman
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - R. Judge
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 1, North
Chelmsford, MA, USA
| | - G. Pierce
- Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment,
Denver, CO, USA
| | - G. Allen
- Northeast States for Coordinated Air Use Management,
Boston, MA, USA
| | - M. Bergin
- Pratt School of Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,
USA
| | - R.C. Cohen
- College of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley,
Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - P. Fransioli
- Clark County Department of Air Quality (Nevada), Las Vegas,
NV, USA
| | - M. Gerboles
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra,
Italy
| | - R. Habre
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - M. Hannigan
- Mechanical Engineering Department, University of
Colorado-Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - D. Jack
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New
York, NY, USA
| | - P. Louie
- Hong Kong Environmental Protection Department, Hong Kong,
China
| | - N.A. Martin
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex,
United Kingdom
| | - M. Penza
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and
Sustainable Economic Development (ENEA), Brindisi Research Center, Brindisi,
Italy
- European Network on New Sensing Technologies for
Air-Pollution Control and Environmental Sustainability (EuNetAir), Brindisi,
Italy
| | - A. Polidori
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, Diamond Bar,
CA, USA
| | - R. Subramanian
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - K. Ray
- Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation, Nespelem,
WAashington, USA
| | - J. Schauer
- College of Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison,
Madison, WI, USA
| | - E. Seto
- School of Public Health, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA
| | - G. Thurston
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY,
USA
| | - J. Turner
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Washington
University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - A.S. Wexler
- Air Quality Research Center, University of
California-Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Z. Ning
- Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong,
China
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9
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Dalaba M, Alirigia R, Mesenbring E, Coffey E, Brown Z, Hannigan M, Wiedinmyer C, Oduro A, Dickinson KL. Liquified Petroleum Gas (LPG) Supply and Demand for Cooking in Northern Ghana. Ecohealth 2018; 15:716-728. [PMID: 30109459 PMCID: PMC6267523 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-018-1351-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Like many other countries, Ghana relies on biomass (mainly wood and charcoal) for most of its cooking needs. A national action plan aims to expand liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) access to 50% of the country's population by 2020. While the country's southern urban areas have made progress toward this goal, LPG use for cooking remains low in the north. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to characterize the current state of the LPG market in this area and examine opportunities and barriers to scale up LPG adoption. We interviewed 16 LPG suppliers (stove, cylinder, and fuel vendors) as well as 592 households in the Kassena-Nankana Districts (KND) of Ghana. We find large rural-urban differences in LPG uptake: less than 10% of rural households own LPG stoves compared with over half of urban households. Awareness of LPG is high across the region, but accessibility of fuel supply is highly limited, with just one refilling station located in the KND. Affordability is perceived as the main barrier to LPG adoption, and acceptability is also limited by widespread concerns about the safety of cooking with LPG. Transitioning to a cylinder recirculation model, and providing more targeted subsidies and credit options, should be explored to expand access to cleaner cooking in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rex Alirigia
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Evan Coffey
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine L Dickinson
- Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz, 13001 E 17th Pl., Campus Box B119, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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10
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Casey JG, Ortega J, Coffey E, Hannigan M. Low-cost measurement techniques to characterize the influence of home heating fuel on carbon monoxide in Navajo homes. Sci Total Environ 2018; 625:608-618. [PMID: 29304498 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A large fraction of the global population relies on the inefficient combustion of solid fuels for cooking and home heating, resulting in household exposure to combustion byproducts. In the southwestern United States, unhealthy air quality has been observed in some homes that use solid fuels as a primary source of heat on the Navajo Nation. In order to better understand how home heating fuel choice can influence indoor air quality in this region, we used recently developed low-cost electrochemical sensors to measure carbon monoxide (CO) air mole fractions continuously inside and outside 41 homes in two communities on the Navajo Nation. Using low-cost sensors in this study, which don't require extensive training to operate, enabled collaboration with local Diné College students and faculty in the planning and implementation of home deployments. Households used natural gas, propane, pellets, wood, and/or coal for heating. We developed quantification methods that included uncertainty estimation for Alphasense CO-B4 sensors, for measurements both inside and outside homes. CO concentrations elevated above background were observed in homes in each heating fuel group, but the highest hourly concentrations were observed in wood and coal burning homes, some of which exceeded World Health Organization Guidelines on both an hourly and eight-hourly basis. In order to probe the many factors that can influence indoor pollutant concentrations, we developed and implemented methods that employ CO emission and decay time periods observed in homes during everyday activities to estimate air exchange rates as well as CO emission rates on the basis of a given well-mixed volume of air. The air quality measurement tools and methods demonstrated in this study can be readily extended to indoor air quality studies in other communities around the world to inform how home heating and cooking practices are influencing indoor air quality during normal daily activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gordon Casey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - John Ortega
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States; Atmospheric Chemistry Observations & Modeling Laboratory, National Center For Atmospheric Research, 3450 Mitchell Lane, Boulder, CO 80301, United States.
| | - Evan Coffey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Center, University of Colorado at Boulder, ECME 114, 1111 Engineering Drive, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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Collier-Oxandale A, Coffey E, Thorson J, Johnston J, Hannigan M. Comparing Building and Neighborhood-Scale Variability of CO₂ and O₃ to Inform Deployment Considerations for Low-Cost Sensor System Use. Sensors (Basel) 2018; 18:E1349. [PMID: 29701716 PMCID: PMC5981601 DOI: 10.3390/s18051349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The increased use of low-cost air quality sensor systems, particularly by communities, calls for the further development of best-practices to ensure these systems collect usable data. One area identified as requiring more attention is that of deployment logistics, that is, how to select deployment sites and how to strategically place sensors at these sites. Given that sensors are often placed at homes and businesses, ideal placement is not always possible. Considerations such as convenience, access, aesthetics, and safety are also important. To explore this issue, we placed multiple sensor systems at an existing field site allowing us to examine both neighborhood-level and building-level variability during a concurrent period for CO₂ (a primary pollutant) and O₃ (a secondary pollutant). In line with previous studies, we found that local and transported emissions as well as thermal differences in sensor systems drive variability, particularly for high-time resolution data. While this level of variability is unlikely to affect data on larger averaging scales, this variability could impact analysis if the user is interested in high-time resolution or examining local sources. However, with thoughtful placement and thorough documentation, high-time resolution data at the neighborhood level has the potential to provide us with entirely new information on local air quality trends and emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evan Coffey
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Jacob Thorson
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Jill Johnston
- Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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12
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Shamasunder B, Collier-Oxandale A, Blickley J, Sadd J, Chan M, Navarro S, Hannigan M, Wong NJ. Community-Based Health and Exposure Study around Urban Oil Developments in South Los Angeles. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2018; 15:E138. [PMID: 29342985 PMCID: PMC5800237 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Oilfield-adjacent communities often report symptoms such as headaches and/or asthma. Yet, little data exists on health experiences and exposures in urban environments with oil and gas development. In partnership with Promotoras de Salud (community health workers), we gathered household surveys nearby two oil production sites in Los Angeles. We tested the capacity of low-cost sensors for localized exposure estimates. Bilingual surveys of 205 randomly sampled residences were collected within two 1500 ft. buffer areas (West Adams and University Park) surrounding oil development sites. We used a one-sample proportion test, comparing overall rates from the California Health Interview Survey (CHIS) of Service Planning Area 6 (SPA6) and Los Angeles County for variables of interest such as asthma. Field calibrated low-cost sensors recorded methane emissions. Physician diagnosed asthma rates were reported to be higher within both buffers than in SPA6 or LA County. Asthma prevalence in West Adams but not University Park was significantly higher than in Los Angeles County. Respondents with diagnosed asthma reported rates of emergency room visits in the previous 12 months similar to SPA6. 45% of respondents were unaware of oil development; 63% of residents would not know how to contact local regulatory authorities. Residents often seek information about their health and site-related activities. Low-cost sensors may be useful in highlighting differences between sites or recording larger emission events and can provide localized data alongside resident-reported symptoms. Regulatory officials should help clarify information to the community on methods for reporting health symptoms. Our community-based participatory research (CBPR) partnership supports efforts to answer community questions as residents seek a safety buffer between sensitive land uses and active oil development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavna Shamasunder
- Urban and Environmental Policy Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041-3314, USA.
| | - Ashley Collier-Oxandale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Jessica Blickley
- Center for Digital Liberal Arts, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041-3314, USA.
| | - James Sadd
- Geology Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041-3314, USA.
| | - Marissa Chan
- Urban and Environmental Policy Department, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA 90041-3314, USA.
| | - Sandy Navarro
- Esperanza Community Housing, Los Angeles, CA 90007, USA.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Nicole J Wong
- Redeemer Community Partnership, Los Angeles, CA 90018, USA.
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13
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Clements AL, Griswold WG, Rs A, Johnston JE, Herting MM, Thorson J, Collier-Oxandale A, Hannigan M. Low-Cost Air Quality Monitoring Tools: From Research to Practice (A Workshop Summary). Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2478. [PMID: 29143775 PMCID: PMC5713187 DOI: 10.3390/s17112478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In May 2017, a two-day workshop was held in Los Angeles (California, U.S.A.) to gather practitioners who work with low-cost sensors used to make air quality measurements. The community of practice included individuals from academia, industry, non-profit groups, community-based organizations, and regulatory agencies. The group gathered to share knowledge developed from a variety of pilot projects in hopes of advancing the collective knowledge about how best to use low-cost air quality sensors. Panel discussion topics included: (1) best practices for deployment and calibration of low-cost sensor systems, (2) data standardization efforts and database design, (3) advances in sensor calibration, data management, and data analysis and visualization, and (4) lessons learned from research/community partnerships to encourage purposeful use of sensors and create change/action. Panel discussions summarized knowledge advances and project successes while also highlighting the questions, unresolved issues, and technological limitations that still remain within the low-cost air quality sensor arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Clements
- Office of Research and Development, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA.
| | - William G Griswold
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Abhijit Rs
- Office of Chief Scientist, Environmental Defense Fund, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA.
| | - Jill E Johnston
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
| | - Jacob Thorson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Ashley Collier-Oxandale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
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Cheadle L, Deanes L, Sadighi K, Gordon Casey J, Collier-Oxandale A, Hannigan M. Quantifying Neighborhood-Scale Spatial Variations of Ozone at Open Space and Urban Sites in Boulder, Colorado Using Low-Cost Sensor Technology. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E2072. [PMID: 28891962 PMCID: PMC5620960 DOI: 10.3390/s17092072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in air pollution sensors have led to a new wave of low-cost measurement systems that can be deployed in dense networks to capture small-scale spatio-temporal variations in ozone, a pollutant known to cause negative human health impacts. This study deployed a network of seven low-cost ozone metal oxide sensor systems (UPods) in both an open space and an urban location in Boulder, Colorado during June and July of 2015, to quantify ozone variations on spatial scales ranging from 12 m between UPods to 6.7 km between open space and urban measurement sites with a measurement uncertainty of ~5 ppb. The results showed spatial variability of ozone at both deployment sites, with the largest differences between UPod measurements occurring during the afternoons. The peak median hourly difference between UPods was 6 ppb at 1:00 p.m. at the open space site, and 11 ppb at 4:00 p.m. at the urban site. Overall, the urban ozone measurements were higher than in the open space measurements. This study evaluates the effectiveness of using low-cost sensors to capture microscale spatial and temporal variation of ozone; additionally, it highlights the importance of field calibrations and measurement uncertainty quantification when deploying low-cost sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cheadle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, CO, USA.
| | | | - Kira Sadighi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, CO, USA.
| | - Joanna Gordon Casey
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, CO, USA.
| | - Ashley Collier-Oxandale
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, CO, USA.
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder 80309, CO, USA.
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15
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Wu Y, Hannigan M, Zhan L, Madri JA, Huang CK. -NOD Mice Having a Lyn Tyrosine Kinase Mutation Exhibit Abnormal Neutrophil Chemotaxis. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:1689-1695. [PMID: 27591397 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils from NOD (Non-Obese Diabetic) mice exhibited reduced migration speed, decreased frequency of directional changes, and loss of directionality during chemotaxis (compared to wild-type [WT] C57BL/6 mice). Additionally, F-actin of chemotaxing NOD neutrophils failed to orient toward the chemoattractant gradient and NOD neutrophil adhesion was impaired. A point mutation near the autophosphorylation site of Lyn in NOD mice was identified. Point mutations of G to A (G1412 in LynA and G1199 in LynB) cause a change of amino acid E393 (glutamic acid) to K (lysine) in LynA (E393 →K) (E372 of LynB), affecting fMLP-induced tyrosine phosphorylation. These data indicate that the Lyn mutation in NOD neutrophils is likely responsible for dysregulation of neutrophil adhesion and directed migration, implying the role of Lyn in modulating diabetic patient's susceptibility to bacterial and fungal infections. J. Cell. Physiol. 232: 1689-1695, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut.,Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Michael Hannigan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Lijun Zhan
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Chi-Kuang Huang
- Department of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut
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16
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Piedrahita R, Kanyomse E, Coffey E, Xie M, Hagar Y, Alirigia R, Agyei F, Wiedinmyer C, Dickinson KL, Oduro A, Hannigan M. Exposures to and origins of carbonaceous PM 2.5 in a cookstove intervention in Northern Ghana. Sci Total Environ 2017; 576:178-192. [PMID: 27788434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
REACCTING (Research on Emissions Air Quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) was a 200-home cookstove intervention study from 2013 to 2015. Study households were divided into four groups: a control group, a group given two locally made rocket stoves, a group given two Philips forced draft stoves, and a group given a locally made rocket stove and a Philips stove. In a subset of study households, 48-hour PM2.5 exposure samples were collected for adults and children, as well as in the primary cooking area. Further, weekly ambient background PM2.5 samples were collected for the first nine months of the study. All PM2.5 samples were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), and a subset was also analyzed for organics. Mixed effects modeling was applied to quantify differences in PM exposures between the groups and to assess relationships between exposures and cooking area measurements. Results showed that personal OC exposure for the intervention groups was 56.6% lower than the control group (p≤0.01). Both intervention groups given Philips stoves had significantly lower EC exposure than the control group (60.6% reduction, p≤0.02). Only weak relationships were found between personal and cooking area EC or OC. Source apportionment modeling was performed on both the personal/microenvironment and the ambient organics PM2.5 data sets to assess the sources of the observed PM. We identified six PM sources. The identified source factors were similar among the data sets, as well as with previous work in Navrongo. Two sources, one characterized by the presence of methoxyphenols, and one by the presence of polyaromatic hydrocarbons and EC, were associated with biomass burning, and accounted for a median of 9.2% of OC and 15.3% of EC personal exposure. Here, we demonstrate the utility of using the cooking-related source apportionment factors within a mixed effects model for more precise estimation of exposures due to cooking, rather than other combustion sources unrelated to the intervention.
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17
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Koehn D, Hannigan M. Are Benefit Corporations Truly Beneficial? Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2016. [DOI: 10.5840/bpej2016122049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Dickinson KL, Kanyomse E, Piedrahita R, Coffey E, Rivera IJ, Adoctor J, Alirigia R, Muvandimwe D, Dove M, Dukic V, Hayden MH, Diaz-Sanchez D, Abisiba AV, Anaseba D, Hagar Y, Masson N, Monaghan A, Titiati A, Steinhoff DF, Hsu YY, Kaspar R, Brooks B, Hodgson A, Hannigan M, Oduro AR, Wiedinmyer C. Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana (REACCTING): study rationale and protocol. BMC Public Health 2015; 15:126. [PMID: 25885780 PMCID: PMC4336492 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-015-1414-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cooking over open fires using solid fuels is both common practice throughout much of the world and widely recognized to contribute to human health, environmental, and social problems. The public health burden of household air pollution includes an estimated four million premature deaths each year. To be effective and generate useful insight into potential solutions, cookstove intervention studies must select cooking technologies that are appropriate for local socioeconomic conditions and cooking culture, and include interdisciplinary measurement strategies along a continuum of outcomes. METHODS/DESIGN REACCTING (Research on Emissions, Air quality, Climate, and Cooking Technologies in Northern Ghana) is an ongoing interdisciplinary randomized cookstove intervention study in the Kassena-Nankana District of Northern Ghana. The study tests two types of biomass burning stoves that have the potential to meet local cooking needs and represent different "rungs" in the cookstove technology ladder: a locally-made low-tech rocket stove and the imported, highly efficient Philips gasifier stove. Intervention households were randomized into four different groups, three of which received different combinations of two improved stoves, while the fourth group serves as a control for the duration of the study. Diverse measurements assess different points along the causal chain linking the intervention to final outcomes of interest. We assess stove use and cooking behavior, cooking emissions, household air pollution and personal exposure, health burden, and local to regional air quality. Integrated analysis and modeling will tackle a range of interdisciplinary science questions, including examining ambient exposures among the regional population, assessing how those exposures might change with different technologies and behaviors, and estimating the comparative impact of local behavior and technological changes versus regional climate variability and change on local air quality and health outcomes. DISCUSSION REACCTING is well-poised to generate useful data on the impact of a cookstove intervention on a wide range of outcomes. By comparing different technologies side by side and employing an interdisciplinary approach to study this issue from multiple perspectives, this study may help to inform future efforts to improve health and quality of life for populations currently relying on open fires for their cooking needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Dickinson
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA.
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Ernest Kanyomse
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | | | - Evan Coffey
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Isaac J Rivera
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA.
| | - James Adoctor
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | - Rex Alirigia
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | | | - MacKenzie Dove
- Relief International, 5455 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1280, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA.
| | - Vanja Dukic
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Mary H Hayden
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA.
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- EPA Human Studies Facility, 104 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, NC, 27514-4512, USA.
| | - Adoctor Victor Abisiba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | - Dominic Anaseba
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
| | - Yolanda Hagar
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Nicholas Masson
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Andrew Monaghan
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA.
| | - Atsu Titiati
- Relief International, 5455 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 1280, Los Angeles, CA, 90036, USA.
| | - Daniel F Steinhoff
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, PO Box 3000, Boulder, CO, 80307, USA.
| | - Yueh-Ya Hsu
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Rachael Kaspar
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Bre'Anna Brooks
- University of Colorado - Boulder, Boulder, CO, 80309-0427, USA.
| | - Abraham Hodgson
- Ghana Health Service, Private Mail Bag, Ministries, Accra, Ghana.
| | | | - Abraham Rexford Oduro
- Navrongo Health Research Centre, Behind Navrongo War Memorial Hospital, Navrongo, Ghana.
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Jiang Y, Li K, Piedrahita R, Yun X, Tian L, Mansata OM, Lv Q, Dick RP, Hannigan M, Shang L. User-Centric Indoor Air Quality Monitoring on Mobile Devices. AI MAG 2013. [DOI: 10.1609/aimag.v34i2.2472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Since people spend a majority of their time indoors, indoor air quality (IAQ) can have a significant impact on human health, safety, productivity, and comfort. Due to the diversity and dynamics of people's indoor activities, it is important to monitor IAQ for each individual. Most existing air quality sensing systems are stationary or focus on outdoor air quality. In contrast, we propose MAQS, a user-centric mobile sensing system for IAQ monitoring. MAQS users carry portable, indoor location tracking and IAQ sensing devices that provide personalized IAQ information in real time. To improve accuracy and energy efficiency, MAQS incorporates three novel techniques: (1) an accurate temporal n-gram augmented Bayesian room localization method that requires few Wi-Fi fingerprints; (2) an air exchange rate based IAQ sensing method, which measures general IAQ using only CO$_2$ sensors; and (3) a zone-based proximity detection method for collaborative sensing, which saves energy and enables data sharing among users. MAQS has been deployed and evaluated via a real-world user study. This evaluation demonstrates that MAQS supports accurate personalized IAQ monitoring and quantitative analysis with high energy efficiency. We also found that study participants frequently experienced poor IAQ.
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20
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Mohr C, Huffman A, Cubison MJ, Aiken AC, Docherty KS, Kimmel JR, Ulbrich IM, Hannigan M, Jimenez JL. Characterization of primary organic aerosol emissions from meat cooking, trash burning, and motor vehicles with high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry and comparison with ambient and chamber observations. Environ Sci Technol 2009; 43:2443-9. [PMID: 19452899 DOI: 10.1021/es8011518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) emissions from motor vehicles, meat-cooking and trash burning are analyzed here using a high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS). High resolution data show that aerosols emitted by combustion engines and plastic burning are dominated by hydrocarbon-like organic compounds. Meat cooking and especially paper burning emissions contain significant fractions of oxygenated organic compounds; however, their unit-resolution mass spectral signatures are very similar to those from ambient hydrocarbon-like OA, and very different from the mass spectra of ambient secondary or oxygenated OA (OOA). Thus, primary OA from these sources is unlikelyto be a significant direct source of ambient OOA. There are significant differences in high-resolution tracer m/zs that may be useful for differentiating some of these sources. Unlike in most ambient spectra, all of these sources have low total m/z 44 and this signal is not dominated by the CO2+ ion. All sources have high m/z 57, which is low during high OOA ambient periods. Spectra from paper burning are similar to some types of biomass burning OA, with elevated m/z 60. Meat cooking aerosols also have slightly elevated m/z 60, whereas motor vehicle emissions have very low signal at this m/z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mohr
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, USA
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Li Z, Hannigan M, Mo Z, Liu B, Lu W, Wu Y, Smrcka AV, Wu G, Li L, Liu M, Huang CK, Wu D. Directional sensing requires G beta gamma-mediated PAK1 and PIX alpha-dependent activation of Cdc42. Cell 2003; 114:215-27. [PMID: 12887923 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00559-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient chemotaxis requires directional sensing and cell polarization. We describe a signaling mechanism involving G beta gamma, PAK-associated guanine nucleotide exchange factor (PIX alpha), Cdc42, and p21-activated kinase (PAK) 1. This pathway is utilized by chemoattractants to regulate directional sensing and directional migration of myeloid cells. Our results suggest that G beta gamma binds PAK1 and, via PAK-associated PIX alpha, activates Cdc42, which in turn activates PAK1. Thus, in this pathway, PAK1 is not only an effector for Cdc42, but it also functions as a scaffold protein required for Cdc42 activation. This G beta gamma-PAK1/PIX alpha/Cdc42 pathway is essential for the localization of F-actin formation to the leading edge, the exclusion of PTEN from the leading edge, directional sensing, and the persistent directional migration of chemotactic leukocytes. Although ligand-induced production of PIP(3) is not required for activation of this pathway, PIP(3) appears to localize the activation of Cdc42 by the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Li
- Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Hannigan M, Zhan L, Li Z, Ai Y, Wu D, Huang CK. Neutrophils lacking phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma show loss of directionality during N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe-induced chemotaxis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:3603-8. [PMID: 11904423 PMCID: PMC122570 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.052010699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal imaging and time-lapsed videomicroscopy were used to study the directionality, motility, rate of cell movement, and morphologies of phosphoinositide 3-kinase gamma (PI3K)gamma(-/-) neutrophils undergoing chemotaxis in Zigmond chambers containing N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe gradients. Most of the PI3Kgamma(-/-) neutrophils failed to translocate up the chemotactic gradient. A partial reduction in cell motility and abnormal morphologies were also observed. In the wild-type neutrophils, the pleckstrin homology domain-containing protein kinase B (AKT) and F-actin colocalize to the leading edge of polarized neutrophils oriented toward the gradient, which was not observed in PI3Kgamma(-/-) neutrophils. In PI3Kgamma(-/-) neutrophils, AKT staining consistently failed to perfectly overlap with the F-actin. This failure was observed as an F-actin-filled region of 2.3 +/- 0.5 microm between AKT and the cell membrane. These data suggest that PI3Kgamma regulates neutrophil chemotaxis primarily by controlling the direction of cell migration and the intracellular colocalization of AKT and F-actin to the leading edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hannigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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23
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Paradis M, Abbey L, Baker B, Coyne M, Hannigan M, Joffe D, Pukay B, Trettien A, Waisglass S, Wellington J. Evaluation of the clinical efficacy of marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) tablets for the treatment of canine pyoderma: an open clinical trial. Vet Dermatol 2001; 12:163-9. [PMID: 11420932 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3164.2001.00195.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The efficacy and field safety of marbofloxacin (Zeniquin) for the treatment of superficial and deep bacterial pyoderma were evaluated. Seventy-two dogs were treated with 2.75 mg kg-1 of marbofloxacin orally once daily for 21 or 28 days. Sixty-two dogs (86%) had superficial pyoderma and 10 (14%) had deep pyoderma. A history of prior pyoderma was reported in 39/72 dogs. Pretreatment aerobic bacteriologic cultures of skin lesions were performed in 47 cases and the predominant pathogen isolated was Staphylococcus intermedius. Treatment was successful in 62/72 (86.1%) dogs, improvement was noted in 6/72 (8.3%) dogs and treatment failed in 4/72 (5.6%) dogs. Adverse effects associated with treatment included listlessness, anorexia, vomiting, soft stool, flatulence and polydipsia; these adverse effects were seen in only 6/81 dogs. Marbofloxacin was safe and effective for the treatment of superficial and deep pyoderma in dogs at the dosage used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paradis
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, CP 5000, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 7C6.
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24
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Hannigan M, Zhan L, Ai Y, Huang CK. Leukocyte-specific gene 1 protein (LSP1) is involved in chemokine KC-activated cytoskeletal reorganization in murine neutrophils in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 69:497-504. [PMID: 11261799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-specific gene 1 protein (LSP1) is a cytoskeletal-associated protein of leukocytes that in vitro cross-links F-actin into extensively branched bundles of mixed polarity. In this study, we examined chemotaxis and superoxide production in neutrophils prepared from wild-type (WT) and Lsp1 knockout mice. Compared to WT neutrophils, Lsp1-/- neutrophils showed impairment in both migration speed and chemotaxis direction during chemokine KC-directed chemotaxis. When examined by confocal microscopy, chemotaxing Lsp1-/- neutrophils showed abnormal morphologies. They had discontinuous primary actin-rich cortexes and large membrane protrusions. When stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), Lsp1-/- peritoneal neutrophils produce more superoxide than WT. The data presented suggest that LSP1 plays important roles in the regulation of neutrophil morphology, motility, and superoxide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hannigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030-3105, USA.
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25
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Hannigan M, Zhan L, Ai Y, Huang C. Leukocyte‐specific gene 1 protein (LSP1) is involved in chemokine KC‐activated cytoskeletal reorganization in murine neutrophils
in vitro. J Leukoc Biol 2001. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.69.3.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hannigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
| | - Lijun Zhan
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
| | - Youxi Ai
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
| | - Chi‐Kuang Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) is the strongest chemoattractant yet described for human neutrophils. It activates neither phospholipase C nor phospholipase D. It does not induce rises in intracellular calcium, degranulation, or superoxide production. The signaling pathways utilized by TGF-beta 1 are largely unknown. This report demonstrates that TGF-beta 1 activates p38 MAP kinase. The kinase inhibitor SB203580 blocks the chemotactic responses as well as actin polymerization induced by TGF-beta 1. Potential cellular targets of the p38 MAP kinase pathway which could mediate these function are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hannigan
- Department of Pathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Reactive thrombocytosis following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is generally considered to be a benign condition which is transient and does not require specific therapy. We describe three patients who developed stroke in association with reactive thrombocytosis in the late recovery period following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. No evidence of embolic or cerebrovascular disease was detected in any patient. Analysis of a larger group of patients is required in order to determine whether reactive thrombocytosis may contribute to the pathogenesis of stroke in some patients following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Crowley
- Department of Cardiology, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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28
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Hannigan M, Bourke M, Stevens FM, McCarthy CF. Gm typing of Irish coeliac patients and controls does not help locate the "second" coeliac gene. Ir J Med Sci 1991; 160:57-8. [PMID: 1917425 DOI: 10.1007/bf02947649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A two gene model has been proposed to explain the inheritance of coeliac disease (CD). One gene is on chromosome 6 in the MHC complex (HLA associated). It has been suggested the second gene is located on chromosome 14, in or near the region encoding for immunoglobulin heavy chain allotypes (Gm types). In a study of 102 unrelated Irish coeliacs and a group of ethnic controls, we have failed to show an association of CD with any particular Gm type or types. There is no evidence to confirm that a gene on chromosome 14 is implicated in the inheritance of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hannigan
- University Department of Medicine, University College Hospital, Galway, Ireland
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Codish SD, Tobias JS, Hannigan M. Combined amphotericin B-flucytosine therapy in Aspergillus pneumonia. JAMA 1979; 241:2418-9. [PMID: 374761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of aspergillosis is increasing while the prognosis remains dismal. Standard single-drug therapy with amphotericin B offers unacceptably low cure rates. A patient with Aspergillus pneumonia was treated with a synergistic combination of amphotericin B and flucytosine. A prompt clinical response and progressive resolution of the infection were observed. Combination therapy appeared to decrease the dose of amphotericin B needed for effective therapy. It may provide improved results with decreased toxic effects.
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